1
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Hu X, Jalal S, Yao M, Bakke O, Margadant F, Sheetz M. Differential Talin cleavage in transformed and non-transformed cells and its consequences. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1430728. [PMID: 39086658 PMCID: PMC11289324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1430728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates differences in focal adhesion (FA) morphology and Talin cleavage levels between transformed and non-transformed cell lines. Utilizing fluorescently tagged wild-type Talin and Talin mutants with calpain cleavage site mutations, FA structures were visualized. Mutations in different Talin cleavage sites showed varying impacts on FA morphology and distribution across melanoma cell lines (Meljuso, A375P, A2058) and a non-transformed cell line (HFF). Western blot analysis, ratiometric fluorescence intensity-based measurements, and FRAP experiments revealed higher Talin cleavage levels within FAs of transformed cell lines compared to non-transformed cells. Additionally, growth assays indicated that reducing calpain cleavage levels attenuated transformed cell growth. These findings suggest that Talin cleavage level is crucial for FA morphology and assembly, with higher levels observed in transformed cells, influencing their growth dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Salma Jalal
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Margadant
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Mechanomedicine Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Mechanomedicine Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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2
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Liu W, Gao T, Li N, Shao S, Liu B. Vesicle fusion and release in neurons under dynamic mechanical equilibrium. iScience 2024; 27:109793. [PMID: 38736547 PMCID: PMC11088343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular fusion plays a pivotal role in cellular processes, involving stages like vesicle trafficking, fusion pore formation, content release, and membrane integration or separation. This dynamic process is regulated by a complex interplay of protein assemblies, osmotic forces, and membrane tension, which together maintain a mechanical equilibrium within the cell. Changes in cellular mechanics or external pressures prompt adjustments in this equilibrium, highlighting the system's adaptability. This review delves into the synergy between intracellular proteins, structural components, and external forces in facilitating vesicular fusion and release. It also explores how cells respond to mechanical stress, maintaining equilibrium and offering insights into vesicle fusion mechanisms and the development of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Kang M, Senatore AJ, Naughton H, McTigue M, Beltman RJ, Herppich AA, Pflum MKH, Howe AK. Protein kinase A is a functional component of focal adhesions. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107234. [PMID: 38552737 PMCID: PMC11044056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) form the junction between extracellular matrix (ECM)-bound integrins and the actin cytoskeleton and also transmit signals that regulate cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell migration. While many of these signals are rooted in reversible tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphorylation of FA proteins on Ser/Thr residues is far more abundant yet its mechanisms and consequences are far less understood. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A; PKA) has important roles in cell adhesion and cell migration and is both an effector and regulator of integrin-mediated adhesion to the ECM. Importantly, subcellular localization plays a critically important role in specifying PKA function. Here, we show that PKA is present in isolated FA-cytoskeleton complexes and active within FAs in live cells. Furthermore, using kinase-catalyzed biotinylation of isolated FA-cytoskeleton complexes, we identify 53 high-stringency candidate PKA substrates within FAs. From this list, we validate tensin-3 (Tns3)-a well-established molecular scaffold, regulator of cell migration, and a component of focal and fibrillar adhesions-as a novel direct substrate for PKA. These observations identify a new pathway for phospho-regulation of Tns3 and, importantly, establish a new and important niche for localized PKA signaling and thus provide a foundation for further investigation of the role of PKA in the regulation of FA dynamics and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Amanda J Senatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Hannah Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Madeline McTigue
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rachel J Beltman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew A Herppich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alan K Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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4
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Kang M, Senatore AJ, Naughton H, McTigue M, Beltman RJ, Herppich AA, Pflum MKH, Howe AK. Protein Kinase A is a Functional Component of Focal Adhesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.18.553932. [PMID: 37645771 PMCID: PMC10462105 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) form the junction between extracellular matrix (ECM)-bound integrins and the actin cytoskeleton and also transmit signals that regulate cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell migration. While many of these signals are rooted in reversible tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphorylation of FA proteins on Ser/Thr residues is far more abundant yet its mechanisms and consequences are far less understood. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A; PKA) has important roles in cell adhesion and cell migration and is both an effector and regulator of integrin-mediated adhesion to the ECM. Importantly, subcellular localization plays a critically important role in specifying PKA function. Here, we show that PKA is present in isolated FA-cytoskeleton complexes and active within FAs in live cells. Furthermore, using kinase-catalyzed biotinylation of isolated FA-cytoskeleton complexes, we identify fifty-three high-stringency candidate PKA substrates within FAs. From this list, we validate tensin-3 (Tns3) - a well-established molecular scaffold, regulator of cell migration, and component of focal and fibrillar adhesions - as a novel direct substrate for PKA. These observations identify a new pathway for phospho-regulation of Tns3 and, importantly, establish a new and important niche for localized PKA signaling and thus provide a foundation for further investigation of the role of PKA in the regulation of FA dynamics and signaling.
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5
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El Rhabori S, El Aissouq A, Daoui O, Elkhattabi S, Chtita S, Khalil F. Design of new molecules against cervical cancer using DFT, theoretical spectroscopy, 2D/3D-QSAR, molecular docking, pharmacophore and ADMET investigations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24551. [PMID: 38318045 PMCID: PMC10839811 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major health problem of women. Hormone therapy, via aromatase inhibition, has been proposed as a promising way of blocking estrogen production as well as treating the progression of estrogen-dependent cancer. To overcome the challenging complexities of costly drug design, in-silico strategy, integrating Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD) and Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD), was applied to large representative databases of 39 quinazoline and thioquinazolinone compound derivatives. Quantum chemical and physicochemical descriptors have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and MM2 force fields, respectively, to develop 2D-QSAR models, while CoMSIA and CoMFA descriptors were used to build 3D-QSAR models. The robustness and predictive power of the reliable models were verified, via several validation methods, leading to the design of 6 new drug-candidates. Afterwards, 2 ligands were carefully selected using virtual screening methods, taking into account the applicability domain, synthetic accessibility, and Lipinski's criteria. Molecular docking and pharmacophore modelling studies were performed to examine potential interactions with aromatase (PDB ID: 3EQM). Finally, the ADMET properties were investigated in order to select potential drug-candidates against cervical cancer for experimental in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Rhabori
- Laboratory of Processes, Materials and Environment (LPME), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Science and Technology - Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Aissouq
- Laboratory of Processes, Materials and Environment (LPME), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Science and Technology - Fez, Morocco
| | - Ossama Daoui
- Laboratory of Engineering, Systems and Applications, National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah-Fez University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Souad Elkhattabi
- Laboratory of Engineering, Systems and Applications, National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah-Fez University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fouad Khalil
- Laboratory of Processes, Materials and Environment (LPME), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Science and Technology - Fez, Morocco
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6
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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7
