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Karpov OA, Stotland A, Raedschelders K, Chazarin B, Ai L, Murray CI, Van Eyk JE. Proteomics of the heart. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:931-982. [PMID: 38300522 PMCID: PMC11381016 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a sophisticated identification tool specializing in portraying protein dynamics at a molecular level. Proteomics provides biologists with a snapshot of context-dependent protein and proteoform expression, structural conformations, dynamic turnover, and protein-protein interactions. Cardiac proteomics can offer a broader and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underscore cardiovascular disease, and it is foundational to the development of future therapeutic interventions. This review encapsulates the evolution, current technologies, and future perspectives of proteomic-based mass spectrometry as it applies to the study of the heart. Key technological advancements have allowed researchers to study proteomes at a single-cell level and employ robot-assisted automation systems for enhanced sample preparation techniques, and the increase in fidelity of the mass spectrometers has allowed for the unambiguous identification of numerous dynamic posttranslational modifications. Animal models of cardiovascular disease, ranging from early animal experiments to current sophisticated models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, have provided the tools to study a challenging organ in the laboratory. Further technological development will pave the way for the implementation of proteomics even closer within the clinical setting, allowing not only scientists but also patients to benefit from an understanding of protein interplay as it relates to cardiac disease physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Karpov
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lizhuo Ai
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher I Murray
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
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2
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Jia H, Chang Y, Song J. The pig as an optimal animal model for cardiovascular research. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:136-147. [PMID: 38773343 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a worldwide health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Preclinical cardiovascular research using animals is needed to explore potential targets and therapeutic options. Compared with rodents, pigs have many advantages, with their anatomy, physiology, metabolism and immune system being more similar to humans. Here we present an overview of the available pig models for cardiovascular diseases, discuss their advantages over other models and propose the concept of standardized models to improve translation to the clinical setting and control research costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
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3
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Klösener L, Samolovac S, Barnekow I, König J, Moussavi A, Boretius S, Fuchs D, Haegens A, Hinkel R, Mietsch M. Functional Cardiovascular Characterization of the Common Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1123. [PMID: 37627007 PMCID: PMC10452209 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate cardiovascular animal models are urgently needed to investigate genetic, molecular, and therapeutic approaches, yet the translation of results from the currently used species is difficult due to their genetic distance as well as their anatomical or physiological differences. Animal species that are closer to the human situation might help to bridge this translational gap. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is an interesting candidate to investigate certain heart diseases and cardiovascular comorbidities, yet a basic functional characterization of its hemodynamic system is still missing. Therefore, cardiac functional analyses were performed by utilizing the invasive intracardiac pressure-volume loops (PV loop) system in seven animals, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in six animals, and echocardiography in five young adult male common marmosets. For a direct comparison between the three methods, only data from animals for which all three datasets could be acquired were selected. All three modalities were suitable for characterizing cardiac function, though with some systemic variations. In addition, vena cava occlusions were performed to investigate the load-independent parameters collected with the PV loop system, which allowed for a deeper analysis of the cardiac function and for a more sensitive detection of the alterations in a disease state, such as heart failure or certain cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Klösener
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (M.M.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Samolovac
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (M.M.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Barnekow
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica König
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amir Moussavi
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Fuchs
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., 1114 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rabea Hinkel
