1
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McCone JAJ, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Flanagan JU, Harvey JE. A Structure-Activity Investigation of the Fungal Metabolite (-)-TAN-2483B: Inhibition of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401051. [PMID: 38629656 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The natural product (-)-TAN-2483B is a fungal secondary metabolite which displays promising anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity. Our previous syntheses of (-)-TAN-2483B and sidechain analogues uncovered inhibitory activity against Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), an established drug target for various leukaemia and immunological diseases. A structure-based computational study using ensemble docking and molecular dynamics was performed to determine plausible binding modes for (-)-TAN-2483B and analogues in the Btk binding site. These hypotheses guided the design of new analogues which were synthesised and their inhibitory activities determined, providing insights into the structural determinants of the furopyranone scaffold that confer both activity and selectivity for Btk. These findings offer new perspectives for generating optimised (-)-TAN-2483B-based kinase inhibitors for the treatment of leukaemia and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A J McCone
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul H Teesdale-Spittle
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne E Harvey
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Xu B, Liang L, Jiang Y, Zhao Z. Investigating the ibrutinib resistance mechanism of L528W mutation on Bruton's tyrosine kinase via molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108623. [PMID: 37716293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance to Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors presents a challenge in treating B-cell malignancies, and the mechanism behind drug resistance remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the BTK L528W mutation and investigated the underlying mechanisms of resistance to ibrutinib (including prototype and its active metabolite from, PCI-45227) using a combination of bioinformatics analysis, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Protein stability of wild type (WT) BTK and L528W mutant was predicted using DUET, PoPMuSiC, and I-Mutant2.0. We performed MD simulations of six systems, apo-WT, metabolite-WT, prototype-WT and their mutants, to analyze the significant conformational and BTK-inhibitor binding affinity changes induced by the L528W mutation. Results show that the L528W mutation reduces the conformational stability of BTK compared to the WT. Principal component analysis (PCA) based free energy landscape (FEL) analysis shows that the L528W mutant ensemble tends to form more conformation clusters and exhibit higher levels of local minima than the WT counterpart. The interaction analysis reveal that the L528W mutation disrupts the strong hydrogen bond between Cys481 and inhibitors and reduces the number of hydrogen bonds between inhibitors and BTK in the L528W mutant complex structures compared to the WT. Porcupine plot analysis in association with cross-correlation analysis show the high-intensity flexible motion exhibited by the P-loop region. MM/GBSA calculations show that the L528W mutation in metabolite-BTK and prototype-BTK complexes increases binding free energy compared to the WT, with a reduction in binding affinity confirmed by per-residue energy decomposition. Specifically, the binding free energy increases from -57.86 kcal/mol to -48.26 kcal/mol for the metabolite-BTK complex and from -62.04 kcal/mol to -50.55 kcal/mol for the prototype-BTK complex. Overall, our study finds that the L528W mutation reduces BTK stability, decreases binding affinity, and leads to drug resistance and potential disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyu Xu
- Department of Hematology, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, 523050, Guangdong Province, China; Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Tumors, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, 523050, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luguang Liang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan City, 523710, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yirong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, 523050, Guangdong Province, China; Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Tumors, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, 523050, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zuguo Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology of Basical Medicine of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan City, 523808, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan City, 523710, Guangdong Province, China.
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3
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Alrouji M, Benjamin LS, Alhumaydhi FA, Al Abdulmonem W, Baeesa SS, Rehan M, Shahwan M, Shamsi A, Akhtar A. Unlocking potential inhibitors for Bruton's tyrosine kinase through in-silico drug repurposing strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17684. [PMID: 37848584 PMCID: PMC10582150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor protein kinase that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including immune system function and cancer development. Therefore, inhibition of BTK has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for various complex diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify potential inhibitors of BTK by using a drug repurposing approach. To identify potential inhibitors, we performed a molecular docking-based virtual screening using a library of repurposed drugs from DrugBank. We then used various filtrations followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component analysis (PCA), and Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) analysis to further evaluate the binding interactions and stability of the top-ranking compounds. Molecular docking-based virtual screening approach identified several repurposed drugs as potential BTK inhibitors, including Eltrombopag and Alectinib, which have already been approved for human use. All-atom MD simulations provided insights into the binding interactions and stability of the identified compounds, which will be helpful for further experimental validation and optimization. Overall, our study demonstrates that drug repurposing is a promising approach to identify potential inhibitors of BTK and highlights the importance of computational methods in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, 11961, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lizy Sonia Benjamin
- College of Nursing, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Salem Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.
