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Shen C, Zhang DL, Cheng XL, Zhang WC, Zhao JJ. Urological Tumor: A Narrative Review of Tertiary Lymphatic Structures. Urol Int 2023; 107:841-847. [PMID: 37769625 PMCID: PMC10623398 DOI: 10.1159/000532127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), as ectopic lymphoid-like tissues, are highly similar to secondary lymphoid organs and are not only involved in chronic inflammation and autoimmune responses but are also closely associated with tumor immunotherapy and prognosis. The complex composition of the urological tumor microenvironment not only varies greatly in response to immunotherapy, but the prognostic value of TLSs in different urological tumors remains controversial. SUMMARY We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and other full-text database systems. TLSs, kidney cancer, uroepithelial cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer as keywords, relevant literature was searched from the time the library was built to 2023. Systematically explore the role and mechanism of TLSs in urological tumors. It includes the characteristics of TLSs, the role and mechanism of TLSs in urological tumors, and the clinical significance of TLSs in urological tumors. KEY MESSAGES The prognostic role of TLSs in different urological tumors was significantly different. It is not only related to its enrichment in the tumor but also highly correlated with the location of the tumor. In addition, autoimmune toxicity may be a potential barrier to its role in the formation of TLSs through induction. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of TLSs in autoimmune diseases may help in the development of antitumor target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Dong-Li Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Cheng
- Department of Urology II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, China
| | - Wei-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Urology II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, China
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2
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Zhang W, Li Z, Liu M, Mu Y, He J, Chen P, Liu D, Chen K, Che B, Xu S, Zhang H, Tang K. Potential role of glutathione S-transferase P1 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol 2021; 39:4413-4419. [PMID: 34228163 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome (MS) on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS This study included 195 patients diagnosed with LUTS secondary to BPH as case group, divided into simple BPH group (S-BPH group) and combined with MS group (MS-BPH group). Control group included 200 healthy elderly men without LUTS. Use peripheral blood samples detected the GSTP1 gene polymorphism (Ile 105 Val A → G polymorphism) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Recorded age, GSTP1 gene polymorphism, international prostate symptom score (IPSS), prostate volume (PV), residual urine volume (RV), maximal urinary flowrate (Qmax), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to statistical analysis. RESULTS Pairwise compared between control group, S-BPH group and MS-BPH, the PV (P < 0.001), PSA (P < 0.001), RV (P < 0.001), Qmax (P < 0.001), IPSS (P < 0.001), frequencies of GSTP1 gene (P < 0.05) were shown significant different, and MS-BPH group had larger PV, and more severe LUTS. In case group, variation genotypes (GSTP1 A/G + G/G) always had larger PV, higher PSA and IPSS, more RV and lower Qmax than homozygote (GSTP1 A/A) and the comparison were significant different (P < 0.05). Variation genotypes were positively correlated with PV (β = 0.092, P < 0.001), RV (β = 0.228, P = 0.004), IPSS (β = 0.274, P = 0.038), PSA (β = 1.243, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with Qmax (β = -0.362, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION In patients with BPH, GSTP1 variation genotypes and MS might be potential risk factors for faster progression of benign prostatic enlargement and LUTS, which might increase the surgical rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-IPR-14005580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheming Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Mu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Kehang Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China. .,Institute of Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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3
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Liu CP, Chen ZD, Ye ZY, He DY, Dang Y, Li ZW, Wang L, Ren M, Fan ZJ, Liu HX. Therapeutic Applications of Functional Nanomaterials for Prostatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685465. [PMID: 34140892 PMCID: PMC8205439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is a common disease in adult males, with characteristics of a poor treatment response and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the patient's quality of life. The prostate is located deep in the pelvic cavity, and thus a traditional infusion or other treatment methods are unable to easily act directly on the prostate, leading to poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies has become a research hotspot in the field of prostatitis treatment. In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for 1) the accurate diagnosis of diseases; 2) improving the targeting of drug delivery systems; 3) intelligent, controlled drug release; and 4) multimode collaborative treatment, which is expected to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis. Nanotechnology is attracting attention in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostatitis. However, as a new research area, systematic reviews on the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis are still lacking. In this mini-review, we will highlight the treatment approaches for and challenges associated with prostatitis and describe the advantages of functional nanoparticles in improving treatment effectiveness and overcoming side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-De Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Ye
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yue He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Dang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Liu CP, Chen ZD, Ye ZY, He DY, Dang Y, Li ZW, Wang L, Ren M, Fan ZJ, Liu HX. Therapeutic Applications of Functional Nanomaterials for Prostatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685465
expr 881861845 + 830625731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is a common disease in adult males, with characteristics of a poor treatment response and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the patient’s quality of life. The prostate is located deep in the pelvic cavity, and thus a traditional infusion or other treatment methods are unable to easily act directly on the prostate, leading to poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies has become a research hotspot in the field of prostatitis treatment. In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for 1) the accurate diagnosis of diseases; 2) improving the targeting of drug delivery systems; 3) intelligent, controlled drug release; and 4) multimode collaborative treatment, which is expected to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis. Nanotechnology is attracting attention in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostatitis. However, as a new research area, systematic reviews on the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis are still lacking. In this mini-review, we will highlight the treatment approaches for and challenges associated with prostatitis and describe the advantages of functional nanoparticles in improving treatment effectiveness and overcoming side effects.