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (M.M.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (M.M.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Bayne EF, Rossler KJ, Gregorich ZR, Aballo TJ, Roberts DS, Chapman EA, Guo W, Palecek SP, Ralphe JC, Kamp TJ, Ge Y. Top-down proteomics of myosin light chain isoforms define chamber-specific expression in the human heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 181:89-97. [PMID: 37327991 PMCID: PMC10528938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myosin functions as the "molecular motor" of the sarcomere and generates the contractile force necessary for cardiac muscle contraction. Myosin light chains 1 and 2 (MLC-1 and -2) play important functional roles in regulating the structure of the hexameric myosin molecule. Each of these light chains has an 'atrial' and 'ventricular' isoform, so called because they are believed to exhibit chamber-restricted expression in the heart. However, recently the chamber-specific expression of MLC isoforms in the human heart has been questioned. Herein, we analyzed the expression of MLC-1 and -2 atrial and ventricular isoforms in each of the four cardiac chambers in adult non-failing donor hearts using top-down mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Strikingly, we detected an isoform thought to be ventricular, MLC-2v (gene: MYL2), in the atria and confirmed the protein sequence using tandem MS (MS/MS). For the first time, a putative deamidation post-translation modification (PTM) located on MLC-2v in atrial tissue was localized to amino acid N13. MLC-1v (MYL3) and MLC-2a (MYL7) were the only MLC isoforms exhibiting chamber-restricted expression patterns across all donor hearts. Importantly, our results unambiguously show that MLC-1v, not MLC-2v, is ventricle-specific in adult human hearts. Moreover, we found elevated MLC-2 phosphorylation in male hearts compared to female hearts across each cardiac chamber. Overall, top-down proteomics allowed an unbiased analysis of MLC isoform expression throughout the human heart, uncovering previously unexpected isoform expression patterns and PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Bayne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kalina J Rossler
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachery R Gregorich
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J Aballo
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Emily A Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Carter Ralphe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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5
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Dog models of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Mamm Genome 2022:10.1007/s00335-022-09965-w. [PMID: 36243810 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Eighty-five percent of CVD-associated deaths are due to heart attacks and stroke. Atherosclerosis leads to heart attack and stroke through a slow progression of lesion formation and luminal narrowing of arteries. Dogs are similar to humans in terms of their cardiovascular physiology, size, and anatomy. Dog models have been developed to recapitulate the complex phenotype of human patients and understand the underlying mechanism of CVD. Different methods, including high-fat, high-cholesterol diet and genetic modification, have been used to generate dog models of human CVD. Remarkably, the location and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and branches of the carotid arteries of dog models closely resemble those of human CVD patients. Overt clinical manifestations such as stroke caused by plaque rupture and thrombosis were observed in dog models. Thus, dog models can help define the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and develop potential strategy for preventing and treating CVD. In this review, we summarize the progress in generating and characterizing canine models to investigate CVD and discuss the advantages and limitations of canine CVD models.
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6
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Quantitative proteome comparison of human hearts with those of model organisms. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001144. [PMID: 33872299 PMCID: PMC8084454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineating human cardiac pathologies and their basic molecular mechanisms relies on research conducted in model organisms. Yet translating findings from preclinical models to humans present a significant challenge, in part due to differences in cardiac protein expression between humans and model organisms. Proteins immediately determine cellular function, yet their large-scale investigation in hearts has lagged behind those of genes and transcripts. Here, we set out to bridge this knowledge gap: By analyzing protein profiles in humans and commonly used model organisms across cardiac chambers, we determine their commonalities and regional differences. We analyzed cardiac tissue from each chamber of human, pig, horse, rat, mouse, and zebrafish in biological replicates. Using mass spectrometry–based proteomics workflows, we measured and evaluated the abundance of approximately 7,000 proteins in each species. The resulting knowledgebase of cardiac protein signatures is accessible through an online database: atlas.cardiacproteomics.com. Our combined analysis allows for quantitative evaluation of protein abundances across cardiac chambers, as well as comparisons of cardiac protein profiles across model organisms. Up to a quarter of proteins with differential abundances between atria and ventricles showed opposite chamber-specific enrichment between species; these included numerous proteins implicated in cardiac disease. The generated proteomics resource facilitates translational prospects of cardiac studies from model organisms to humans by comparisons of disease-linked protein networks across species. This study provides protein abundance profiles for thousands of proteins across cardiac chambers for humans and five commonly used model organisms. This quantitative proteomics dataset represents the most comprehensive such resource to date, and can be queried via a web browser to identify the most appropriate model organism for future studies.