| | - Atiya Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., 62529, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Xiao ZP, Liao M, Huang XJ, Wang YT, Lan XC, Wang XY, Li XT. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of potential prodrugs of a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1162216. [PMID: 36969836 PMCID: PMC10031131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1162216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BTK has become a particularly attractive therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies, making BTK inhibitors a valuable and important therapeutic option. We present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of prodrugs of a BTK inhibitor with an insoluble 2,5-diaminopyrimidine structure. Tails containing different solubilizing groups were added to the parent molecule via an ester linkage. Prodrug 5a showed good aqueous solubility and could be efficiently converted to the parent in a human plasma stability study. The rational prodrug design was supported by molecular studies and a dramatically reduced BTK kinase-inhibitory potential. Taken together, the chemical, biological, and molecular studies suggest that prodrug derivatization of the 2,5-diaminopyrimidine scaffold could be a potential strategy for advancing this series of BTK inhibitors into the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Peng Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Juan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- BayRay Innovative Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-Tao Li,
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5
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Comparison of Intermolecular Interactions of Irreversible and Reversible Inhibitors with Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217451. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key protein from the TEC family and is involved in B-cell lymphoma occurrence and development. Targeting BTK is therefore an effective strategy for B-cell lymphoma treatment. Since previous studies on BTK have been limited to structure-function analyses of static protein structures, the dynamics of conformational change of BTK upon inhibitor binding remain unclear. Here, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of association and dissociation of a reversible (ARQ531) and irreversible (ibrutinib) small-molecule inhibitor to/from BTK. The results indicated that the BTK kinase domain was found to be locked in an inactive state through local conformational changes in the DFG motif, and P-, A-, and gatekeeper loops. The binding of the inhibitors drove the outward rotation of the C-helix, resulting in the upfolded state of Trp395 and the formation of the salt bridge of Glu445-Arg544, which maintained the inactive conformation state. Met477 and Glu475 in the hinge region were found to be the key residues for inhibitor binding. These findings can be used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the pharmacophore and applied to the design of effective BTK inhibitors. In addition, the drug resistance to the irreversible inhibitor Ibrutinib was mainly from the strong interaction of Cys481, which was evidenced by the mutational experiment, and further confirmed by the measurement of rupture force and rupture times from steered molecular dynamics simulation. Our results provide mechanistic insights into resistance against BTK-targeting drugs and the key interaction sites for the development of high-quality BTK inhibitors. The steered dynamics simulation also offers a means to rapidly assess the binding capacity of newly designed inhibitors.
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6
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Liu R, Zhan S, Che Y, Shen J. Reactivities of the Front Pocket N-Terminal Cap Cysteines in Human Kinases. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1525-1535. [PMID: 34647463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The front pocket (FP) N-terminal cap (Ncap) cysteine is the most popular site of covalent modification in kinases. A long-standing hypothesis associates the Ncap position with cysteine hyper-reactivity; however, traditional computational predictions suggest that the FP Ncap cysteines are predominantly unreactive. Here we applied the state-of-the-art continuous constant pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD) to test the Ncap hypothesis. Simulations found that the Ncap cysteines of BTK/BMX/TEC/ITK/TXK, JAK3, and MKK7 are reactive to varying degrees; however, those of BLK and EGFR/ERBB2/ERBB4 possessing a Ncap+3 aspartate are unreactive. Analysis suggested that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions drive the reactivity, and their absence renders the Ncap cysteine unreactive. To further test the Ncap hypothesis, we examined the FP Ncap+2 cysteines in JNK1/JNK2/JNK3 and CASK. Our work offers a systematic understanding of the cysteine structure-reactivity relationship and illustrates the use of CpHMD to differentiate cysteines toward the design of targeted covalent inhibitors with reduced chemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ye Che
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jana Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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7
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Guilinger JP, Archna A, Augustin M, Bergmann A, Centrella PA, Clark MA, Cuozzo JW, Däther M, Guié MA, Habeshian S, Kiefersauer R, Krapp S, Lammens A, Lercher L, Liu J, Liu Y, Maskos K, Mrosek M, Pflügler K, Siegert M, Thomson HA, Tian X, Zhang Y, Konz Makino DL, Keefe AD. Novel irreversible covalent BTK inhibitors discovered using DNA-encoded chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116223. [PMID: 34091303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Libraries of DNA-Encoded small molecules created using combinatorial chemistry and synthetic oligonucleotides are being applied to drug discovery projects across the pharmaceutical industry. The majority of reported projects describe the discovery of reversible, i.e. non-covalent, target modulators. We synthesized multiple DNA-encoded chemical libraries terminated in electrophiles and then used them to discover covalent irreversible inhibitors and report the successful discovery of acrylamide- and epoxide-terminated Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors. We also demonstrate their selectivity, potency and covalent cysteine engagement using a range of techniques including X-ray crystallography, thermal transition shift assay, reporter displacement assay and intact protein complex mass spectrometry. The epoxide BTK inhibitors described here are the first ever reported to utilize this electrophile for this target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Archna Archna
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Augustin
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - John W Cuozzo
- ZebiAI Inc., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Maike Däther
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Sevan Habeshian
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Kiefersauer
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephan Krapp
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alfred Lammens
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lukas Lercher
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julie Liu
- Accent Therapeutics Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Cyteir Therapeutics, 128 Spring St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Klaus Maskos
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Pflügler
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Xia Tian
- Nurix Therapeutics Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205 San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem Inc., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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8
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Qiu H, Ali Z, Bender A, Caldwell R, Chen YY, Fang Z, Gardberg A, Glaser N, Goettsche A, Goutopoulos A, Grenningloh R, Hanschke B, Head J, Johnson T, Jones C, Jones R, Kulkarni S, Maurer C, Morandi F, Neagu C, Poetzsch S, Potnick J, Schmidt R, Roe K, Viacava Follis A, Wing C, Zhu X, Sherer B. Discovery of potent and selective reversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116163. [PMID: 33932711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase member of the TEC family of tyrosine kinases. Pre-clinical and clinical data have shown that targeting BTK can be used for the treatment for B-cell disorders. Here we disclose the discovery of a novel imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine series of potent, selective reversible BTK inhibitors through a rational design approach. From a starting hit molecule 1, medicinal chemistry optimization led to the development of a lead compound 30, which exhibited 58 nM BTK inhibitory potency in human whole blood and high kinome selectivity. Additionally, the compound demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics (PK), and showed potent dose-dependent efficacy in a rat CIA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1).