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Ohandjo AQ, Liu Z, Dammer EB, Dill CD, Griffen TL, Carey KM, Hinton DE, Meller R, Lillard JW. Transcriptome Network Analysis Identifies CXCL13-CXCR5 Signaling Modules in the Prostate Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14963. [PMID: 31628349 PMCID: PMC6802083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) consists of multiple cell types that contribute to the heterogeneity and complexity of prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we sought to understand the gene-expression signature of patients with primary prostate tumors by investigating the co-expression profiles of patient samples and their corresponding clinical outcomes, in particular “disease-free months” and “disease reoccurrence”. We tested the hypothesis that the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis is co-expressed with factors supporting TIME and PCa progression. Gene expression counts, with clinical attributes from PCa patients, were acquired from TCGA. Profiles of PCa patients were used to identify key drivers that influence or regulate CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify co-expression patterns among CXCL13-CXCR5, associated genes, and key genetic drivers within the CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling pathway. The processing of downloaded data files began with quality checks using NOISeq, followed by WGCNA. Our results confirmed the quality of the TCGA transcriptome data, identified 12 co-expression networks, and demonstrated that CXCL13, CXCR5 and associated genes are members of signaling networks (modules) associated with G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) responsiveness, invasion/migration, immune checkpoint, and innate immunity. We also identified top canonical pathways and upstream regulators associated with CXCL13-CXCR5 expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaugo Q Ohandjo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- R & D Bioinformatics, Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Courtney D Dill
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Tiara L Griffen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Kaylin M Carey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Denise E Hinton
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - James W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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6
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T cells CD4+/CD8+ local immune modulation by prostate cancer hemi-cryoablation. World J Urol 2019; 38:673-680. [PMID: 31263944 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumors escape from the immune system by decreasing CD8+ and increasing CD4+ T cells' activity, druggable targets. Thermal ablation might activate tumor-specific T cells by raising the presentation of tumor-specific antigens and hindering tumor negative immune regulation. Our aim was to assess T cell infiltrate pre- and post-cryoablation in a prospective observational study. METHODS A total of 240 sextant prostate biopsies cores (12 cores/patient) were collected from 10 unilateral prostate cancer patients (T1c, PSA density < 0.15 ng/dL, Gleason grade group 1, ≤ 2 cancer biopsy cores, and < 50% cancer core involvement) at diagnosis and 12 months after hemi-cryoablation. Cancer-positive (Diag+) and cancer-negative (Diag-) lobes at diagnosis and the same areas 12 months after hemi-cryoablation (Cryo+ and Cryo-, respectively) were explored by immunohistochemistry for infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (in 45 random fields per prostate lobe, 400× magnification). The quantitative analysis of cells/mm2 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were performed and compared among Diag+, Diag-, Cryo+, and Cryo- using ImageJ software. RESULTS There was a significant increase in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells/mm2 in the Cryo+ tissue (mean, SD 0.31, 0.30) compared to Diag+ (0.18, 0.15), p = 0.015; confirmed in prostate acini (hot spots), p = 0.029, in which infiltrating CD4+/CD8+ T cells' ratio decreased after hemi-cryoablation, p = 0.006. Infiltrating CD4+ T cells/mm2 presented a trend to decrease in Cryo+ (0.26, 0.27) compared to Diag+ (0.38, 0.32). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show local immune modulation after prostate cancer cryoablation, characterized by decreasing CD4+/CD8+ T cells' ratio, potential for clinical impact by unleashing the T-cell response to cancer. Future studies are necessary to explore different energies and longer follow-up clinical endpoints.