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7
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Zurbrigg K, Bertolini F, Walugembe M, van Dreumel T, Alves D, Friendship R, O'Sullivan TL, Rothschild MF. A genome-wide analysis of cardiac lesions of pigs that die during transport: Is heart failure of in-transit-loss pigs associated with a heritable cardiomyopathy? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:119-126. [PMID: 33883819 PMCID: PMC7995549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While heart failure is a primary cause of death for many in-transit-loss (ITL) pigs, the underlying cause of these deaths is not known. Cardiomyopathies are considered a common cause of heart failure in humans and often have a genetic component. The objective of this study was to determine if genes associated with cardiomyopathies could be identified in ITL pigs. Samples from the hearts of pigs that died during transport to an abattoir in Ontario, Canada were collected and genotyped along with samples from pigs that did not die during transport (ILT hearts: n = 149; non-ITL/control hearts: n = 387). Genome-wide analyses were carried out on each of the determined phenotypes (gross cardiac lesions) using a medium density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and 500 kb windows/regions for analysis, with 250 kb regions of overlap. The distribution derived by a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of all phenotypes demonstrated a lack of complete separation between phenotypes of affected and unaffected animals, which made diagnosis difficult. Although genetic differences were small, a few genes associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVM) were identified. In addition, multiple genes associated with cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular hypertrophy were identified that can possibly result in heart failure. The results of this preliminary study did not provide convincing evidence that a single, heritable cardiomyopathy is the cause of heart failure in ITL pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Zurbrigg
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Toni van Dreumel
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - David Alves
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Terri L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
| | - Max F Rothschild
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Zurbrigg, Friendship, O'Sullivan); Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Bertolini, Walugembe, Rothschild); National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Bertolini); Veterinary Pathology Consultant, Ontario (van Dreumel), Veterinary Epidemiology Consultant, Elora, Ontario (Alves)
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8
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Rufaihah AJ, Chen CK, Yap CH, Mattar CNZ. Mending a broken heart: In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of congenital heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047522. [PMID: 33787508 PMCID: PMC8033415 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects contribute to ∼0.3% of global infant mortality in the first month of life, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among newborns worldwide. Despite the significant impact on human health, most treatments available for this heterogenous group of disorders are palliative at best. For this reason, the complex process of cardiogenesis, governed by multiple interlinked and dose-dependent pathways, is well investigated. Tissue, animal and, more recently, computerized models of the developing heart have facilitated important discoveries that are helping us to understand the genetic, epigenetic and mechanobiological contributors to CHD aetiology. In this Review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different models of normal and abnormal cardiogenesis, ranging from single-cell systems and 3D cardiac organoids, to small and large animals and organ-level computational models. These investigative tools have revealed a diversity of pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to CHD, including genetic pathways, epigenetic regulators and shear wall stresses, paving the way for new strategies for screening and non-surgical treatment of CHD. As we discuss in this Review, one of the most-valuable advances in recent years has been the creation of highly personalized platforms with which to study individual diseases in clinically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Ching Kit Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat -National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
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9
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa014. [PMID: 33561224 PMCID: PMC7849908 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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10
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021. [PMID: 33561224 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize the state of big data analyses in the study of heart failure (HF). We discuss the use of big data in the HF space, focusing on "omics" and clinical data. We address some limitations of this data, as well as their future potential. RECENT FINDINGS Omics are providing insight into plasmal and myocardial molecular profiles in HF patients. The introduction of single cell and spatial technologies is a major advance that will reshape our understanding of cell heterogeneity and function as well as tissue architecture. Clinical data analysis focuses on HF phenotyping and prognostic modeling. Big data approaches are increasingly common in HF research. The use of methods designed for big data, such as machine learning, may help elucidate the biology underlying HF. However, important challenges remain in the translation of this knowledge into improvements in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Lanzer