| | - Zahid Ali
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Andrew Bender
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Richard Caldwell
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Stoke Therapeutics, 45 Wiggins Ave, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Zhizhou Fang
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Anna Gardberg
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St #200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nina Glaser
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Andreas Goutopoulos
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Roland Grenningloh
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Bettina Hanschke
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Jared Head
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Theresa Johnson
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Christopher Jones
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Reinaldo Jones
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Shashank Kulkarni
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Christine Maurer
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Federica Morandi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, Basel-Stadt, CH 4070, Switzerland
| | - Constantin Neagu
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Sven Poetzsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE 64293, Germany
| | - Justin Potnick
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Katherine Roe
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Ariele Viacava Follis
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Carolyn Wing
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
| | - Brian Sherer
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA(1)
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9
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Anand GS. Disrupting enzyme fluidity. eLife 2021; 10:65221. [PMID: 33492229 PMCID: PMC7834015 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of X-ray crystallography, NMR, and mass spectrometry has revealed how diverse small-molecule inhibitors bind Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and alter the conformation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Srinivasan Anand
- Department of Chemistry and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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10
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Joseph RE, Amatya N, Fulton DB, Engen JR, Wales TE, Andreotti A. Differential impact of BTK active site inhibitors on the conformational state of full-length BTK. eLife 2020; 9:60470. [PMID: 33226337 PMCID: PMC7834017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is targeted in the treatment of B-cell disorders including leukemias and lymphomas. Currently approved BTK inhibitors, including Ibrutinib, a first-in-class covalent inhibitor of BTK, bind directly to the kinase active site. While effective at blocking the catalytic activity of BTK, consequences of drug binding on the global conformation of full-length BTK are unknown. Here, we uncover a range of conformational effects in full-length BTK induced by a panel of active site inhibitors, including large-scale shifts in the conformational equilibria of the regulatory domains. Additionally, we find that a remote Ibrutinib resistance mutation, T316A in the BTK SH2 domain, drives spurious BTK activity by destabilizing the compact autoinhibitory conformation of full-length BTK, shifting the conformational ensemble away from the autoinhibited form. Future development of BTK inhibitors will need to consider long-range allosteric consequences of inhibitor binding, including the emerging application of these BTK inhibitors in treating COVID-19. Treatments for blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, rely heavily on chemotherapy, using drugs that target a vulnerable aspect of the cancer cells. B-cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies, require a protein called Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, or BTK for short, to survive. The drug ibrutinib (Imbruvica) is used to treat B-cell cancers by blocking BTK. The BTK protein consists of several regions. One of them, known as the kinase domain, is responsible for its activity as an enzyme (which allows it to modify other proteins by adding a ‘tag’ known as a phosphate group). The other regions of BTK, known as regulatory modules, control this activity. In BTK’s inactive form, the regulatory modules attach to the kinase domain, blocking the regulatory modules from interacting with other proteins. When BTK is activated, it changes its conformation so the regulatory regions detach and become available for interactions with other proteins, at the same time exposing the active kinase domain. Ibrutinib and other BTK drugs in development bind to the kinase domain to block its activity. However, it is not known how this binding affects the regulatory modules. Previous efforts to study how drugs bind to BTK have used a version of the protein that only had the kinase domain, instead of the full-length protein. Now, Joseph et al. have studied full-length BTK and how it binds to five different drugs. The results reveal that ibrutinib and another drug called dasatinib both indirectly disrupt the normal position of the regulatory domains pushing BTK toward a conformation that resembles the activated state. By contrast, the three other compounds studied do not affect the inactive structure. Joseph et al. also examined a mutation in BTK that confers resistance against ibrutinib. This mutation increases the activity of BTK by disrupting the inactive structure, leading to B cells surviving better. Understanding how drug resistance mechanisms can work will lead to better drug treatment strategies for cancer. BTK is also a target in other diseases such as allergies or asthma and even COVID-19. If interactions between partner proteins and the regulatory domain are important in these diseases, then they may be better treated with drugs that maintain the regulatory modules in their inactive state. This research will help to design drugs that are better able to control BTK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - Neha Amatya
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - D Bruce Fulton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Amy Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
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11
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Lee E, Cho H, Lee DK, Ha J, Choi BJ, Jeong JH, Ryu JH, Kang JS, Jeon R. Discovery of 5-Phenoxy-2-aminopyridine Derivatives as Potent and Selective Irreversible Inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218006. [PMID: 33126415 PMCID: PMC7663149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the tyrosine protein kinase Tec (TEC) family, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is considered a promising therapeutic target due to its crucial roles in the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Although many types of BTK inhibitors have been reported, there is an unmet need to achieve selective BTK inhibitors to reduce side effects. To obtain BTK selectivity and efficacy, we designed a novel series of type II BTK inhibitors which can occupy the allosteric pocket induced by the DFG-out conformation and introduced an electrophilic warhead for targeting Cys481. In this article, we have described the structure–activity relationships (SARs) leading to a novel series of potent and selective piperazine and tetrahydroisoquinoline linked 5-phenoxy-2-aminopyridine irreversible inhibitors of BTK. Compound 18g showed good potency and selectivity, and its biological activity was evaluated in hematological tumor cell lines. The in vivo efficacy of 18g was also tested in a Raji xenograft mouse model, and it significantly reduced tumor size, with 46.8% inhibition compared with vehicle. Therefore, we have presented the novel, potent, and selective irreversible inhibitor 18g as a type II BTK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - Hyewon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - Da Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - JuHyun Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - Byeong Jo Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (B.J.C.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Ji Hye Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (B.J.C.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Raok Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.L.); (H.C.); (D.K.L.); (J.H.); (J.H.J.); (J.-H.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-710-9571