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Mierke CT. Magnetic tweezers in cell mechanics. Methods Enzymol 2024; 694:321-354. [PMID: 38492957 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the applications of magnetic tweezers in living cells. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of magnetic tweezers technology with a focus on individual magnetic tweezers configurations, such as electromagnetic tweezers. Solutions to the disadvantages identified are also outlined. The specific role of magnetic tweezers in the field of mechanobiology, such as mechanosensitivity, mechano-allostery and mechanotransduction are also emphasized. The specific usage of magnetic tweezers in mechanically probing cells via specific cell surface receptors, such as mechanosensitive channels is discussed and why mechanical probing has revealed the opening and closing of the channels. Finally, the future direction of magnetic tweezers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth System Sciences, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Grandy C, Port F, Radzinski M, Singh K, Erz D, Pfeil J, Reichmann D, Gottschalk KE. Remodeling of the focal adhesion complex by hydrogen-peroxide-induced senescence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9735. [PMID: 37322076 PMCID: PMC10272183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a phenotype characterized by cessation of cell division, which can be caused by exhaustive replication or environmental stress. It is involved in age-related pathophysiological conditions and affects both the cellular cytoskeleton and the prime cellular mechanosensors, focal adhesion complexes. While the size of focal adhesions increases during senescence, it is unknown if and how this is accompanied by a remodeling of the internal focal adhesion structure. Our study uses metal-induced energy transfer to study the axial dimension of focal adhesion proteins from oxidative-stress-induced senescent cells with nanometer precision, and compares these to unstressed cells. We influenced cytoskeletal tension and the functioning of mechanosensitive ion channels using drugs and studied the combined effect of senescence and drug intervention on the focal adhesion structure. We found that H2O2-induced restructuring of the focal adhesion complex indicates a loss of tension and altered talin complexation. Mass spectroscopy-based proteomics confirmed the differential regulation of several cytoskeletal proteins induced by H2O2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Grandy
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Port
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Meytal Radzinski
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Karmveer Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm,, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Erz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Pfeil
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Dana Reichmann
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Raffa V. Force: A messenger of axon outgrowth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:3-12. [PMID: 35817654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The axon is a sophisticated macromolecular machine composed of interrelated parts that transmit signals like spur gears transfer motion between parallel shafts. The growth cone is a fine sensor that integrates mechanical and chemical cues and transduces these signals through the generation of a traction force that pushes the tip and pulls the axon shaft forward. The axon shaft, in turn, senses this pulling force and transduces this signal in an orchestrated response, coordinating cytoskeleton remodeling and intercalated mass addition to sustain and support the advancing of the tip. Extensive research suggests that the direct application of active force is per se a powerful inducer of axon growth, potentially bypassing the contribution of the growth cone. This review provides a critical perspective on current knowledge of how the force is a messenger of axon growth and its mode of action for controlling navigation, including aspects that remain unclear. It also focuses on novel approaches and tools designed to mechanically manipulate axons, and discusses their implications in terms of potential novel therapies for re-wiring the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero, 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Beedle AEM, Garcia-Manyes S. The role of single protein elasticity in mechanobiology. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2023; 8:10-24. [PMID: 37469679 PMCID: PMC7614781 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to biochemical signals and genetic considerations, mechanical forces are rapidly emerging as a master regulator of human physiology. Yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate force-induced functionalities across a wide range of scales, encompassing the cell, tissue or organ levels, are comparatively not so well understood. With the advent, development and refining of single molecule nanomechanical techniques, enabling to exquisitely probe the conformational dynamics of individual proteins under the effect of a calibrated force, we have begun to acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the rich plethora of physicochemical principles that regulate the elasticity of single proteins. Here we review the major advances underpinning our current understanding of how the elasticity of single proteins regulates mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. We discuss the present limitations and future challenges of such a prolific and burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy EM Beedle
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, London, UK
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11
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Collagen-Based Biomimetic Systems to Study the Biophysical Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235939. [PMID: 36497421 PMCID: PMC9739814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a pericellular network of proteins and other molecules that provides mechanical support to organs and tissues. ECM biophysical properties such as topography, elasticity and porosity strongly influence cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. The cell's perception of the biophysical microenvironment (mechanosensing) leads to altered gene expression or contractility status (mechanotransduction). Mechanosensing and mechanotransduction have profound implications in both tissue homeostasis and cancer. Many solid tumours are surrounded by a dense and aberrant ECM that disturbs normal cell functions and makes certain areas of the tumour inaccessible to therapeutic drugs. Understanding the cell-ECM interplay may therefore lead to novel and more effective therapies. Controllable and reproducible cell culturing systems mimicking the ECM enable detailed investigation of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways. Here, we discuss ECM biomimetic systems. Mainly focusing on collagen, we compare and contrast structural and molecular complexity as well as biophysical properties of simple 2D substrates, 3D fibrillar collagen gels, cell-derived matrices and complex decellularized organs. Finally, we emphasize how the integration of advanced methodologies and computational methods with collagen-based biomimetics will improve the design of novel therapies aimed at targeting the biophysical and mechanical features of the tumour ECM to increase therapy efficacy.
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Germain P, Delalande A, Pichon C. Role of Muscle LIM Protein in Mechanotransduction Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179785. [PMID: 36077180 PMCID: PMC9456170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of protein synthesis is crucial to counteract the deconditioning of neuromuscular system and its atrophy. In the past, hormones and cytokines acting as growth factors involved in the intracellular events of these processes have been identified, while the implications of signaling pathways associated with the anabolism/catabolism ratio in reference to the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been recently identified. Among them, the mechanotransduction resulting from a mechanical stress applied to the cell appears increasingly interesting as a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. At present, there is an open question regarding the type of stress to apply in order to induce anabolic events or the type of mechanical strain with respect to the possible mechanosensing and mechanotransduction processes involved in muscle cells protein synthesis. This review is focused on the muscle LIM protein (MLP), a structural and mechanosensing protein with a LIM domain, which is expressed in the sarcomere and costamere of striated muscle cells. It acts as a transcriptional cofactor during cell proliferation after its nuclear translocation during the anabolic process of differentiation and rebuilding. Moreover, we discuss the possible opportunity of stimulating this mechanotransduction process to counteract the muscle atrophy induced by anabolic versus catabolic disorders coming from the environment, aging or myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Germain
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Anthony Delalande
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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13
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Khalil K, Eon A, Janody F. Cell Architecture-Dependent Constraints: Critical Safeguards to Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158622. [PMID: 35955754 PMCID: PMC9369145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cells display great diversity in their shape. These morphological characteristics result from crosstalk between the plasma membrane and the force-generating capacities of the cytoskeleton macromolecules. Changes in cell shape are not merely byproducts of cell fate determinants, they also actively drive cell fate decisions, including proliferation and differentiation. Global and local changes in cell shape alter the transcriptional program by a multitude of mechanisms, including the regulation of physical links between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and the mechanical modulation of cation channels and signalling molecules. It is therefore not surprising that anomalies in cell shape contribute to several diseases, including cancer. In this review, we discuss the possibility that the constraints imposed by cell shape determine the behaviour of normal and pro-tumour cells by organizing the whole interconnected regulatory network. In turn, cell behaviour might stabilize cells into discrete shapes. However, to progress towards a fully transformed phenotype and to acquire plasticity properties, pro-tumour cells might need to escape these cell shape restrictions. Thus, robust controls of the cell shape machinery may represent a critical safeguard against carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Khalil
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Master Programme in Oncology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Eon
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Magistère Européen de Génétique, Université Paris Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Florence Janody