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Internal Medicine II, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca T Levinson
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Internal Medicine II, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Federspiel JD, Tandon P, Wilczewski CM, Wasson L, Herring LE, Venkatesh SS, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Conservation and divergence of protein pathways in the vertebrate heart. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000437. [PMID: 31490923 PMCID: PMC6750614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Attaining a mechanistic understanding of human heart development and homeostasis and the molecular basis of associated disease states relies on the use of animal models. Here, we present the cardiac proteomes of 4 model vertebrates with dual circulatory systems: the pig (Sus scrofa), the mouse (Mus musculus), and 2 frogs (Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis). Determination of which proteins and protein pathways are conserved and which have diverged within these species will aid in our ability to choose the appropriate models for determining protein function and to model human disease. We uncover mammalian- and amphibian-specific, as well as species-specific, enriched proteins and protein pathways. Among these, we find and validate an enrichment in cell-cycle-associated proteins within Xenopus laevis. To further investigate functional units within cardiac proteomes, we develop a computational approach to profile the abundance of protein complexes across species. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these data sets for predicting appropriate model systems for studying given cardiac conditions by testing the role of Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), a protein found as enriched in frog hearts compared to mammals. We establish that germ-line mutations in Kcp in Xenopus lead to valve defects and, ultimately, cardiac failure and death. Thus, integrating these findings with data on proteins responsible for cardiac disease should lead to the development of refined, species-specific models for protein function and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caralynn M. Wilczewski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren Wasson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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13
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Marrocco V, Bogomolovas J, Ehler E, Dos Remedios CG, Yu J, Gao C, Lange S. PKC and PKN in heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:212-226. [PMID: 30742812 PMCID: PMC6408329 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) and closely related protein kinase N (PKN) families of serine/threonine protein kinases play crucial cellular roles. Both kinases belong to the AGC subfamily of protein kinases that also include the cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), protein kinase G (PKG) and the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K). Involvement of PKC family members in heart disease has been well documented over the years, as their activity and levels are mis-regulated in several pathological heart conditions, such as ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the regulation of PKCs and PKNs in different pathological heart conditions and on the influences that PKC/PKN activation has on several physiological processes. In addition, we discuss mechanisms by which PKCs and the closely related PKNs are activated and turned-off in hearts, how they regulate cardiac specific downstream targets and pathways, and how their inhibition by small molecules is explored as new therapeutic target to treat cardiomyopathies and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marrocco
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Research Excellence Centre, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Jiayu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; University of Gothenburg, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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Kwon HK, Jeong H, Hwang D, Park ZY. Comparative proteomic analysis of mouse models of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy, with selection of biomarkers of pathological hypertrophy by integrative Proteogenomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:S1570-9639(18)30118-3. [PMID: 30048702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine fundamental characteristics of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, protein expression profiles in two widely accepted models of cardiac hypertrophy (swimming-trained mouse for physiological hypertrophy and pressure-overload-induced mouse for pathological hypertrophy) were compared using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. Among 3955 proteins (19,235 peptides, false-discovery rate < 0.01) identified in these models, 486 were differentially expressed with a log2 fold difference ≥ 0.58, or were detected in only one hypertrophy model (each protein from 4 technical replicates, p < .05). Analysis of gene ontology biological processes and KEGG pathways identified cellular processes enriched in one or both hypertrophy models. Processes unique to pathological hypertrophy were compared with processes previously identified in cardiac-hypertrophy models. Individual proteins with differential expression in processes unique to pathological hypertrophy were further confirmed using the results of previous targeted functional analysis studies. Using a proteogenomic approach combining transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, similar patterns of differential expression were observed for 23 proteins and corresponding genes associated with pathological hypertrophy. A total of 11 proteins were selected as early-stage pathological-hypertrophy biomarker candidates, and the results of western blotting for five of these proteins in independent samples confirmed the patterns of differential expression in mouse models of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyeong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobin Jeong