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12
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Zhang X, Sheng X, Shen J, Zhang S, Sun W, Shen C, Li Y, Wang J, Lv H, Cui M, Zhu Y, Huang L, Hao D, Qi Z, Sun G, Mao W, Pan Y, Shen L, Li X, Hu G, Gong Z, Han S, Li J, Chen S, Tu R, Wang X, Wu C. Discovery and Evaluation of Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazinone as a Potent and Orally Active Irreversible BTK Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1863-1868. [PMID: 33062165 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and lead optimization of a series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives are described as a novel class of potent irreversible BTK inhibitors, resulting in the discovery of compound 8. Compound 8 exhibited high potency against BTK kinase and acceptable PK profile. Furthermore, compound 8 demonstrated significant in vivo efficacy in a mouse-collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Xijun Sheng
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Shoubo Zhang
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Chunli Shen
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yi Li
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Huqiang Lv
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Minghui Cui
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yuchuan Zhu
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Dongling Hao
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhibo Qi
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Guanglong Sun
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xin Li
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Guoping Hu
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Li
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ronghua Tu
- Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Inc., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd., No. 666 High Tech Avenue, East Lake High Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Chengde Wu
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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13
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Pery N, Rizvi NB, Shafiq MI. Development of piperidinyl dipyrrrolopyridine-based dual inhibitors of Janus kinase and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase: a potential therapeutic probability to deal with rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Model 2020; 26:235. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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The structure of human GCN2 reveals a parallel, back-to-back kinase dimer with a plastic DFG activation loop motif. Biochem J 2020; 477:275-284. [PMID: 31868900 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When activated by amino acid starvation, the stress sensing protein kinase GCN2 phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha, inhibiting translation to conserve energy and facilitate cell survival. Amino acid starvation, particularly of tryptophan and arginine, affects immune tolerance by suppressing differentiation and proliferation of T-cells via activation of GCN2 kinase. In addition, the GCN2 pathway mediates cancer survival directly within the context of metabolic stress. Here, we report the first crystal structures of the human GCN2 kinase domain (KD) in complex with two inhibitors of different size, shape, and chemical scaffold. Three novel activation loop conformations representative of different activation states of the kinase are described. In addition, a novel dimerization organization for GCN2 is observed. This arrangement is consistent with the hypothesis that the GCN2 KD forms an antiparallel inactive dimer until uncharged tRNA binds to it and triggers conformational changes that shift the equilibrium to the active parallel dimer.
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15
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Recent advance in the development of novel, selective and potent FGFR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Wang J, Ran T, Chen Y, Lu T. Bayesian machine learning to discover Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 96:1114-1122. [PMID: 31855311 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has a crucial role in multiple cell signaling pathways including B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and Fc receptor (FcR) signaling cascades, which has attracted much attention to find BTK inhibitors to treat autoimmune diseases. In this work, we constructed a Bayesian classification model for virtually seeking novel BTK inhibitors, which showed good performance in terms of screening efficiency and accuracy. Through searching for several chemical libraries including Chembl_17 (1,317,484 compounds), Chembridge (103,473 compounds), and Chemdiv (700,000 compounds) using this model followed by molecular docking and activity prediction, 52 compounds with novel scaffolds were acknowledged as potential BTK inhibitors, which could be promising starting points for further exploration. This study also provided a guide to construct an efficient and effective protocol for virtual screening by integrating machine learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Ting Ran
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Gui F, Jiang J, He Z, Li L, Li Y, Deng Z, Lu Y, Wu X, Chen G, Su J, Song S, Zhang YM, Yun CH, Huang X, Weisberg E, Zhang J, Deng X. A non-covalent inhibitor XMU-MP-3 overrides ibrutinib-resistant Btk C481S mutation in B-cell malignancies. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4491-4509. [PMID: 31364164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a key role in B-cell receptor signalling by regulating cell proliferation and survival in various B-cell malignancies. Covalent low-MW BTK kinase inhibitors have shown impressive clinical efficacy in B-cell malignancies. However, the mutant BtkC481S poses a major challenge in the management of B-cell malignancies by disrupting the formation of the covalent bond between BTK and irreversible inhibitors, such as ibrutinib. The present studies were designed to develop novel BTK inhibitors targeting ibrutinib-resistant BtkC481S mutation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BTK-Ba/F3, BTK(C481S)-Ba/F3 cells, and human malignant B-cells JeKo-1, Ramos, and NALM-6 were used to evaluate cellular potency of BTK inhibitors. The in vitro pharmacological efficacy and compound selectivity were assayed via cell viability, colony formation, and BTK-mediated signalling. A tumour xenograft model with BTK-Ba/F3, Ramos and BTK(C481S)-Ba/F3 cells in Nu/nu BALB/c mice was used to assess in vivo efficacy of XMU-MP-3. KEY RESULTS XMU-MP-3 is one of a group of low MW compounds that are potent non-covalent BTK inhibitors. XMU-MP-3 inhibited both BTK and the acquired mutant BTKC481S, in vitro and in vivo. Further computational modelling, site-directed mutagenesis analysis, and structure-activity relationships studies indicated that XMU-MP-3 displayed a typical Type-II inhibitor binding mode. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS XMU-MP-3 directly targets the BTK signalling pathway in B-cell lymphoma. These findings establish XMU-MP-3 as a novel inhibitor of BTK, which could serve as both a tool compound and a lead for further drug development in BTK relevant B-cell malignancies, especially those with the acquired ibrutinib-resistant C481S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhixiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhou Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingyi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue-Ming Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Division of Drug Discovery, Hongyun Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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18
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Damm-Ganamet KL, Arora N, Becart S, Edwards JP, Lebsack AD, McAllister HM, Nelen MI, Rao NL, Westover L, Wiener JJM, Mirzadegan T. Accelerating Lead Identification by High Throughput Virtual Screening: Prospective Case Studies from the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2046-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina I. Nelen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Lori Westover