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang XH, Liu Y, Kang B, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Cell mechanics and energetic costs of collective cell migration under confined microchannels. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Dupont S, Wickström SA. Mechanical regulation of chromatin and transcription. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:624-643. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Perez-Carrasco R, Franco-Oñate MJ, Walter JC, Dorignac J, Geniet F, Palmeri J, Parmeggiani A, Walliser NO, Nord AL. Relaxation time asymmetry in stator dynamics of the bacterial flagellar motor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8112. [PMID: 35319986 PMCID: PMC8942351 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial flagellar motor is the membrane-embedded rotary motor, which turns the flagellum that provides thrust to many bacteria. This large multimeric complex, composed of a few dozen constituent proteins, is a hallmark of dynamic subunit exchange. The stator units are inner-membrane ion channels that dynamically bind to the peptidoglycan at the rotor periphery and apply torque. Their dynamic exchange is a function of the viscous load on the flagellum, allowing the bacterium to adapt to its local environment, although the molecular mechanisms of mechanosensitivity remain unknown. Here, by actively perturbing the steady-state stator stoichiometry of individual motors, we reveal a stoichiometry-dependent asymmetry in stator remodeling kinetics. We interrogate the potential effect of next-neighbor interactions and local stator unit depletion and find that neither can explain the observed asymmetry. We then simulate and fit two mechanistically diverse models that recapitulate the asymmetry, finding assembly dynamics to be particularly well described by a two-state catch-bond mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Charles Walter
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Dorignac
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fred Geniet
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - John Palmeri
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Parmeggiani
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nils-Ole Walliser
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ashley L Nord
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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17
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Yari D, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Movaffagh J, Shahroodi A, Shirzad M, Qujeq D, Moradi A. Biochemical Aspects of Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering; from Basic Science to Regenerative Medicine. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2022; 10:229-244. [PMID: 35514762 PMCID: PMC9034797 DOI: 10.22038/abjs.2022.55549.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondral defects are frequent and important causes of pain and disability. Cartilage has limited self-repair and regeneration capacity. The ideal approach for articular cartilage defects is the regeneration of hyaline cartilage with sustainable symptom-free constructs. Tissue engineering provides new strategies for the regeneration of functional cartilage tissue through optimized scaffolds with architectural, mechanical, and biochemical properties similar to the native cartilage tissue. In this review, the basic science of cartilage structure, interactions between proteins, stem cells, as well as biomaterials, scaffold characteristics and fabrication methods, as well as current and potential therapies in regenerative medicine will be discussed mostly from a biochemical point of view. Furthermore, the recent trends in scaffold-based therapies and supplementary factors in cartilage tissue engineering will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Yari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Jebrail Movaffagh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Shahroodi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Stirnemann G. Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges in the Molecular Modeling of Mechanobiological Processes. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1365-1374. [PMID: 35143190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes result from the effect of mechanical forces on macromolecular structures and on their interactions. In particular, the cell shape, motion, and differentiation directly depend on mechanical stimuli from the extracellular matrix or from neighboring cells. The development of experimental techniques that can measure and characterize the tiny forces acting at the cellular scale and down to the single-molecule, biomolecular level has enabled access to unprecedented details about the involved mechanisms. However, because the experimental observables often do not provide a direct atomistic picture of the corresponding phenomena, particle-based simulations performed at various scales are instrumental in complementing these experiments and in providing a molecular interpretation. Here, we will review the recent key achievements in the field, and we will highlight and discuss the many technical challenges these simulations are facing, as well as suggest future directions for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Stirnemann
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, PSL University, Université de Paris, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Yang T, Park C, Rah SH, Shon MJ. Nano-Precision Tweezers for Mechanosensitive Proteins and Beyond. Mol Cells 2022; 45:16-25. [PMID: 35114644 PMCID: PMC8819490 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play pivotal roles in regulating cell shape, function, and fate. Key players that govern the mechanobiological interplay are the mechanosensitive proteins found on cell membranes and in cytoskeleton. Their unique nanomechanics can be interrogated using single-molecule tweezers, which can apply controlled forces to the proteins and simultaneously measure the ensuing structural changes. Breakthroughs in high-resolution tweezers have enabled the routine monitoring of nanometer-scale, millisecond dynamics as a function of force. Undoubtedly, the advancement of structural biology will be further fueled by integrating static atomic-resolution structures and their dynamic changes and interactions observed with the force application techniques. In this minireview, we will introduce the general principles of single-molecule tweezers and their recent applications to the studies of force-bearing proteins, including the synaptic proteins that need to be categorized as mechanosensitive in a broad sense. We anticipate that the impact of nano-precision approaches in mechanobiology research will continue to grow in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Yang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Celine Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Rah
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Min Ju Shon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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20
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Abstract
Cells generate and sense mechanical forces that trigger biochemical signals to elicit cellular responses that control cell fate changes. Mechanical forces also physically distort neighboring cells and the surrounding connective tissue, which propagate mechanochemical signals over long distances to guide tissue patterning, organogenesis, and adult tissue homeostasis. As the largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus is particularly sensitive to mechanical force and deformation. Nuclear responses to mechanical force include adaptations in chromatin architecture and transcriptional activity that trigger changes in cell state. These force-driven changes also influence the mechanical properties of chromatin and nuclei themselves to prevent aberrant alterations in nuclear shape and help maintain genome integrity. This review will discuss principles of nuclear mechanotransduction and chromatin mechanics and their role in DNA damage and cell fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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21
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Morzy D, Joshi H, Sandler SE, Aksimentiev A, Keyser UF. Membrane Activity of a DNA-Based Ion Channel Depends on the Stability of Its Double-Stranded Structure. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9789-9796. [PMID: 34767378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has emerged as a promising method for designing spontaneously inserting and fully controllable synthetic ion channels. However, both insertion efficiency and stability of existing DNA-based membrane channels leave much room for improvement. Here, we demonstrate an approach to overcoming the unfavorable DNA-lipid interactions that hinder the formation of a stable transmembrane pore. Our all-atom MD simulations and experiments show that the insertion-driving cholesterol modifications can cause fraying of terminal base pairs of nicked DNA constructs, distorting them when embedded in a lipid bilayer. Importantly, we show that DNA nanostructures with no backbone discontinuities form more stable conductive pores and insert into membranes with a higher efficiency than the equivalent nicked constructs. Moreover, lack of nicks allows design and maintenance of membrane-spanning helices in a tilted orientation within the lipid bilayer. Thus, reducing the conformational degrees of freedom of the DNA nanostructures enables better control over their function as synthetic ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morzy
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sarah E Sandler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ulrich F Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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22
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Wang Q, Duan M, Liao J, Xie J, Zhou C. Are Osteoclasts Mechanosensitive Cells? J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1917-1938. [PMID: 34706793 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeleton metabolism is a process in which osteoclasts constantly remove old bone and osteoblasts form new osteoid and induce mineralization; disruption of this balance may cause diseases. Osteoclasts play a key role in bone metabolism, as osteoclastogenesis marks the beginning of each bone remodeling cycle. As the only cell capable of bone resorption, osteoclasts are derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic precursors that terminally adhere to mineralized extracellular matrix, and they subsequently break down the extracellular compartment. Bone is generally considered the load-burdening tissue, bone homeostasis is critically affected by mechanical conductions, and the bone cells are mechanosensitive. The functions of various bone cells under mechanical forces such as chondrocytes and osteoblasts have been reported; however, the unique bone-resorbing osteoclasts are less studied. The oversuppression of osteoclasts in mechanical studies may be because of its complicated differentiation progress and flexible structure, which increases difficulty in targeting mechanical structures. This paper will focus on recent findings regarding osteoclasts and attempt to uncover proposed candidate mechanosensing structures in osteoclasts including podosome-associated complexes, gap junctions and transient receptor potential family (ion channels). We will additionally describe possible mechanotransduction signaling pathways including GTPase ras homologue family member A (RhoA), Yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), Ca2+ signaling and non-canonical Wnt signaling. According to numerous studies, evaluating the possible influence of various physical environments on osteoclastogenesis is conducive to the study of bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jingfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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23