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea; Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea; Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Zee-Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Bilić P, Kuleš J, Galan A, Gomes de Pontes L, Guillemin N, Horvatić A, Festa Sabes A, Mrljak V, Eckersall PD. Proteomics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science: Neglected Scientific Opportunities with Immediate Impact. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800047. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bilić
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Asier Galan
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Leticia Gomes de Pontes
- Botucatu Medical School; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP); Avenida José Barbosa de Barros, 1780; Botucatu 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Amanda Festa Sabes
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery; Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences; Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. 14884-900 Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- VetMedZg Proteomics Laboratory; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
- Institute of Biodiversity; Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G61 1QH UK
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16
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Serum proteome profiling in canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy using TMT-based quantitative proteomics approach. J Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29530679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM) is a primary myocardial disorder with an unknown aetiology, characterized by reduced contractility and ventricular dilation of the left or both ventricles. Naturally occurring canine iDCM was used herein to identify serum proteomic signature of the disease compared to the healthy state, providing an insight into underlying mechanisms and revealing proteins with biomarker potential. To achieve this, we used high-throughput label-based quantitative LC-MS/MS proteomics approach and bioinformatics analysis of the in silico inferred interactome protein network created from the initial list of differential proteins. To complement the proteomic analysis, serum biochemical parameters and levels of know biomarkers of cardiac function were measured. Several proteins with biomarker potential were identified, such as inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4, microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 and apolipoprotein A-IV, which were validated using an independent method (Western blotting) and showed high specificity and sensitivity according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed involvement of different pathways in iDCM, such as complement cascade activation, lipoprotein particles dynamics, elastic fibre formation, GPCR signalling and respiratory electron transport chain. SIGNIFICANCE Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is a severe primary myocardial disease of unknown cause, affecting both humans and dogs. This study is a contribution to the canine heart disease research by means of proteomic and bioinformatic state of the art analyses, following similar approach in human iDCM research. Importantly, we used serum as non-invasive and easily accessible biological source of information and contributed to the scarce data on biofluid proteome research on this topic. Bioinformatics analysis revealed biological pathways modulated in canine iDCM with potential of further targeted research. Also, several proteins with biomarker potential have been identified and successfully validated.
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17
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Perrino C, Barabási AL, Condorelli G, Davidson SM, De Windt L, Dimmeler S, Engel FB, Hausenloy DJ, Hill JA, Van Laake LW, Lecour S, Leor J, Madonna R, Mayr M, Prunier F, Sluijter JPG, Schulz R, Thum T, Ytrehus K, Ferdinandy P. Epigenomic and transcriptomic approaches in the post-genomic era: path to novel targets for diagnosis and therapy of the ischaemic heart? Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:725-736. [PMID: 28460026 PMCID: PMC5437366 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in myocardial reperfusion therapies, acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and consequent ischaemic heart failure represent the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized societies. Although different therapeutic interventions have been shown beneficial in preclinical settings, an effective cardioprotective or regenerative therapy has yet to be successfully introduced in the clinical arena. Given the complex pathophysiology of the ischaemic heart, large scale, unbiased, global approaches capable of identifying multiple branches of the signalling networks activated in the ischaemic/reperfused heart might be more successful in the search for novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets. High-throughput techniques allow high-resolution, genome-wide