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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19
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Sultan MM, Kiss G, Pande VS. Towards simple kinetic models of functional dynamics for a kinase subfamily. Nat Chem 2018; 10:903-909. [PMID: 29988151 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in the regulation of critical cellular pathways. However, in silico modelling of the conformational ensembles of these enzymes is difficult due to inherent limitations and the cost of computational approaches. Recent algorithmic advances combined with homology modelling and parallel simulations have enabled researchers to address this computational sampling bottleneck. Here, we present the results of molecular dynamics studies for seven Src family kinase (SFK) members: Fyn, Lyn, Lck, Hck, Fgr, Yes and Blk. We present a sequence invariant extension to Markov state models, which allows us to quantitatively compare the structural ensembles of the seven kinases. Our findings indicate that in the absence of their regulatory partners, SFK members have similar in silico dynamics with active state populations ranging from 4 to 40% and activation timescales in the hundreds of microseconds. Furthermore, we observe several potentially druggable intermediate states, including a pocket next to the adenosine triphosphate binding site that could potentially be targeted via a small-molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Molecular Analysis and Design, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Vijay S Pande
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Millisecond dynamics of BTK reveal kinome-wide conformational plasticity within the apo kinase domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15604. [PMID: 29142210 PMCID: PMC5688120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key enzyme in B-cell development whose improper regulation causes severe immunodeficiency diseases. Design of selective BTK therapeutics would benefit from improved, in-silico structural modeling of the kinase’s solution ensemble. However, this remains challenging due to the immense computational cost of sampling events on biological timescales. In this work, we combine multi-millisecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with Markov state models (MSMs) to report on the thermodynamics, kinetics, and accessible states of BTK’s kinase domain. Our conformational landscape links the active state to several inactive states, connected via a structurally diverse intermediate. Our calculations predict a kinome-wide conformational plasticity, and indicate the presence of several new potentially druggable BTK states. We further find that the population of these states and the kinetics of their inter-conversion are modulated by protonation of an aspartate residue, establishing the power of MD & MSMs in predicting effects of chemical perturbations.
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21
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Musumeci F, Sanna M, Greco C, Giacchello I, Fallacara AL, Amato R, Schenone S. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines active as Btk inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1355908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Sanna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giacchello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Dipartimento di “Scienze della Salute”, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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22
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Stroylov VS, Katkov DV, Titov IY, Stroganov OV, Novikov FN, Chilov GG, Svitanko IV. Modeling comparative selectivity profiles of kinase inhibitors using FEP/MD protocol. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Cuozzo JW, Centrella PA, Gikunju D, Habeshian S, Hupp CD, Keefe AD, Sigel EA, Soutter HH, Thomson HA, Zhang Y, Clark MA. Discovery of a Potent BTK Inhibitor with a Novel Binding Mode by Using Parallel Selections with a DNA-Encoded Chemical Library. Chembiochem 2017; 18:864-871. [PMID: 28056160 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and characterized novel potent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) from a single DNA-encoded library of over 110 million compounds by using multiple parallel selection conditions, including variation in target concentration and addition of known binders to provide competition information. Distinct binding profiles were observed by comparing enrichments of library building block combinations under these conditions; one enriched only at high concentrations of BTK and was competitive with ATP, and another enriched at both high and low concentrations of BTK and was not competitive with ATP. A compound representing the latter profile showed low nanomolar potency in biochemical and cellular BTK assays. Results from kinetic mechanism of action studies were consistent with the selection profiles. Analysis of the co-crystal structure of the most potent compound demonstrated a novel binding mode that revealed a new pocket in BTK. Our results demonstrate that profile-based selection strategies using DNA-encoded libraries form the basis of a new methodology to rapidly identify small molecule inhibitors with novel binding modes to clinically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Cuozzo
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | | | - Diana Gikunju
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Sevan Habeshian
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Keefe
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Eric A Sigel
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Holly H Soutter
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Matthew A Clark
- X-Chem Pharmaceuticals, 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
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24
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Bradshaw JM, McFarland JM, Paavilainen VO, Bisconte A, Tam D, Phan VT, Romanov S, Finkle D, Shu J, Patel V, Ton T, Li X, Loughhead DG, Nunn PA, Karr DE, Gerritsen ME, Funk JO, Owens TD, Verner E, Brameld KA, Hill RJ, Goldstein DM, Taunton J. Prolonged and tunable residence time using reversible covalent kinase inhibitors. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:525-31. [PMID: 26006010 PMCID: PMC4472506 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drugs with prolonged, on-target residence time often show superior efficacy, yet general strategies for optimizing drug-target residence time are lacking. Here, we demonstrate progress toward this elusive goal by targeting a noncatalytic cysteine in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with reversible covalent inhibitors. Utilizing an inverted orientation of the cysteine-reactive cyanoacrylamide electrophile, we identified potent and selective BTK inhibitors that demonstrate biochemical residence times spanning from minutes to 7 days. An inverted cyanoacrylamide with prolonged residence time in vivo remained bound to BTK more than 18 hours after clearance from the circulation. The inverted cyanoacrylamide strategy was further utilized to discover fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) kinase inhibitors with residence times of several days, demonstrating generalizability of the approach. Targeting noncatalytic cysteines with inverted cyanoacrylamides may serve as a broadly applicable platform that facilitates “residence time by design”, the ability to modulate and improve the duration of target engagement in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse M McFarland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ville O Paavilainen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Danny Tam
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vernon T Phan
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - David Finkle
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jin Shu
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vaishali Patel
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tony Ton
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Philip A Nunn
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dane E Karr