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Porto D, Matsunaga Y, Franke B, Williams RM, Qadota H, Mayans O, Benian GM, Lu H. Conformational changes in twitchin kinase in vivo revealed by FRET imaging of freely moving C. elegans. eLife 2021; 10:e66862. [PMID: 34569929 PMCID: PMC8523150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The force-induced unfolding and refolding of proteins is speculated to be a key mechanism in the sensing and transduction of mechanical signals in the living cell. Yet, little evidence has been gathered for its existence in vivo. Prominently, stretch-induced unfolding is postulated to be the activation mechanism of the twitchin/titin family of autoinhibited sarcomeric kinases linked to the mechanical stress response of muscle. To test the occurrence of mechanical kinase activation in living working muscle, we generated transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing twitchin containing FRET moieties flanking the kinase domain and developed a quantitative technique for extracting FRET signals in freely moving C. elegans, using tracking and simultaneous imaging of animals in three channels (donor fluorescence, acceptor fluorescence, and transmitted light). Computer vision algorithms were used to extract fluorescence signals and muscle contraction states in each frame, in order to obtain fluorescence and body curvature measurements with spatial and temporal precision in vivo. The data revealed statistically significant periodic changes in FRET signals during muscle activity, consistent with a periodic change in the conformation of twitchin kinase. We conclude that stretch-unfolding of twitchin kinase occurs in the active muscle, whereby mechanical activity titrates the signaling pathway of this cytoskeletal kinase. We anticipate that the methods we have developed here could be applied to obtaining in vivo evidence for force-induced conformational changes or elastic behavior of other proteins not only in C. elegans but in other animals in which there is optical transparency (e.g., zebrafish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Porto
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Program, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
| | - Yohei Matsunaga
- Department of Pathology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Rhys M Williams
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Hiroshi Qadota
- Department of Pathology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Olga Mayans
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Guy M Benian
- Department of Pathology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Hang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Program, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
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24
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Höhfeld J, Benzing T, Bloch W, Fürst DO, Gehlert S, Hesse M, Hoffmann B, Hoppe T, Huesgen PF, Köhn M, Kolanus W, Merkel R, Niessen CM, Pokrzywa W, Rinschen MM, Wachten D, Warscheid B. Maintaining proteostasis under mechanical stress. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52507. [PMID: 34309183 PMCID: PMC8339670 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell survival, tissue integrity and organismal health depend on the ability to maintain functional protein networks even under conditions that threaten protein integrity. Protection against such stress conditions involves the adaptation of folding and degradation machineries, which help to preserve the protein network by facilitating the refolding or disposal of damaged proteins. In multicellular organisms, cells are permanently exposed to stress resulting from mechanical forces. Yet, for long time mechanical stress was not recognized as a primary stressor that perturbs protein structure and threatens proteome integrity. The identification and characterization of protein folding and degradation systems, which handle force-unfolded proteins, marks a turning point in this regard. It has become apparent that mechanical stress protection operates during cell differentiation, adhesion and migration and is essential for maintaining tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart and kidney as well as the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of mechanical stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
- Department for the Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sports ScienceUniversity of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain CenterMedical FacultyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms UniversityBonnGermany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for GeneticsCologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) and CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Institute of Biology IIIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- LIMES‐InstituteRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology and CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus Institute of Advanced StudiesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate ImmunityUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Institute of Biology IIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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25
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SenGupta S, Parent CA, Bear JE. The principles of directed cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:529-547. [PMID: 33990789 PMCID: PMC8663916 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells have the ability to respond to various types of environmental cues, and in many cases these cues induce directed cell migration towards or away from these signals. How cells sense these cues and how they transmit that information to the cytoskeletal machinery governing cell translocation is one of the oldest and most challenging problems in biology. Chemotaxis, or migration towards diffusible chemical cues, has been studied for more than a century, but information is just now beginning to emerge about how cells respond to other cues, such as substrate-associated cues during haptotaxis (chemical cues on the surface), durotaxis (mechanical substrate compliance) and topotaxis (geometric features of substrate). Here we propose four common principles, or pillars, that underlie all forms of directed migration. First, a signal must be generated, a process that in physiological environments is much more nuanced than early studies suggested. Second, the signal must be sensed, sometimes by cell surface receptors, but also in ways that are not entirely clear, such as in the case of mechanical cues. Third, the signal has to be transmitted from the sensing modules to the machinery that executes the actual movement, a step that often requires amplification. Fourth, the signal has to be converted into the application of asymmetric force relative to the substrate, which involves mostly the cytoskeleton, but perhaps other players as well. Use of these four pillars has allowed us to compare some of the similarities between different types of directed migration, but also to highlight the remarkable diversity in the mechanisms that cells use to respond to different cues provided by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James E Bear
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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26
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Kolb P, Schundner A, Frick M, Gottschalk KE. In Vitro Measurements of Cellular Forces and their Importance in the Lung-From the Sub- to the Multicellular Scale. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:691. [PMID: 34357063 PMCID: PMC8307149 DOI: 10.3390/life11070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the body is subjected to various mechanical forces on the organ, tissue, and cellular level. Mechanical stimuli are essential for organ development and function. One organ whose function depends on the tightly connected interplay between mechanical cell properties, biochemical signaling, and external forces is the lung. However, altered mechanical properties or excessive mechanical forces can also drive the onset and progression of severe pulmonary diseases. Characterizing the mechanical properties and forces that affect cell and tissue function is therefore necessary for understanding physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, multiple methods have been developed for cellular force measurements at multiple length scales, from subcellular forces to measuring the collective behavior of heterogeneous cellular networks. In this short review, we give a brief overview of the mechanical forces at play on the cellular level in the lung. We then focus on the technological aspects of measuring cellular forces at many length scales. We describe tools with a subcellular resolution and elaborate measurement techniques for collective multicellular units. Many of the technologies described are by no means restricted to lung research and have already been applied successfully to cells from various other tissues. However, integrating the knowledge gained from these multi-scale measurements in a unifying framework is still a major future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolb
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Annika Schundner
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Kay-E. Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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27
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Mechanoregulation of PDZ Proteins, An Emerging Function. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2256:257-275. [PMID: 34014527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1166-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have emerged as essential regulators of cell organization, proliferation, migration, and polarity to regulate cellular and tissue homeostasis. Changes in forces or loss of the cellular response to them can result in abnormal embryonic development and diseases. Over the past two decades, many efforts have been put in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that convert forces into biochemical signals, allowing for the identification of many mechanotransducer proteins. Here we discuss how PDZ proteins are emerging as new mechanotransducer proteins by altering their conformations or localizations upon force loads, leading to the formation of macromolecular modules tethering the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton.