investigation of genetic variants, epigenetic modifications, and associated gene expression profiles. Platforms such as proteomics and metabolomics (not described here in detail) also offer simultaneous readouts of hundreds of proteins and metabolites. Isolated omics analyses usually provide Big Data requiring large data storage, advanced computational resources and complex bioinformatics tools. The possibility of integrating different omics approaches gives new hope to better understand the molecular circuitry activated by myocardial ischaemia, putting it in the context of the human ‘diseasome’. Since modifications of cardiac gene expression have been consistently linked to pathophysiology of the ischaemic heart, the integration of epigenomic and transcriptomic data seems a promising approach to identify crucial disease networks. Thus, the scope of this Position Paper will be to highlight potentials and limitations of these approaches, and to provide recommendations to optimize the search for novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets for acute ischaemia/reperfusion injury and ischaemic heart failure in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Albert-Laszló Barabási
- Center for Complex Networks Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Medicine, and Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sean Michael Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leon De Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), RheinMain, Germany
| | - Felix Benedikt Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK.,The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph Addison Hill
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linda Wilhelmina Van Laake
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center and Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center; Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,The Texas Heart Institute and Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Department of Cardiology, Institut MITOVASC, University of Angers, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Joost Petrus Geradus Sluijter
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Smith JG. Molecular Epidemiology of Heart Failure: Translational Challenges and Opportunities. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:757-769. [PMID: 30062185 PMCID: PMC6058947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the end-stage of all heart disease and arguably constitutes the greatest unmet therapeutic need in cardiovascular medicine today. Classic epidemiological studies have established clinical risk factors for HF, but the cause remains poorly understood in many cases. Biochemical analyses of small case-control series and animal models have described a plethora of molecular characteristics of HF, but a single unifying pathogenic theory is lacking. Heart failure appears to result not only from cardiac overload or injury but also from a complex interplay among genetic, neurohormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and other biochemical factors acting on the heart. Recent development of robust, high-throughput tools in molecular biology provides opportunity for deep molecular characterization of population-representative cohorts and HF cases (molecular epidemiology), including genome sequencing, profiling of myocardial gene expression and chromatin modifications, plasma composition of proteins and metabolites, and microbiomes. The integration of such detailed information holds promise for improving understanding of HF pathophysiology in humans, identification of therapeutic targets, and definition of disease subgroups beyond the current classification based on ejection fraction which may benefit from improved individual tailoring of therapy. Challenges include: 1) the need for large cohorts with deep, uniform phenotyping; 2) access to the relevant tissues, ideally with repeated sampling to capture dynamic processes; and 3) analytical issues related to integration and analysis of complex datasets. International research consortia have formed to address these challenges and combine datasets, and cohorts with up to 1 million participants are being collected. This paper describes the molecular epidemiology of HF and provides an overview of methods and tissue types and examples of published and ongoing efforts to systematically evaluate molecular determinants of HF in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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19
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Gu G, Na Y, Chung H, Seok SH, Lee HY. Zebrafish Larvae Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Induced by Terfenadine. Korean Circ J 2017; 47:960-969. [PMID: 29035434 PMCID: PMC5711688 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2017.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Dilated cardiomyopathy can be the end-stage of severe cardiac disorders and directly affects the cardiac muscle, inducing cardiomegaly and heart failure (HF). Although a wide variety of animal models are available to study dilated cardiomyopathy, there is no model to assess dilated cardiomyopathy with non-invasive, simple, and large screening methods. Methods We developed a dilated cardiomyopathy model in zebrafish larvae using short duration terfenadine, a known cardiotoxic drug that induces ventricular size dilation. Fractional shortening of zebrafish hearts was calculated. Results We treated zebrafish with 5 to 10 µM terfenadine for 24 hours. In terfenadine-treated zebrafish, blood frequently pooled and clotted in the chamber, and circulation was remarkably reduced. Atria and ventricles were swollen, and fluid was deposited around the heart, mimicking edema. Cardiac contractility