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Verner
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken A Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Xiao J, Zhang S, Luo M, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Lai Y. Effective virtual screening strategy focusing on the identification of novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:142-54. [PMID: 26043662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and development of B-cell malignancies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key component in the BCR signaling, has been validated as a valuable target for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. In an attempt to find novel and potent BTK inhibitors, both ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore models were generated using Discovery Studio 2.5 and Ligandscout 3.11 with the aim of screening the ChemBridge database. The resulting hits were then subjected to sequential docking experiments using two independent docking programs, CDOCKER and Glide. Molecules displaying high glide scores and H-bond interactions with the key residue Met477 in both of the docking programs were retained. Drug-like criteria including Lipinski's rule of five and ADMET properties filters were employed for further refinement of the retrieved hits. By clustering, eight promising compounds with novel chemical scaffolds were finally selected and the top two ranking compounds were evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation. We believe that these compounds are of great potential in BTK inhibition and will be used for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minghao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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26
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Cordoba R, Sanchez-Beato M, Herreros B, Domenech E, Garcia-Marco J, Garcia JF, Martinez-Lopez J, Rodriguez A, Garcia-Raso A, Llamas P, Piris MA. Two distinct molecular subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia give new insights on the pathogenesis of the disease and identify novel therapeutic targets. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:134-42. [PMID: 25811675 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1034706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Biopsy samples of lymph nodes from 38 patients with CLL were analyzed. We found differential expression in 1092 genes in two different subgroups: 418 overexpressed in one subgroup and 674 in another. Molecular pathways identified in one subgroup appear to be characterized by greater dependence of signaling by cytokines and activation of the NFkB pathway, while in the other seem to depend on cell cycle. Despite having found a differential expression between both subgroups, none of these genes reached FDR < 0.25. We have not found significant association with survival or any prognostic factors. Analysis of the differences between normal lymph node and CLL in 253 genes with difference in the intensity of expression revealed upregulated genes different to BCR: CD40, TCL1, IL-7, and PAX5. Using large-scale molecular analysis, we may obtain information about molecular mechanisms of CLL pathogenesis and may contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Cordoba
- a Lymphoma Unit, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute IIS-FJD , Madrid , Spain
| | - Margarita Sanchez-Beato
- b Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda , Madrid , Spain.,c Lymphoma Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Herreros
- c Lymphoma Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Domenech
- c Lymphoma Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose Garcia-Marco
- b Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan-F Garcia
- d Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Antonia Rodriguez
- e Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Aranzazu Garcia-Raso
- a Lymphoma Unit, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute IIS-FJD , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pilar Llamas
- a Lymphoma Unit, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute IIS-FJD , Madrid , Spain
| | - Miguel-Angel Piris
- c Lymphoma Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain.,f Research Institute Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) , Santander , Spain
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27
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Rex EB, Kim S, Wiener J, Rao NL, Milla ME, DiSepio D. Phenotypic Approaches to Identify Inhibitors of B Cell Activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:876-86. [PMID: 25948491 PMCID: PMC4512518 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115585724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An EPIC label-free phenotypic platform was developed to explore B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40R-mediated B cell activation. The phenotypic assay measured the association of RL non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma B cells expressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-coated EPIC plates. Anti-IgM (immunoglobulin M) mediated BCR activation elicited a response that was blocked by LFA-1/ICAM-1 specific inhibitors and a panel of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. LFA-1/ICAM-1 association was further increased on coapplication of anti-IgM and mega CD40L when compared to individual application of either. Anti-IgM, mega CD40L, or the combination of both displayed distinct kinetic profiles that were inhibited by treatment with a BTK inhibitor. We also established a FLIPR-based assay to measure B cell activation in Ramos Burkitt’s lymphoma B cells and an RL cell line. Anti-IgM-mediated BCR activation elicited a robust calcium response that was inhibited by a panel of BTK inhibitors. Conversely, CD40R activation did not elicit a calcium response in the FLIPR assay. Compared to the FLIPR, the EPIC assay has the propensity to identify inhibitors of both BCR and CD40R-mediated B cell activation and may provide more pharmacological depth or novel mechanisms of action for inhibition of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Rex
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suzie Kim
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jake Wiener
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Navin L Rao
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcos E Milla
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel DiSepio
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Lindh M, Svensson F, Schaal W, Zhang J, Sköld C, Brandt P, Karlén A. Toward a Benchmarking Data Set Able to Evaluate Ligand- and Structure-based Virtual Screening Using Public HTS Data. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:343-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ci5005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindh
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wesley Schaal
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin Zhang
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Bruton's TK inhibitors: structural insights and evolution of clinical candidates. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:675-95. [PMID: 24895895 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's TK (BTK) is a promising biological target for therapeutic intervention of several diseases including inflammatory diseases and cancer/B cell malignancies. Numerous research groups are actively engaged in investigating the functions of BTK, and discovering potent and selective BTK inhibitors as drug candidates. Revealed by x-ray crystal structures with ligands of diverse chemical structures, the ability of BTK kinase domain to adopt various inactive conformations offers unique opportunities to identify highly potent and exquisitely selective inhibitors. Both reversible and covalent inhibitor approaches have yielded candidates demonstrating safety profiles and efficacies in multiple preclinical models of autoimmunity and oncology. Two BTK inhibitors have entered human clinical trials for oncology indications. Ibrutinib won the US FDA approval in November 2013 to become the first-in-class BTK inhibitor for treating mantle cell lymphoma. This encouraging outcome and the other on-going human studies could ultimately expand the utility of BTK inhibitors to broader autoimmune disease areas.