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28
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Tanaka K, Joshi D, Timalsina S, Schwartz MA. Early events in endothelial flow sensing. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:217-231. [PMID: 33543538 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Responses of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs) to fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood or lymphatic fluid flow govern the development, physiology, and diseases of these structures. Extensive research has characterized the signaling, gene expression and cytoskeletal pathways that mediate effects on EC phenotype and vascular morphogenesis. But the primary mechanisms by which ECs transduce the weak forces from flow into biochemical signals are less well understood. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of the immediate mechanisms of FSS mechanotransduction, integrating results from different disciplines, addressing their roles in development, physiology and disease, and suggesting important questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Tanaka
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Divyesh Joshi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sushma Timalsina
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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29
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Greenberg MJ, Tardiff JC. Complexity in genetic cardiomyopathies and new approaches for mechanism-based precision medicine. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211741. [PMID: 33512404 PMCID: PMC7852459 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic cardiomyopathies have been studied for decades, and it has become increasingly clear that these progressive diseases are more complex than originally thought. These complexities can be seen both in the molecular etiologies of these disorders and in the clinical phenotypes observed in patients. While these disorders can be caused by mutations in cardiac genes, including ones encoding sarcomeric proteins, the disease presentation varies depending on the patient mutation, where mutations even within the same gene can cause divergent phenotypes. Moreover, it is challenging to connect the mutation-induced molecular insult that drives the disease pathogenesis with the various compensatory and maladaptive pathways that are activated during the course of the subsequent progressive, pathogenic cardiac remodeling. These inherent complexities have frustrated our ability to understand and develop broadly effective treatments for these disorders. It has been proposed that it might be possible to improve patient outcomes by adopting a precision medicine approach. Here, we lay out a practical framework for such an approach, where patient subpopulations are binned based on common underlying biophysical mechanisms that drive the molecular disease pathogenesis, and we propose that this function-based approach will enable the development of targeted therapeutics that ameliorate these effects. We highlight several mutations to illustrate the need for mechanistic molecular experiments that span organizational and temporal scales, and we describe recent advances in the development of novel therapeutics based on functional targets. Finally, we describe many of the outstanding questions for the field and how fundamental mechanistic studies, informed by our more nuanced understanding of the clinical disorders, will play a central role in realizing the potential of precision medicine for genetic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jil C Tardiff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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30
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Mykuliak VV, Sikora M, Booth JJ, Cieplak M, Shalashilin DV, Hytönen VP. Mechanical Unfolding of Proteins-A Comparative Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Study. Biophys J 2020; 119:939-949. [PMID: 32822586 PMCID: PMC7474207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signals regulate functions of mechanosensitive proteins by inducing structural changes that are determinant for force-dependent interactions. Talin is a focal adhesion protein that is known to extend under mechanical load, and it has been shown to unfold via intermediate states. Here, we compared different nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study unfolding of the talin rod. We combined boxed MD (BXD), steered MD, and umbrella sampling (US) techniques and provide free energy profiles for unfolding of talin rod subdomains. We conducted BXD, steered MD, and US simulations at different detail levels and demonstrate how these different techniques can be used to study protein unfolding under tension. Unfolding free energy profiles determined by BXD suggest that the intermediate states in talin rod subdomains are stabilized by force during unfolding, and US confirmed these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V Mykuliak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Marek Cieplak
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
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31
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Topal T, Fan Z, Deng LY, Krebsbach PH, Deng CX. Integrin-Targeted Cyclic Forces Accelerate Neural Tube-Like Rosette Formation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:e1900064. [PMID: 32648720 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play important roles in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation. To investigate the impact of dynamic mechanical forces on neural induction of hESCs, this study employs acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC) to apply cyclic forces/strains to hESCs by actuating integrin-bound microbubbles using ultrasound pulses. Accelerated neural induction of hESCs is demonstrated as the result of combined action of ATC and neural induction medium (NIM). Specifically, application of ATC for 30 min followed by culture in NIM upregulates neuroecdoderm markers Pax6 and Sox1 as early as 6 h after ATC, and induces neural tube-like rosette formation at 48 h after ATC. In contrast, no changes are observed in hESCs cultured in NIM without ATC treatment. In the absence of NIM, ATC application decreases Oct4, but does not increase Pax6 and Sox1 expression, nor does it induce neural rossette formation. The effects of ATC are abolished by inhibition of FAK, myosin activity, and RhoA/ROCK signaling. Taken together, the results reveal a synergistic action of ATC and NIM as an integrated mechanobiology mechanism that requires both integrin-targeted cyclic forces and chemical factors for accelerated neural induction of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Topal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Laura Y Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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32
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Jain N, Moeller J, Vogel V. Mechanobiology of Macrophages: How Physical Factors Coregulate Macrophage Plasticity and Phagocytosis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 21:267-297. [PMID: 31167103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their early-recognized functions in host defense and the clearance of apoptotic cell debris, macrophages play vital roles in tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. If misregulated, they steer the progression of many inflammatory diseases. Much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying macrophage signaling, transcriptomics, and proteomics, under physiological and pathological conditions. Yet, the detailed mechanisms that tune circulating monocytes/macrophages and tissue-resident macrophage polarization, differentiation, specification, and their functional plasticity remain elusive. We review how physical factors affect macrophage phenotype and function, including how they hunt for particles and pathogens, as well as the implications for phagocytosis, autophagy, and polarization from proinflammatory to prohealing phenotype. We further discuss how this knowledge can be harnessed in regenerative medicine and for the design of new drugs and immune-modulatory drug delivery systems, biomaterials, and tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Jain
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Jens Moeller
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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33
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Putative Receptors for Gravity Sensing in Mammalian Cells: The Effects of Microgravity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gravity is a constitutive force that influences life on Earth. It is sensed and translated into biochemical stimuli through the so called “mechanosensors”, proteins able to change their molecular conformation in order to amplify external cues causing several intracellular responses. Mechanosensors are widely represented in the human body with important structures such as otholiths in hair cells of vestibular system and statoliths in plants. Moreover, they are also present in the bone, where mechanical cues can cause bone resorption or formation and in muscle in which mechanical stimuli can increase the sensibility for mechanical stretch. In this review, we discuss the role of mechanosensors in two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity, emphasizing their emerging role in microgravity. Microgravity is a singular condition in which many molecular changes occur, strictly connected with the modified gravity force and free fall of bodies. Here, we first summarize the most important mechanosensors involved in normogravity and microgravity. Subsequently, we propose muscle LIM protein (MLP) and sirtuins as new actors in mechanosensing and signaling transduction under microgravity.