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7
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Urinary Biomarkers and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-019-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Palmieri C, Hood G, Fonseca-Alves CE, Laufer-Amorim R, Allavena R. An immunohistochemical study of T and B lymphocyte density in prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:189-192. [PMID: 30529932 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise T and B lymphocyte density in 6 normal prostates, 15 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 24 prostate carcinomas (PCs) in dogs by immunohistochemistry. Results revealed a statistically significant increase of T and B cells in PC compared to normal specimens and BPH. Regarding PC histological variants, lower number of CD3+ and CD79+ lymphocytes were observed in the most undifferentiated (solid) type. CD3+ cell density was positively correlated with survival time. These results may help in understanding the immunological mechanisms regulating BPH and PC development and progression, as well as providing background data for future immunotherapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Grace Hood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Jansen CS, Prokhnevska N, Kissick HT. The requirement for immune infiltration and organization in the tumor microenvironment for successful immunotherapy in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 37:543-555. [PMID: 30446449 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy-particularly immune checkpoint blockade-has seen great success in many tumor types. However, checkpoint-based therapies have not demonstrated high levels of success in prostate cancer, and there is much to be learned from both the successes and failures of these treatments. Here we review the evidence that composition of infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is fundamental to the response to immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss the emerging idea that the organization of these immune cells may also be crucial to this response. In prostate cancer, the composition and organization of the tumor immune microenvironment are preeminent topics of discussion and areas of important future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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10
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De Nunzio C, Presicce F, Tubaro A. Inflammatory mediators in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 13:613-26. [PMID: 27686153 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological disease in elderly men. Epidemiological data suggest a causal link between this condition and prostatic inflammation. The prostate is an immune-competent organ characterized by the presence of a complex immune system. Several stimuli, including infectious agents, urinary reflux, metabolic syndrome, the ageing process, and autoimmune response, have been described as triggers for the dysregulation of the prostatic immune system via different molecular pathways involving the development of inflammatory infiltrates. From a pathophysiological standpoint, subsequent tissue damage and chronic tissue healing could result in the development of BPH nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Presicce
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tubaro
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
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11
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Tyagi P, Motley SS, Koyama T, Kashyap M, Gingrich J, Yoshimura N, Fowke JH. Molecular correlates in urine for the obesity and prostatic inflammation of BPH/LUTS patients. Prostate 2018; 78:17-24. [PMID: 29080225 PMCID: PMC5716834 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is strongly associated with obesity and prostatic tissue inflammation, but the molecular underpinning of this relationship is not known. Here, we examined the association between urine levels of chemokines/adipokines with histological markers of prostate inflammation, obesity, and lower urinary tract symptoms LUTS in BPH patients. METHODS Frozen urine specimens from 207 BPH/LUTS patients enrolled in Nashville Men's Health Study were sent for blinded analysis of 11 analytes, namely sIL-1RA, CXC chemokines (CXCL-1, CXCL-8, CXCL-10), CC chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5), PDGF-BB, interleukins IL-6, IL-17, and sCD40L using Luminex™ xMAP® technology. After adjusting for age and medication use, the urine levels of analytes were correlated with the scales of obesity, prostate inflammation grade, extent, and markers of lymphocytic infiltration (CD3 and CD20) using linear regression. RESULTS sIL-1RA levels were significantly raised with higher BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio in BPH patients after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.02). Men with greater overall extent of inflammatory infiltrates and maximal CD3 infiltration were marginally associated with CXCL-10 (P = 0.054) and CCL5 (P = 0.054), respectively. CCL3 in 15 patients with moderate to severe grade inflammation was marginally associated with maximal CD20 infiltration (P = 0.09), whereas CCL3 was undetectable in men with mild prostate tissue inflammation. There was marginal association of sCD40L with AUA-SI scores (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Strong association of sIL-1RA in urine with greater body size supports it as a major molecular correlate of obesity in the urine of BPH patients. Increased urine levels of CXCL-10, CCL5, and CCL3 were marginally associated with the scores for prostate tissue inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration. Overall, elevated urinary chemokines support that BPH is a metabolic disorder and suggest a molecular link between BPH/LUTS and prostatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