was significantly reduced, and ventricular area was significantly enlarged. Heart rate was markedly reduced even after terfenadine withdrawal. Acridine orange staining also showed that terfenadine increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. A significant increase of natriuretic peptide B (NPPB) mRNA was found in terfenadine-treated zebrafish. A low dose of terfenadine (5–10 µM) did not show mortality in short-term treatment (24 hours). However, moderate dose (35–45 µM) terfenadine treatment reduced zebrafish survival within 1 hour. Conclusion With advantages of rapid sample preparation procedure and transparent observation of the live heart, this model can potentially be applied to large-scale drug screening and toxicity assays for non-ischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojeong Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yirang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hae Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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20
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Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020024. [PMID: 29056683 PMCID: PMC5606597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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21
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Gregorich ZR, Cai W, Lin Z, Chen AJ, Peng Y, Kohmoto T, Ge Y. Distinct sequences and post-translational modifications in cardiac atrial and ventricular myosin light chains revealed by top-down mass spectrometry. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 107:13-21. [PMID: 28427997 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myosin is the principal component of the thick filaments that, through interactions with the actin thin filaments, mediates force production during muscle contraction. Myosin is a hexamer, consisting of two heavy chains, each associated with an essential (ELC) and a regulatory (RLC) light chain, which bind the lever-arm of the heavy chain and play important modulatory roles in striated muscle contraction. Nevertheless, a comprehensive assessment of the sequences of the ELC and RLC isoforms, as well as their post-translational modifications, in the heart remains lacking. Herein, utilizing top-down high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), we have comprehensively characterized the sequences and N-terminal modifications of the atrial and ventricular isoforms of the myosin light chains from human and swine hearts, as well as the sites of phosphorylation in the swine proteins. In addition to the correction of disparities in the database sequences of the swine proteins, we show for the first time that, whereas the ventricular isoforms of the ELC and RLC are methylated at their N-termini, which is consistent with previous studies, the atrial isoforms of the ELC and RLC from both human and swine are Nα-methylated and Nα-acetylated, respectively. Furthermore, top-down MS with electron capture dissociation enabled localization of the sites of phosphorylation in swine RLC isoforms from the ventricles and atria to Ser14 and Ser22, respectively. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the sequences and modifications of myosin light chain isoforms in the human and swine hearts, which will pave the way for a better understanding of their functional roles in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Gregorich
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wenxuan Cai
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Albert J Chen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Takushi Kohmoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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22
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Newman RH, Zhang J. Integrated Strategies to Gain a Systems-Level View of Dynamic Signaling Networks. Methods Enzymol 2017; 589:133-170. [PMID: 28336062 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to survive and function properly in the face of an ever changing environment, cells must be able to sense changes in their surroundings and respond accordingly. Cells process information about their environment through complex signaling networks composed of many discrete signaling molecules. Individual pathways within these networks are often tightly integrated and highly dynamic, allowing cells to respond to a given stimulus (or, as is typically the case under physiological conditions, a combination of stimuli) in a specific and appropriate manner. However, due to the size and complexity of many cellular signaling networks, it is often difficult to predict how cellular signaling networks will respond under a particular set of conditions. Indeed, crosstalk between individual signaling pathways may lead to responses that are nonintuitive (or even counterintuitive) based on examination of the individual pathways in isolation. Therefore, to gain a more comprehensive view of cell signaling processes, it is important to understand how signaling networks behave at the systems level. This requires integrated strategies that combine quantitative experimental data with computational models. In this chapter, we first examine some of the progress that has recently been made toward understanding the systems-level regulation of cellular signaling networks, with a particular emphasis on phosphorylation-dependent signaling networks. We then discuss how genetically targetable fluorescent biosensors are being used together with computational models to gain unique insights into the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks within single, living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Newman
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States.