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30
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Vijayan RSK, He P, Modi V, Duong-Ly KC, Ma H, Peterson JR, Dunbrack RL, Levy RM. Conformational analysis of the DFG-out kinase motif and biochemical profiling of structurally validated type II inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 58:466-79. [PMID: 25478866 PMCID: PMC4326797 DOI: 10.1021/jm501603h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Structural
coverage of the human kinome has been steadily increasing
over time. The structures provide valuable insights into the molecular
basis of kinase function and also provide a foundation for understanding
the mechanisms of kinase inhibitors. There are a large number of kinase
structures in the PDB for which the Asp and Phe of the DFG motif on
the activation loop swap positions, resulting in the formation of
a new allosteric pocket. We refer to these structures as “classical
DFG-out” conformations in order to distinguish them from conformations
that have also been referred to as DFG-out in the literature but that
do not have a fully formed allosteric pocket. We have completed a
structural analysis of almost 200 small molecule inhibitors bound
to classical DFG-out conformations; we find that they are recognized
by both type I and type II inhibitors. In contrast, we find that nonclassical
DFG-out conformations strongly select against type II inhibitors because
these structures have not formed a large enough allosteric pocket
to accommodate this type of binding mode. In the course of this study
we discovered that the number of structurally validated type II inhibitors
that can be found in the PDB and that are also represented in publicly
available biochemical profiling studies of kinase inhibitors is very
small. We have obtained new profiling results for several additional
structurally validated type II inhibitors identified through our conformational
analysis. Although the available profiling data for type II inhibitors
is still much smaller than for type I inhibitors, a comparison of
the two data sets supports the conclusion that type II inhibitors
are more selective than type I. We comment on the possible contribution
of the DFG-in to DFG-out conformational reorganization to the selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S K Vijayan
- Center for Biophysics & Computational Biology and Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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31
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Puig de la Bellacasa R, Roué G, Balsas P, Pérez-Galán P, Teixidó J, Colomer D, Borrell JI. 4-Amino-2-arylamino-6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-(8H)-ones as BCR kinase inhibitors for B lymphoid malignancies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:664-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Targeting Btk/Etk of prostate cancer cells by a novel dual inhibitor. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1409. [PMID: 25188519 PMCID: PMC4540187 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Btk and Etk/BMX are Tec-family non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Btk has previously been reported to be expressed primarily in B cells and has an important role in immune responses and B-cell malignancies. Etk has been shown previously to provide a strong survival and metastasis signal in human prostate cancer cells, and to confer androgen independence and drug resistance. While the role of Etk in prostate carcinogenesis is well established, the functions of Btk in prostate cancer have never been investigated, likely due to the perception that Btk is a hematopoietic, but not epithelial, kinase. Herein, we found that Btk is overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues and prostate cancer cells. The level of Btk in prostate cancer tissues correlates with cancer grades. Knockdown of Btk expression selectively inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells, but not that of the normal prostate epithelial cells, which express very little Btk. Dual inhibition of Btk and Etk has an additive inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell growth. To explore Btk and Etk as targets for prostate cancer, we developed a small molecule dual inhibitor of Btk and Etk, CTN06. Treatment of PC3 and other prostate cancer cells, but not immortalized prostate epithelial cells with CTN06 resulted in effective cell killing, accompanied by the attenuation of Btk/Etk signals. The killing effect of CTN06 is more potent than that of commonly used inhibitors against Src, Raf/VEGFR and EGFR. CTN06 induces apoptosis as well as autophagy in human prostate cancer cells, and is a chemo-sensitizer for docetaxel (DTX), a standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer patients. CTN06 also impeded the migration of human prostate cancer cells based on a ‘wound healing' assay. The anti-cancer effect of CTN06 was further validated in vivo in a PC3 xenograft mouse model.
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33
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Gleghorn ML, Maquat LE. 'Black sheep' that don't leave the double-stranded RNA-binding domain fold. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:328-40. [PMID: 24954387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The canonical double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domain (dsRBD) is composed of an α1-β1-β2-β3-α2 secondary structure that folds in three dimensions to recognize dsRNA. Recently, structural and functional studies of divergent dsRBDs revealed adaptations that include intra- and/or intermolecular protein interactions, sometimes in the absence of detectable dsRNA-binding ability. We describe here how discrete dsRBD components can accommodate pronounced amino-acid sequence changes while maintaining the core fold. We exemplify the growing importance of divergent dsRBDs in mRNA decay by discussing Dicer, Staufen (STAU)1 and 2, trans-activation responsive RNA-binding protein (TARBP)2, protein activator of protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) (PACT), DiGeorge syndrome critical region (DGCR)8, DEAH box helicase proteins (DHX) 9 and 30, and dsRBD-like fold-containing proteins that have ribosome-related functions. We also elaborate on the computational limitations to discovering yet-to-be-identified divergent dsRBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Gleghorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lynne E Maquat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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34
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Li X, Zuo Y, Tang G, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Guo T, Xia M, Ding N, Pan Z. Discovery of a Series of 2,5-Diaminopyrimidine Covalent Irreversible Inhibitors of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase with in Vivo Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5112-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4017762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Li
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingying Zuo
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry
of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian
District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of
Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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35