| | - Saundra S. Motley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37032
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37032
| | | | | | | | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37032
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37032
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Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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García-Hernández MDLL, Uribe-Uribe NO, Espinosa-González R, Kast WM, Khader SA, Rangel-Moreno J. A Unique Cellular and Molecular Microenvironment Is Present in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs of Patients with Spontaneous Prostate Cancer Regression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:563. [PMID: 28567040 PMCID: PMC5434117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Multiple solid cancers contain tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO). However, it is unclear whether they promote tumor rejection, facilitate tumor evasion, or simply whether they are a byproduct of chronic inflammation. We hypothesize that although chronic inflammation induces TLO formation, the tumor milieu can modulate TLO organization and functions in prostate cancer. Therefore, our study seeks to elucidate the cellular and molecular signatures in unique prostatectomy specimens from evanescent carcinoma patients to identify markers of cancer regression, which could be harnessed to modulate local immunosuppression or potentially enhance TLO function. Methods We used multicolor immunofluorescence to stain prostate tissues, collected at different stages of cancer progression (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intermediate and advanced cancer) or from patients with evanescent prostate carcinoma. Tissues were stained with antibodies specific for pro-inflammatory molecules (cyclooxygenase 2, CXCL10, IL17), tumor-infiltrating immune cells (mature DC-LAMP+ dendritic cells, CD3+ T cells, CD3+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), T bet+ Th1 cells, granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells), and stromal cell populations (lymphatic vessels, tumor neovessels, high endothelial venules (HEV), stromal cells), which promote prostate tumor growth or are critical components of tumor-associated TLO. Results Generally, inflammatory cells are located at the margins of tumors. Unexpectedly, we found TLO within prostate tumors from patients at different stages of cancer and in unique samples from patients with spontaneous cancer remission. In evanescent prostate carcinomas, accumulation of Treg was compromised, while Tbet+ T cells and CD8 T cells were abundant in tumor-associated TLO. In addition, we found a global decrease in tumor neovascularization and the coverage by cells positive for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Finally, consistent with tumor regression, prostate stem cell antigen was considerably reduced in TLO and tumor areas from evanescent carcinoma patients. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that COX2 and Treg are attractive therapeutic targets that can be harnessed to enhance TLO-driven tumor immunity against prostate cancer. Specially, the presence of HEV and lymphatics indicate that TLO can be used as a platform for delivery of cell-based and/or COX2 blocking therapies to improve control of tumor growth in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norma Ofelia Uribe-Uribe
- Department of Anatomy and Anatomical Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Espinosa-González
- Department of Anatomy and Anatomical Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dikov D, Bachurska S, Staikov D, Sarafian V. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in relation to NIH category IV prostatitis in autopsy prostate. Prostate 2015; 75:1074-84. [PMID: 25917232 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative analysis of the number, normal and pathologic ratios between lymphocytes and epithelial cells (ECs), and the significance of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in normal prostatic epithelium, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in relation to NIH category IV prostatitis (histologic prostatitis: HP) was studied in autopsy prostate. METHODS IELs were analysed in 59 autopsy prostates, which was routinely embedded in paraffin and immunohistochemically stained for CD3. An average of 300-500 ECs were counted per case. The number of IELs was calculated as the mean/100 ECs. Category IV prostatitis was evaluated using NIH consensus grading system in terms of anatomical localization and grade. RESULTS In healthy individuals the mean number of IELs/100 ECs was 0.61 ± 0.34% or ≤1 lymphocyte/100 ECs, which is considered as the normal basal level of prostate IELs. In category IV prostatitis, the mean number of IELs/100 ECs was 8.53 ± 3.25% or 5-11 lymphocytes/100 ECs. The number of IELs in both around and inside inflammation areas correlated to the grade and location of HP (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0003), the presence of acute glandular inflammation (P < 0.0001), the scattered stromal lymphocytes (P = 0.029), and BPH and PIN associated prostatic inflammation (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The study presents the first attempt to examine and score the basic quantitative values of prostatic IELs in normal prostate and in relation to category IV prostatitis. The detected normal upper limit of CD3+ IELs is 1 lymphocyte/100 ECs in the normal prostate epithelium. This is considered as an organ specific characteristic of the prostate-associated lymphoid tissue (PALT). Values >5 IELs/100 ECs indicate the presence of category IV prostatitis. The severity of inflammation correlates to the number of IELs. There is an intimate link between the quantity of the IELs, the degree of the severity and the localization of category IV prostatitis. HP is a chronic and dynamic inflammatory process affecting the whole prostate gland. The increased number of IELs suggests the immune or autoimmune character of category IV prostatitis, BPH and inflammatory preneoplastic (PIN) lesions in the prostatic tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Dikov