| | - Jin Zhang
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
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23
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Kwasnik A, Tonry C, Ardle AM, Butt AQ, Inzitari R, Pennington SR. Proteomes, Their Compositions and Their Sources. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 919:3-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41448-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Solaro RJ. A sarcomeric protein tongue-twister: post-translation, citrullination/deimination and elimination of arginine residues. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:212-4. [PMID: 26392345 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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25
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Gregorich ZR, Peng Y, Lane NM, Wolff JJ, Wang S, Guo W, Guner H, Doop J, Hacker TA, Ge Y. Comprehensive assessment of chamber-specific and transmural heterogeneity in myofilament protein phosphorylation by top-down mass spectrometry. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:102-12. [PMID: 26268593 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heart is characterized by a remarkable degree of heterogeneity, the basis of which is a subject of active investigation. Myofilament protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) represent a critical mechanism regulating cardiac contractility, and emerging evidence shows that pathological cardiac conditions induce contractile heterogeneity that correlates with transmural variations in the modification status of myofilament proteins. Nevertheless, whether there exists basal heterogeneity in myofilament protein PTMs in the heart remains unclear. Here we have systematically assessed chamber-specific and transmural variations in myofilament protein PTMs, specifically, the phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), tropomyosin (Tpm), and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2). We show that the phosphorylation of cTnI and αTm vary in the different chambers of the heart, whereas the phosphorylation of MLC2 and cTnT does not. In contrast, no significant transmural differences were observed in the phosphorylation of any of the myofilament proteins analyzed. These results highlight the importance of appropriate tissue sampling-particularly for studies aimed at elucidating disease mechanisms and biomarker discovery-in order to minimize potential variations arising from basal heterogeneity in myofilament PTMs in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Gregorich
- Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicole M Lane
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Sijian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Huseyin Guner
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Justin Doop
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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26
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Stastna M, Van Eyk JE. Posttranslational modifications of lysine and evolving role in heart pathologies-recent developments. Proteomics 2015; 15:1164-80. [PMID: 25430483 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The alteration in proteome composition induced by environmental changes and various pathologies is accompanied by the modifications of proteins by specific cotranslational and PTMs. The type and site stoichiometry of PTMs can affect protein functions, alter cell signaling, and can have acute and chronic effects. The particular interest is drawn to those amino acid residues that can undergo several different PTMs. We hypothesize that these selected amino acid residues are biologically rare and act within the cell as molecular switches. There are, at least, 12 various lysine modifications currently known, several of them have been shown to be competitive and they influence the ability of a particular lysine to be modified by a different PTM. In this review, we discuss the PTMs that occur on lysine, specifically neddylation and sumoylation, and the proteomic approaches that can be applied for the identification and quantification of these PTMs. Of interest are the emerging roles for these modifications in heart disease and what can be inferred from work in other cell types and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Ge Z, Lal S, Le TYL, Dos Remedios C, Chong JJH. Cardiac stem cells: translation to human studies. Biophys Rev 2014; 7:127-139. [PMID: 28509972 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of multiple classes of cardiac progenitor cells in the adult mammalian heart has generated hope for their use as a therapeutic in heart failure. However, successful results from animal models have not always yielded similar findings in human studies. Recent Phase I/II trials of c-Kit (SCIPIO) and cardiosphere-based (CADUCEUS) cardiac progenitor cells have demonstrated safety and some therapeutic efficacy. Gaps remain in our understanding of the origins, function and relationships between the different progenitor cell families, many of which are heterogeneous populations with overlapping definitions. Another challenge lies in the limitations of small animal models in replicating the human heart. Cryopreserved human cardiac tissue provides a readily available source of cardiac progenitor cells and may help address these questions. We review important findings and relative unknowns of the main classes of cardiac progenitor cells, highlighting differences between animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Ge
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Lal
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thi Y L Le
- Department of Cardiology Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2145
| | | | - James J H Chong
- Department of Cardiology Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2145.
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28
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Newman RH, Zhang J, Zhu H. Toward a systems-level view of dynamic phosphorylation networks. Front Genet 2014; 5:263. [PMID: 25177341 PMCID: PMC4133750 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how cells sense and respond to their environment, it is important to understand the organization and regulation of the phosphorylation networks that underlie most cellular signal transduction pathways. These networks, which are composed of protein kinases, protein phosphatases and their respective cellular targets, are highly dynamic. Importantly, to achieve signaling specificity, phosphorylation networks must be regulated at several levels, including at the level of protein expression, substrate recognition, and spatiotemporal modulation of enzymatic activity. Here, we briefly summarize some of the traditional methods used to study the phosphorylation status of cellular proteins before focusing our attention on several recent technological advances, such as protein microarrays, quantitative mass spectrometry, and genetically-targetable fluorescent biosensors, that are offering new insights into the organization and regulation of cellular phosphorylation networks. Together, these approaches promise to lead to a systems-level view of dynamic phosphorylation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; High-Throughput Biology Center, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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