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34
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Kim J, Lee J, Jang J, Ye F, Hong SJ, Petrich BG, Ulmer TS, Kim C. Topological Adaptation of Transmembrane Domains to the Force-Modulated Lipid Bilayer Is a Basis of Sensing Mechanical Force. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1614-1625.e5. [PMID: 32169208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cells can sense and respond to various mechanical stimuli from their surrounding environment. One of the explanations for mechanosensitivity, a lipid-bilayer model, suggests that a stretch of the membrane induced by mechanical force alters the physical state of the lipid bilayer, driving mechanosensors to assume conformations better matched to the altered membrane. However, mechanosensors of this class are restricted to ion channels. Here, we reveal that integrin αIIbβ3, a prototypic adhesion receptor, can be activated by various mechanical stimuli including stretch, shear stress, and osmotic pressure. The force-induced integrin activation was not dependent on its known intracellular activation signaling events and was even observed in reconstituted cell-free liposomes. Instead, these mechanical stimuli were found to alter the lipid embedding of the integrin β3 transmembrane domain (TMD) and subsequently weaken the αIIb-β3 TMD interaction, which results in activation of the receptor. Moreover, artificial modulation of the membrane curvature near integrin αIIbβ3 can induce its activation in cells as well as in lipid nanodiscs, suggesting that physical deformation of the lipid bilayer, either by mechanical force or curvature, can induce integrin activation. Thus, our results establish the adhesion receptor as a bona fide mechanosensor that directly senses and responds to the force-modulated lipid environment. Furthermore, this study expands the lipid-bilayer model by suggesting that the force-induced topological change of TMDs and subsequent alteration in the TMD interactome is a molecular basis of sensing mechanical force transmitted via the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian G Petrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tobias S Ulmer
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Tian GE, Zhou JT, Liu XJ, Huang YC. Mechanoresponse of stem cells for vascular repair. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1104-1114. [PMID: 31875871 PMCID: PMC6904862 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have shown great potential in vascular repair. Numerous evidence indicates that mechanical forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain can regulate the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells via serious signaling pathways. The enrichment and differentiation of stem cells play an important role in the angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular homeostasis. In normal tissues, blood flow directly affects the microenvironment of vascular endothelial cells (ECs); in pathological status, the abnormal interactions between blood flow and vessels contribute to the injury of vessels. Next, the altered mechanical forces are transduced into cells by mechanosensors to trigger the reformation of vessels. This process occurs when signaling pathways related to EC differentiation are initiated. Hence, a deep understanding of the responses of stem cells to mechanical stresses and the underlying mechanisms involved in this process is essential for clinical translation. In this the review, we provide an overview of the role of stem cells in vascular repair, outline the performance of stem cells under the mechanical stress stimulation, and describe the related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Er Tian
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun-Teng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong-Can Huang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
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36
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Suman SK, Daday C, Ferraro T, Vuong-Brender T, Tak S, Quintin S, Robin F, Gräter F, Labouesse M. The plakin domain of C. elegans VAB-10/plectin acts as a hub in a mechanotransduction pathway to promote morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev183780. [PMID: 31784459 PMCID: PMC7375825 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces can elicit a mechanotransduction response through junction-associated proteins. In contrast to the wealth of knowledge available for focal adhesions and adherens junctions, much less is known about mechanotransduction at hemidesmosomes. Here, we focus on the C. elegans plectin homolog VAB-10A, the only evolutionary conserved hemidesmosome component. In C. elegans, muscle contractions induce a mechanotransduction pathway in the epidermis through hemidesmosomes. We used CRISPR to precisely remove spectrin repeats (SRs) or a partially hidden Src homology 3 (SH3) domain within the VAB-10 plakin domain. Deleting the SH3 or SR8 domains in combination with mutations affecting mechanotransduction, or just the part of SR5 shielding the SH3 domain, induced embryonic elongation arrest because hemidesmosomes collapse. Notably, recruitment of GIT-1, the first mechanotransduction player, requires the SR5 domain and the hemidesmosome transmembrane receptor LET-805. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that forces acting on VAB-10 could make the central SH3 domain, otherwise in contact with SR4, available for interaction. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that the plakin domain plays a central role in mechanotransduction and raise the possibility that VAB-10/plectin might act as a mechanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Csaba Daday
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Ferraro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thanh Vuong-Brender
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Saurabh Tak
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Quintin
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - François Robin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
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37
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McColloch A, Rabiei M, Rabbani P, Bowling A, Cho M. Correlation between Nuclear Morphology and Adipogenic Differentiation: Application of a Combined Experimental and Computational Modeling Approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16381. [PMID: 31705037 PMCID: PMC6842088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells undergo drastic morphological alterations during differentiation. While extensive studies have been performed to examine the cytoskeletal remodeling, there is a growing interest to determine the morphological, structural and functional changes of the nucleus. The current study is therefore aimed at quantifying the extent of remodeling of the nuclear morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells during biochemically-induced adipogenic differentiation. Results show the size of nuclei decreased exponentially over time as the lipid accumulation is up-regulated. Increases in the lipid accumulation appear to lag the nuclear reorganization, suggesting the nuclear deformation is a prerequisite to adipocyte maturation. Furthermore, the lamin A/C expression was increased and redistributed to the nuclear periphery along with a subsequent increase in the nuclear aspect ratio. To further assess the role of the nucleus, a nuclear morphology with a high aspect ratio was achieved using microcontact-printed substrate. The cells with an elongated nuclear shape did not efficiently undergo adipogenesis, suggesting the cellular and nuclear processes associated with stem cell differentiation at the early stage of adipogenesis cause a change in the nuclear morphology and cannot be abrogated by the morphological cues. In addition, a novel computational biomechanical model was generated to simulate the nuclear shape change during differentiation and predict the forces acting upon the nucleus. This effort led to the development of computational scaling approach to simulate the experimentally observed adipogenic differentiation processes over 15 days in less than 1.5 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McColloch
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, 76010, USA
| | - Manoochehr Rabiei
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Parisa Rabbani
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, 76010, USA
| | - Alan Bowling
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Michael Cho
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, 76010, USA.
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38
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Proestaki M, Ogren A, Burkel B, Notbohm J. Modulus of Fibrous Collagen at the Length Scale of a Cell. EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 2019; 59:1323-1334. [PMID: 31680700 PMCID: PMC6824437 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-018-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix provides macroscale structural support to tissues as well as microscale mechanical cues, like stiffness, to the resident cells. As those cues modulate gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and motility, quantifying the stiffness that cells sense is crucial to understanding cell behavior. Whereas the macroscopic modulus of a collagen network can be measured in uniform extension or shear, quantifying the local stiffness sensed by a cell remains a challenge due to the inhomogeneous and nonlinear nature of the fiber network at the scale of the cell. To address this challenge, we designed an experimental method to measure the modulus of a network of collagen fibers at this scale. We used spherical particles of an active hydrogel (poly N-isopropylacrylamide) that contract when heated, thereby applying local forces to the collagen matrix and mimicking the contractile forces of a cell. After measuring the particles' bulk modulus and contraction in networks of collagen fibers, we applied a nonlinear model for fibrous materials to compute the modulus of the local region surrounding each particle. We found the modulus at this length scale to be highly heterogeneous, with modulus varying by a factor of 3. In addition, at different values of applied strain, we observed both strain stiffening and strain softening, indicating nonlinearity of the collagen network. Thus, this experimental method quantifies local mechanical properties in a fibrous network at the scale of a cell, while also accounting for inherent nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Proestaki
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - A Ogren
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - B Burkel
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
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39
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Ham TR, Collins KL, Hoffman BD. Molecular Tension Sensors: Moving Beyond Force. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:83-94. [PMID: 32864525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all cellular processes are sensitive to mechanical inputs, and this plays a major role in diverse physiological processes. Mechanical stimuli are thought to be primarily detected through force-induced changes in protein structure. Approximately a decade ago, molecular tension sensors were created to measure forces across proteins within cells. Since then, an impressive assortment of sensors has been created and provided key insights into mechanotransduction, but comparisons of measurements between various sensors are challenging. In this review, we discuss the different types of molecular tension sensors, provide a system of classification based on their molecular-scale mechanical properties, and highlight how new applications of these sensors are enabling measurements beyond the magnitude of tensile load. We suggest that an expanded understanding of the functionality of these sensors, as well as integration with other techniques, will lead to consensus amongst measurements as well as critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
| | - Kasie L Collins
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
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40
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Huebsch N. Translational mechanobiology: Designing synthetic hydrogel matrices for improved in vitro models and cell-based therapies. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:97-111. [PMID: 31129361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels have ideal physiochemical properties to serve as reductionist mimics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for studies on cellular mechanosensing. These studies range from basic observation of correlations between ECM mechanics and cell fate changes to molecular dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Despite intensive work on hydrogels to study mechanobiology, many fundamental questions regarding mechanosensing remain unanswered. In this review, I first discuss historical motivation for studying cellular mechanobiology, and challenges impeding this effort. I next overview recent efforts to engineer hydrogel properties to study cellular mechanosensing. Finally, I focus on in vitro modeling and cell-based therapies as applications of hydrogels that will exploit our ability to create micro-environments with physiologically relevant elasticity and viscoelasticity to control cell biology. These translational applications will not only use our current understanding of mechanobiology but will also bring new tools to study the fundamental problem of how cells sense their mechanical environment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels are an important tool for understanding how our cells can sense their mechanical environment, and to exploit that understanding in regenerative medicine. In the current review, I discuss historical work linking mechanics to cell behavior in vitro, and highlight the role hydrogels played in allowing us to understand how cells monitor mechanical cues. I then highlight potential translational applications of hydrogels with mechanical properties similar to those of the tissues where cells normally reside in our bodies, and discuss how these types of studies can provide clues to help us enhance our understanding of mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Huebsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, United States.