- Groupement Hospitalier De L'est Francilien, Hôpital de Jossigny, Service d'Anatomie et Histologie Pathologiques, Jossigny, France
| | - Svitlana Bachurska
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitri Staikov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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15
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Ness N, Andersen S, Valkov A, Nordby Y, Donnem T, Al-Saad S, Busund LT, Bremnes RM, Richardsen E. Infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes is an independent prognostic factor of biochemical failure-free survival in prostate cancer. Prostate 2014; 74:1452-61. [PMID: 25111810 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The adaptive immune system can potentially have dual roles in cancer development and progression by contributing to or suppressing tumor progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of adaptive immune cells residing in different tumor compartments in prostate cancer. METHODS Tissue microarrays from 535 patients were constructed from viable and representative tumor epithelial and stromal areas of primary PC tumors, as well as from normal epithelial and stromal areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the density of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ lymphocytes in both tumor epithelial and tumor stromal areas. RESULTS In univariate analysis, a high density of CD3+ (P = 0.037) and CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.010) in tumor epithelial areas was associated with significantly shorter biochemical failure-free survival. When analyzing both tumor epithelial and stromal tissue compartments as one entity, similar relationships were observed for CD3+ (P = 0.046), CD4+ (P = 0.026), and CD8+ (P = 0.003) lymphocytes. In multivariate analysis, high densities of CD8+ lymphocytes limited to tumor epithelial areas (HR = 1.45, P = 0.032), as well as in the total tumor tissue (HR = 1.57, P = 0.007), were independent negative prognostic factors for biochemical failure-free survival. CONCLUSIONS A high density of CD8+ lymphocytes, especially in tumor epithelial areas, is an independent negative prognostic factor for biochemical failure-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Ness
- Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
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Vignozzi L, Rastrelli G, Corona G, Gacci M, Forti G, Maggi M. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a new metabolic disease? J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:313-22. [PMID: 24458832 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are conditions extremely prevalent in the aging male. Although androgens are involved in prostate growth during developmental age, their role in the pathogenesis of BPH/LUTS is debated. Recent data indicate that low testosterone and high estradiol favor disease progression. In addition, the role of other determinants, such as metabolic syndrome or prostate inflammation, is emerging. AIM We reviewed the evidence regarding the pathogenesis of BPH/LUTS with particular attention to metabolic influence. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of published evidence was performed using Medline. RESULTS Available evidence shows that a three-hit hypothesis can be drawn. An overt, or even a subclinical, bacterial or viral infection could induce prostatic inflammation (first hit) that could be autosustained or exacerbated by the presence of an altered metabolism and in particular by hypercholesterolemia (second hit). Hypogonadism and/or hyperestrogenism could act as a third hit, favoring the maintenance of this inflammatory state. The combined action of all three hits, or even two of them, may result in overexpression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), transformation of prostatic cells into antigen-presenting cells and activation of resident human prostate-associated lymphoid tissue ending in overproduction of growth factors which, in turn, will induce prostate remodeling and further prostate enlargement. The mechanical obstruction, along with the direct action of the unfavorable metabolic and hormonal milieu on the bladder neck, helps in generating LUTS. CONCLUSION Inflammation, dyslipidemia and altered sex-steroid milieu mutually concur in determining BPH/LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Di Meo S, Airoldi I, Sorrentino C, Zorzoli A, Esposito S, Di Carlo E. Interleukin-30 expression in prostate cancer and its draining lymph nodes correlates with advanced grade and stage. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:585-94. [PMID: 24277453 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interleukin (IL)-27 cytokine subunit p28, also called IL-30, has been recognized as a novel immunoregulatory mediator endowed with its own functions. These are currently the subject of discussion in immunology, but completely unexplored in cancer biology. We set out to investigate the role of IL-30 in prostate carcinogenesis and its effects on human prostate cancer (hPCa) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL-30 expression, as visualized by immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR on prostate and draining lymph nodes from 125 patients with prostate cancer, was correlated with clinicopathologic data. IL-30 regulation of hPCa cell viability and expression of selected gene clusters was tested by flow cytometry and PCR array. RESULTS IL-30, absent in normal prostatic epithelia, was expressed by cancerous epithelia with Gleason ≥ 7% of 21.3% of prostate cancer stage I to III and 40.9% of prostate cancer stage IV. IL-30 expression by tumor infiltrating leukocytes (T-ILK) was higher in stage IV that in stage I to III prostate cancer (P = 0.0006) or in control tissue (P = 0.0011). IL-30 expression in prostate draining lymph nodes (LN)-ILK was higher in stage IV than in stage I to III prostate cancer (P = 0.0031) or in control nodes (P = 0.0023). The main IL-30 sources were identified as CD68(+) macrophages, CD33(+)/CD11b(+) myeloid cells, and CD14(+) monocytes. In vitro, IL-30 stimulated proliferation of hPCa cells and also downregulated CCL16/LEC, TNFSF14/LIGHT, chemokine-like factor (CKLF), and particularly CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 3 (CMTM3) and greatly upregulated ChemR23/CMKLR. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that IL-30 is implicated in prostate cancer progression because (i) its expression by prostate cancer or T- and LN-ILK correlates with advanced disease grade and stage; and (ii) IL-30 exerts protumor activity in hPCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Meo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti; and Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Immunotherapy: shifting the balance of cell-mediated immunity and suppression in human prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:1333-48. [PMID: 24213509 PMCID: PMC3712722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy is dependent on the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to tumors. Despite overwhelming evidence to support a cell-mediated immune response to prostate cancer, it is insufficient to eradicate the disease. This is likely due to a high level of suppression at the tumor site from a variety of sources, including immunosuppressive cells. Immune cells entering the tumor microenvironment may be inhibited directly by the tumor, stromal cells or other immune cells that have been induced to adopt a suppressive phenotype. The resurgence of interest in immunotherapy following the approval of sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab by the Food and Drug Administration has brought about new strategies for overcoming tumor-mediated suppression and bolstering anti-tumor responses. Improved understanding of the immune response to prostate cancer can lead to new combination therapies, such as the use of vaccine with small molecule and checkpoint inhibitors or other immunotherapies.
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Kloskowski T, Gurtowska N, Bajek A, Drewa T. Ciprofloxacin as a prophylactic agent against prostate cancer: a "two hit" hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:235-8. [PMID: 22098728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
More evidence indicate that prostate inflammation can lead to prostate cancer development. Prostate cancer affects elderly men. Prostate cancer prophylaxis is an important issue because life expectancy is very long now. Ciprofloxacin is an antibacterial agent used mainly in urinary tract infections and prostate inflammation. This drug acts also against cancer cells by the inhibition of topoisomerase II. These properties should allow it to inhibit the development of prostate cancer. Firstly, ciprofloxacin can stop the acute and chronic prostate inflammation which can lead to cancer development. Secondly, ciprofloxacin can potentially kill prostate cancer cells in their early stage of development. Ciprofloxacin accumulates mainly in the prostate after oral intake thus ciprofloxacin seems to be a perfect candidate as a prophylactic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kloskowski
- Tissue Engineering Department, Chair of Medical Biology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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De Nunzio C, Kramer G, Marberger M, Montironi R, Nelson W, Schröder F, Sciarra A, Tubaro A. The controversial relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: the role of inflammation. Eur Urol 2011; 60:106-17. [PMID: 21497433 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in the adult male, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents the most frequent urologic diagnosis in elderly males. Recent data suggest that prostatic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of both conditions. OBJECTIVE This review aims to evaluate the available evidence on the role of prostatic inflammation as a possible common denominator of BPH and PCa and to discuss its possible clinical implication for the management, prevention, and treatment of both diseases. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The National Library of Medicine Database was searched for the following Patient population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) terms: male, inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, diagnosis, progression, prognosis, treatment, and prevention. Basic and clinical studies published in the past 10 yr were reviewed. Additional references were obtained from the reference list of full-text manuscripts. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The histologic signature of chronic inflammation is a common finding in benign and malignant prostate tissue. The inflammatory infiltrates are mainly represented by CD3(+) T lymphocytes (70-80%, mostly CD4), CD19 or CD20 B lymphocytes (10-15%), and macrophages (15%). Bacterial infections, urine reflux, dietary factors, hormones, and autoimmune response have been considered to cause inflammation in the prostate. From a pathophysiologic standpoint, tissue damage associated with inflammatory response and subsequent chronic tissue healing may result in the development of BPH nodules and proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). The loss of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) may be responsible in patients with genetic predisposition for the transition of PIA into high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and PCa. Although there is growing evidence of the association among inflammatory response, BPH, and PCa, we can only surmise on the immunologic mechanisms involved, and further research is required to better understand the role of prostatic inflammation in the initiation of BPH and PCa. There is not yet proof that targeting prostate inflammation with a pharmacologic agent results in a lower incidence and progression or regression of either BPH or PCa. CONCLUSIONS Evidence in the peer-reviewed literature suggested that chronic prostatic inflammation may be involved in the development and progression of chronic prostatic disease, such as BPH and PCa, although there is still no evidence of a causal relation. Inflammation should be considered a new domain in basic and clinical research in patients with BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Sorrentino C, Musiani P, Pompa P, Cipollone G, Di Carlo E. Androgen deprivation boosts prostatic infiltration of cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes and has no effect on disease-free survival in prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:1571-81. [PMID: 21159885 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The value of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) prior to radical prostatectomy as a means of restraining prostate cancer (PCa) and strengthening its immunotherapy is still uncertain. This article asks whether it subverts immunoregulatory pathways governing tumor microenvironments, and has an impact on patient outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We microdissected epithelium and stroma from cancerous and normal prostate specimens from 126 prostatectomized patients, of whom 76 had received NHT, to detect cytokine/chemokine gene expression levels by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Confocal microscopy was used to identify cytokine/chemokine cell sources, and immunostainings to characterize lymphocyte subsets whose prognostic effects were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS NHT boosted the expression of IL-7 in the stroma and that of IFNγ-inducible protein-10/CXCL10 in the glandular epithelium of normal prostate tissue, and restored the CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion occurring in PCa, whereas it significantly increased the CD4(+) lymphocyte infiltrate. Lymphocytes, mostly with CD8(+) phenotype, expressed the T-cell intracellular antigen-1, granzyme-B, and perforin, typical of cytotoxic-effector T cells. NHT also induced thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 production by monocytes/macrophages in the prostate and draining lymph nodes, and increased the number of their Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(+)CD25(+)CD127(-) T regulatory (Treg) cells. The χ(2) test disclosed the lack of association (P = 0.27) between NHT and the high intratumoral CD8(+)/Treg ratio indicative of a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Androgen withdrawal regulates cytokine/chemokine gene expression in normal prostate and lymphoid tissues, and this probably favors both CD8(+) and Treg infiltrates, leaves their intratumoral balance unchanged, and thus has no impact on disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sorrentino
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy
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Kang JJ, Eaton MS, Ma Y, Streeter O, Kumar P. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and concurrent adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Rare Tumors 2010; 2:e54. [PMID: 21139969 PMCID: PMC2994529 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2010.e54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the prostate is a rare disease that characteristically follows an indolent course. It is believed that infection or chronic inflammation may be triggers for malignant transformation in the prostate, but it is of unknown etiology. Reports of MALT lymphomas of the prostate with other concurrent primary prostate cancers are even more limited. We present the unique case of a 67-year-old male with concurrent adenocarcinoma of the prostate and primary MALT lymphoma of the prostate. The patient was treated with standard therapy for prostate adenocarcinoma, which would also treat a primary MALT lymphoma. He has been disease-free for over one year for both his primary malignancies. This case confirms that MALT lymphoma can arise concurrently with adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
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23
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Should We Investigate Prostatic Inflammation for the Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Robert G, Descazeaud A, Nicolaïew N, Terry S, Sirab N, Vacherot F, Maillé P, Allory Y, De La Taille A. Inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 282 patients' immunohistochemical analysis. Prostate 2009; 69:1774-80. [PMID: 19670242 PMCID: PMC2833181 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Prostatic inflammation could be a key component in prostate enlargement and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) progression. Our aim was to characterize inflammatory cells infiltrate within BPH tissue and to correlate inflammation and clinical data. MATERIAL AND METHODS Inflammation was profiled on three clinical outcome tissue microarrays (TMAs), including 282 patients treated by surgery for a complicated and/or symptomatic BPH. Inflammation score was defined by combining six cytological parameters and five markers on immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cytological parameters were lymphocytes, macrophages, and polynuclears leukocytes infiltrates, and three glandular aspect modifications: glandular atrophy, glandular destruction, and tissue fibrosis. IHC markers were CD3, CD4, and CD8 decorating T-lymphocytes, CD20 