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Hutchinson CV, Dyer MJS. Breaking good: the inexorable rise of BTK inhibitors in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:12-22. [PMID: 24749490 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although expressed in several haematological lineages and involved in multiple different signalling pathways, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays an indispensible role in B cells in signalling from the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen. Many B cell malignancies remain dependent on constitutive BCR signalling, making BTK a functional therapeutic target. Several BTK inhibitors (BTKi) with different kinomes and modes of action are being assessed clinically. This review documents the efficacy and toxicity of BTKi in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Clinically, the furthest in development is ibrutinib (trade name, Imbruvica), an irreversible BTKi, which has shown spectacular preliminary efficacy, with rapid reductions in lymph nodes accompanied by peripheral blood lymphocytosis. The lymphocytosis resolves slowly and most patients do not enter a complete remission. Nevertheless, it is possible to maintain many CLL patients, even those with adverse cytogenetic features, on drug for many months with minimal toxicities, thus potentially transforming the therapeutic paradigms for CLL. The efficacy, lack of toxicity and oral administration of BTKi will ensure their adoption in a wide range of B cell malignancies. An outstanding challenge is to incorporate BTKi with other precision medicines in a mechanism-based manner in order to dispense with conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Hutchinson
- Department of of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, University of Leicester
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36
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Structure-functional prediction and analysis of cancer mutation effects in protein kinases. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2014; 2014:653487. [PMID: 24817905 PMCID: PMC4000980 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A central goal of cancer research is to discover and characterize the functional effects of mutated genes that contribute to tumorigenesis. In this study, we provide a detailed structural classification and analysis of functional dynamics for members of protein kinase families that are known to harbor cancer mutations. We also present a systematic computational analysis that combines sequence and structure-based prediction models to characterize the effect of cancer mutations in protein kinases. We focus on the differential effects of activating point mutations that increase protein kinase activity and kinase-inactivating mutations that decrease activity. Mapping of cancer mutations onto the conformational mobility profiles of known crystal structures demonstrated that activating mutations could reduce a steric barrier for the movement from the basal “low” activity state to the “active” state. According to our analysis, the mechanism of activating mutations reflects a combined effect of partial destabilization of the kinase in its inactive state and a concomitant stabilization of its active-like form, which is likely to drive tumorigenesis at some level. Ultimately, the analysis of the evolutionary and structural features of the major cancer-causing mutational hotspot in kinases can also aid in the correlation of kinase mutation effects with clinical outcomes.
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37
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Ma H, Qazi S, Ozer Z, Zhang J, Ishkhanian R, Uckun FM. Regulatory phosphorylation of Ikaros by Bruton's tyrosine kinase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71302. [PMID: 23977012 PMCID: PMC3747153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished Ikaros function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common form of childhood cancer. Therefore, a stringent regulation of Ikaros is of paramount importance for normal lymphocyte ontogeny. Here we provide genetic and biochemical evidence for a previously unknown function of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a partner and posttranslational regulator of Ikaros, a zinc finger-containing DNA-binding protein that plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis. We demonstrate that BTK phosphorylates Ikaros at unique phosphorylation sites S214 and S215 in the close vicinity of its zinc finger 4 (ZF4) within the DNA binding domain, thereby augmenting its nuclear localization and sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Our results further demonstrate that BTK-induced activating phosphorylation is critical for the optimal transcription factor function of Ikaros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjive Qazi
- Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zahide Ozer
- Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhang
- Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiatong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rita Ishkhanian
- Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fatih M. Uckun
- Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu F, Zhao J, Chen L, Liu X, Su P, Han Y, Feng B, Li Q. A novel BTK-like protein involved in immune response in Lethenteron japonicum. Immunol Lett 2012; 146:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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SCHNUTE MARKE, HUANG ADRIAN, SAIAH EDDINE. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Tec family of kinases. Btk is critical for B-cell development, differentiation and signalling through the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) as is evident by its genetic association to a human primary immunodeficiency disease known as X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Btk is also present in specific cells of the myeloid lineage and contributes to the activation of the FcγR and FcεR signalling pathways in macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells. Because of its key role in these pathways, Btk is considered a promising target for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Numerous research groups are actively working to identify Btk inhibitors through the targeting of inactive kinase conformations or covalent active site inhibition. Both strategies have benefited from the rapid growth in structural biology insight for the target. Recently discovered potent and orally bioavailable Btk inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in several pre-clinical animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These results, coupled with promising initial findings from the study of Btk inhibitors in human clinical trials for oncology, strongly suggest Btk intervention offers significant potential as a treatment strategy in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK E. SCHNUTE
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
| | - ADRIAN HUANG
- Department of Chemistry Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
| | - EDDINE SAIAH
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
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Wan HL, Wang ZR, Li LL, Cheng C, Ji P, Liu JJ, Zhang H, Zou J, Yang SY. Discovery of Novel Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using a Hybrid Protocol of Virtual Screening Approaches Based on SVM Model, Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:366-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lou Y, Owens TD, Kuglstatter A, Kondru RK, Goldstein DM. Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Approaches to Potent and Selective Inhibition, Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation for Inflammatory Diseases and B Cell Malignancies. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4539-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300035p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lou
- Discovery
Chemistry, Small Molecule Research, pRED, Pharma Research and Early
Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Timothy D. Owens
- Discovery
Chemistry, Small Molecule Research, pRED, Pharma Research and Early
Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Discovery
Chemistry, Small Molecule Research, pRED, Pharma Research and Early
Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Rama K. Kondru
- Discovery
Chemistry, Small Molecule Research, pRED, Pharma Research and Early
Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - David M. Goldstein
- Discovery
Chemistry, Small Molecule Research, pRED, Pharma Research and Early
Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
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Muckelbauer J, Sack JS, Ahmed N, Burke J, Chang CY, Gao M, Tino J, Xie D, Tebben AJ. X-Ray Crystal Structure of Bone Marrow Kinase in the X Chromosome: A Tec Family Kinase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:739-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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