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41
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Schwahn DJ, Pleitner JM, Greaser ML. Megaesophagus Is a Major Pathological Condition in Rats With a Large Deletion in the Rbm20 Gene. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:151-159. [PMID: 31221019 PMCID: PMC7221460 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819854224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A spontaneously arising, loss-of-function mutation in the RNA binding motif protein 20
(Rbm20) gene, which encodes a nuclear splicing protein,
was previously identified as the underlying reason for expression of an abnormally large
TITIN (TTN) protein in a rat model of cardiomyopathy. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa led to submission of rats with dyspnea, sneezing,
lethargy, nasal discharge, and/or unexpected death for diagnostic evaluation. Necropsy
revealed underlying megaesophagus in Rbm20–/–
rats. Further phenotyping of this rat strain and determination of the size of esophageal
TTN was undertaken. The Rbm20-defective rats developed
megaesophagus at an early age (26 weeks) with high frequency (13/32, 41%). They also often
exhibited secondary rhinitis (9/32, 28%), aspiration pneumonia (8/32, 25%), and otitis
media/interna (6/32, 19%). In addition, these rats had a high prevalence of hydronephrosis
(13/32, 41%). RBM20 is involved in splicing multiple RNA transcripts, one of which is the
muscle-specific protein TTN. Rbm20 mutations are a
significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. In Rbm20-defective rats, TTN size was significantly increased in the skeletal
muscle of the esophagus. Megaesophagus in this rat strain (maintained on a mixed genetic
background) is hypothesized to result from altered TTN stretch signaling in esophageal
skeletal muscle. This study describes a novel mechanism for the development of
megaesophagus, which may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of megaesophagus in
humans and offers insights into potential myogenic causes of this condition. This is the
first report of megaesophagus and other noncardiac pathogenic changes associated with
mutation of Rbm20 in any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Schwahn
- Research Animal Resources Center and Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Marion L Greaser
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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42
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Abstract
For mechanical force to induce changes in cellular behaviors, two main processes are inevitable; perception of the force and response to it. Perception of mechanical force by cells, or mechanosensing, requires mechanical force-induced conformational changes in mechanosensors. For this, at least one end of the mechanosensors should be anchored to relatively fixed structures, such as extracellular matrices or the cytoskeletons, while the other end should be pulled along the direction of the mechanical force. Alternatively, mechanosensors may be positioned in lipid bilayers, so that conformational changes in the embedded sensors can be induced by mechanical force-driven tension in the lipid bilayer. Responses to mechanical force by cells, or mechanotransduction, require translation of such mechanical force-induced conformational changes into biochemical signaling. For this, protein-protein interactions or enzymatic activities of mechanosensors should be modulated in response to force-induced structural changes. In the last decade, several molecules that met the required criteria of mechanosensors have been identified and proven to directly sense mechanical force. The present review introduces examples of such mechanosensors and summarizes their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Gyun Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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43
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Strange K, Yamada T, Denton JS. A 30-year journey from volume-regulated anion currents to molecular structure of the LRRC8 channel. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:100-117. [PMID: 30651298 PMCID: PMC6363415 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strange et al. review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and structural basis of volume-regulated anion channel function within the framework of classical biophysical and physiological studies. The swelling-activated anion channel VRAC has fascinated and frustrated physiologists since it was first described in 1988. Multiple laboratories have defined VRAC’s biophysical properties and have shown that it plays a central role in cell volume regulation and possibly other fundamental physiological processes. However, confusion and intense controversy surrounding the channel’s molecular identity greatly hindered progress in the field for >15 yr. A major breakthrough came in 2014 with the demonstration that VRAC is a heteromeric channel encoded by five members of the Lrrc8 gene family, Lrrc8A–E. A mere 4 yr later, four laboratories described cryo-EM structures of LRRC8A homomeric channels. As the melee of structure/function and physiology studies begins, it is critical that this work be framed by a clear understanding of VRAC biophysics, regulation, and cellular physiology as well as by the field’s past confusion and controversies. That understanding is essential for the design and interpretation of structure/function studies, studies of VRAC physiology, and studies aimed at addressing the vexing problem of how the channel detects cell volume changes. In this review we discuss key aspects of VRAC biophysics, regulation, and function and integrate these into our emerging understanding of LRRC8 protein structure/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Strange
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Novo Biosciences, Inc., Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Toshiki Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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44
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Janeš JA, Stumpf H, Schmidt D, Seifert U, Smith AS. Statistical Mechanics of an Elastically Pinned Membrane: Static Profile and Correlations. Biophys J 2018; 116:283-295. [PMID: 30598285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between thermal fluctuations and the mechanical response of a free membrane has been explored in great detail, both theoretically and experimentally. However, understanding this relationship for membranes locally pinned by proteins is significantly more challenging. Given that the coupling of the membrane to the cell cytoskeleton, to the extracellular matrix, and to other internal structures is crucial for the regulation of a number of cellular processes, understanding the role of the pinning is of great interest. In this manuscript, we consider a single protein (elastic spring of a finite rest length) pinning a membrane modeled in the Monge gauge. First, we determine the Green's function for the system and complement this approach by the calculation of the mode-coupling coefficients for the plane wave expansion and the orthonormal fluctuation modes, in turn building a set of tools for numerical and analytic studies of a pinned membrane. Furthermore, we explore static correlations of the free and the pinned membrane, as well as the membrane shape, showing that all three are mutually interdependent and have an identical long-range behavior characterized by the correlation length. Interestingly, the latter displays a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of membrane tension. Importantly, exploiting these relations allows for the experimental determination of the elastic parameters of the pinning. Last but not least, we calculate the interaction potential between two pinning sites and show that even in the absence of the membrane deformation, the pinnings will be subject to an attractive force because of changes in membrane fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Augustin Janeš
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Udo Seifert
- II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia.
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45
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Abstract
It is increasingly clear that mechanotransduction pathways play important roles in regulating fundamental cellular functions. Of the basic mechanical functions, the determination of cellular morphology is critical. Cells typically use many mechanosensitive steps and different cell states to achieve a polarized shape through repeated testing of the microenvironment. Indeed, morphology is determined by the microenvironment through periodic activation of motility, mechanotesting, and mechanoresponse functions by hormones, internal clocks, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Patterned substrates and controlled environments with defined rigidities limit the range of cell behavior and influence cell state decisions and are thus very useful for studying these steps. The recently defined rigidity sensing process provides a good example of how cells repeatedly test their microenvironment and is also linked to cancer. In general, aberrant extracellular matrix mechanosensing is associated with numerous conditions, including cardiovascular disease, aging, and fibrosis, that correlate with changes in tissue morphology and matrix composition. Hence, detailed descriptions of the steps involved in sensing and responding to the microenvironment are needed to better understand both the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis and the pathomechanisms of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 31096;
| | - Bo Yang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; .,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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46
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Topal T, Hong X, Xue X, Fan Z, Kanetkar N, Nguyen JT, Fu J, Deng CX, Krebsbach PH. Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry Induces Rapid Initiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12977. [PMID: 30154528 PMCID: PMC6113316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play critical roles in influencing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) fate. However, it remains largely uncharacterized how local mechanical forces influence hESC behavior in vitro. Here, we used an ultrasound (US) technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), to apply targeted cyclic subcellular forces to hESCs via integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs). We found that ATC-mediated cyclic forces applied for 30 min to hESCs near the edge of a colony induced immediate global responses throughout the colony, suggesting the importance of cell-cell connection in the mechanoresponsiveness of hESCs to ATC-applied forces. ATC application generated increased contractile force, enhanced calcium activity, as well as decreased expression of pluripotency transcription factors Oct4 and Nanog, leading to rapid initiation of hESC differentiation and characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events that depend on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and cytoskeleton (CSK) tension. These results reveal a unique, rapid mechanoresponsiveness and community behavior of hESCs to integrin-targeted cyclic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Topal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaowei Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ninad Kanetkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joe T Nguyen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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47
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Mykuliak VV, Haining AWM, von Essen M, del Río Hernández A, Hytönen VP. Mechanical unfolding reveals stable 3-helix intermediates in talin and α-catenin. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006126. [PMID: 29698481 PMCID: PMC5940241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stability is a key feature in the regulation of structural scaffolding proteins and their functions. Despite the abundance of α-helical structures among the human proteome and their undisputed importance in health and disease, the fundamental principles of their behavior under mechanical load are poorly understood. Talin and α-catenin are two key molecules in focal adhesions and adherens junctions, respectively. In this study, we used a combination of atomistic steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, polyprotein engineering, and single-molecule atomic force microscopy (smAFM) to investigate unfolding of these proteins. SMD simulations revealed that talin rod α-helix bundles as well as α-catenin α-helix domains unfold through stable 3-helix intermediates. While the 5-helix bundles were found to be mechanically stable, a second stable conformation corresponding to the 3-helix state was revealed. Mechanically weaker 4-helix bundles easily unfolded into a stable 3-helix conformation. The results of smAFM experiments were in agreement with the findings of the computational simulations. The disulfide clamp mutants, designed to protect the stable state, support the 3-helix intermediate model in both experimental and computational setups. As a result, multiple discrete unfolding intermediate states in the talin and α-catenin unfolding pathway were discovered. Better understanding of the mechanical unfolding mechanism of α-helix proteins is a key step towards comprehensive models describing the mechanoregulation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V. Mykuliak
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexander William M. Haining
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdaléna von Essen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Armando del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AdRH); (VPH)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail: (AdRH); (VPH)
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48
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Fatkin D, Cox CD, Huttner IG, Martinac B. Is There a Role for Genes in Exercise-Induced Atrial Cardiomyopathy? Heart Lung Circ 2018; 27:1093-1098. [PMID: 29706494 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In endurance athletes, prolonged high intensity exercise participation can have deleterious effects on the myocardium with subsequent structural and electrical remodelling. In a subset of athletes, there is a predilection for atrial involvement and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increased. The mechanisms underpinning exercise-induced atrial cardiomyopathy have yet to be fully elucidated and the contribution of an individual's genetic makeup is unknown. Some athletes may have rare genetic variants that are sufficient to cause AF irrespective of exercise exposure. In AF-causing variant carriers, the additional haemodynamic stress of exercise on atrial structure and function might accelerate or increase the severity of disease. Variants in genes that lack known links to AF may indirectly promote an arrhythmogenic substrate by affecting threshold levels for exercise-induced myocardial damage and remodelling responses, or by effects on AF-associated co-morbidities, sinus node function, and autonomic nervous system tone. Given the exquisite stress-sensitivity of the atria, mechanosensitive ion channels could plausibly have a key role in mediating exercise effects on atrial structure and function. Knowing an athlete's profile of genetic variants may be useful for AF risk stratification and have implications for clinical management. Pre-participation genetic testing may influence sports choices and facilitate AF prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Inken G Huttner
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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49
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Abstract
Cell migration is an adaptive process that depends on and responds to physical and molecular triggers. Moving cells sense and respond to tissue mechanics and induce transient or permanent tissue modifications, including extracellular matrix stiffening, compression and deformation, protein unfolding, proteolytic remodelling and jamming transitions. Here we discuss how the bi-directional relationship of cell-tissue interactions (mechanoreciprocity) allows cells to change position and contributes to single-cell and collective movement, structural and molecular tissue organization, and cell fate decisions.
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50
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Amyloid-Like β-Aggregates as Force-Sensitive Switches in Fungal Biofilms and Infections. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 82:82/1/e00035-17. [PMID: 29187516 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00035-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular aggregation is an essential step in the formation of biofilms, which promote fungal survival and persistence in hosts. In many of the known yeast cell adhesion proteins, there are amino acid sequences predicted to form amyloid-like β-aggregates. These sequences mediate amyloid formation in vitro. In vivo, these sequences mediate a phase transition from a disordered state to a partially ordered state to create patches of adhesins on the cell surface. These β-aggregated protein patches are called adhesin nanodomains, and their presence greatly increases and strengthens cell-cell interactions in fungal cell aggregation. Nanodomain formation is slow (with molecular response in minutes and the consequences being evident for hours), and strong interactions lead to enhanced biofilm formation. Unique among functional amyloids, fungal adhesin β-aggregation can be triggered by the application of physical shear force, leading to cellular responses to flow-induced stress and the formation of robust biofilms that persist under flow. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that this phenomenon may be widespread. Analysis of fungal abscesses shows the presence of surface amyloids in situ, a finding which supports the idea that phase changes to an amyloid-like state occur in vivo. The amyloid-coated fungi bind the damage-associated molecular pattern receptor serum amyloid P component, and there may be a consequential modulation of innate immune responses to the fungi. Structural data now suggest mechanisms for the force-mediated induction of the phase change. We summarize and discuss evidence that the sequences function as triggers for protein aggregation and subsequent cellular aggregation, both in vitro and in vivo.
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