decorating B-lymphocytes, and CD163 decorating macrophages. RESULTS The majority of patients had inflammatory cells infiltrating BPH tissues: 81% had T-lymphocytes markers (CD3), 52% had B-lymphocytes markers (CD20), and 82% had macrophages markers (CD163). IPSS score (21 vs. 12; P = 0.02) and prostate volume (77 cm(3) vs. 62 cm(3); P = 0.002) were significantly higher in patients with high-grade prostatic inflammation. CONCLUSION We characterized inflammatory cells infiltrate in a large cohort of surgically treated BPH specimens. The role of inflammation in BPH development was highlighted by the strong correlation between histological inflammation, IPSS, and prostate volume. Prostate enlargement due to chronic inflammatory process may progressively conduce to BPH progression. Therefore, inflammation is a therapeutic target for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Robert
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
- Service d'urologie
Pellegrin University HospitalDepartment of UrologyBordeaux-2 Victor Segalen UniversityBordeaux,FR
| | - Aurélien Descazeaud
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
- Service d'urologie
Dupuytren HospitalCHU de LimogesDepartment of UrologyF-87000 Limoges,FR
| | - Nathalie Nicolaïew
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
| | - Stéphane Terry
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
| | - Nanor Sirab
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
| | - Francis Vacherot
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
| | - Pascale Maillé
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
- Service d'anatomie pathologique
AP-HPHôpital Henri MondorUniversité Paris XII Val de MarneCréteil,FR
| | - Yves Allory
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
| | - Alexandre De La Taille
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII Val de MarneIFR10FR
- Service d'urologie
AP-HPHôpital Henri MondorUniversité Paris XII Val de Marne51, av du Maréchal de Tassigny, Créteil,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Alexandre De La Taille
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Abstract
The liver receives blood from both the systemic circulation and the intestine, and in distinctive, thin-walled sinusoids this mixture passes over a large macrophage population, termed Kupffer cells. The exposure of liver cells to antigens, and to microbial products derived from the intestinal bacteria, has resulted in a distinctive local immune environment. Innate lymphocytes, including both natural killer cells and natural killer T cells, are unusually abundant in the liver. Multiple populations of nonhematopoietic liver cells, including sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells located in the subendothelial space, and liver parenchymal cells, take on the roles of antigen-presenting cells. These cells present antigen in the context of immunosuppressive cytokines and inhibitory cell surface ligands, and immune responses to liver antigens often result in tolerance. Important human pathogens, including hepatitis C virus and the malaria parasite, exploit the liver's environment, subvert immunity, and establish persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Nicholas Crispe
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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26
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Di Carlo E, D'Antuono T, Pompa P, Giuliani R, Rosini S, Stuppia L, Musiani P, Sorrentino C. The lack of epithelial interleukin-7 and BAFF/BLyS gene expression in prostate cancer as a possible mechanism of tumor escape from immunosurveillance. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2979-87. [PMID: 19366834 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human prostate is endowed with intraepithelial and stromal lymphocytes, which may develop lymphoid follicles (LF) and allow a local immune response. We sought to investigate whether interleukin (IL)-7 and BAFF/BLyS, two fundamental survival factors for T and B cells, are expressed in the normal and neoplastic prostate and affect intraprostatic lymphocyte homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used real-time reverse transcription-PCR of microdissected prostatic glands and confocal microscopy to detect cytokine production, combined with immunohistochemistry to characterize intraprostatic lymphocytes. RESULTS Prostatic epithelia constitutively produce IL-7 and, to a lesser extent, BAFF/BLyS. Indeed, we show that IL-7 receptor alpha is expressed by intraepithelial T lymphocytes and parafollicular T cells, whereas BAFF-R is found on periglandular B lymphocytes and mantle zone B cells of LFs. Prostate-homing B and T lymphocytes are scarcely proliferating, whereas most of them express the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2 and reveal a low apoptotic index in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. The transition from normal to neoplastic glands in prostate cancer (PCa) is marked by a dramatic decline of IL-7 and BAFF/BLyS production. Accordingly, PCa is characterized by a significant reduction of intraepithelial lymphocytes and loss of LFs. B-cell and T-cell expression of bcl-2 decrease, whereas the apoptotic events increase. The remaining PCa-infiltrating lymphocytes are mostly CD8(+) T cells that lack terminal differentiation and barely penetrate neoplastic glands. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that epithelial IL-7 and BAFF/BLyS production support intraprostatic lymphocyte survival. Its loss in PCa is associated with a severe depletion of prostate-associated lymphocytes and points to a novel tumor escape mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Italy.
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27
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Hussein MRA, Al-Assiri M, Musalam AO. Phenotypic characterization of the infiltrating immune cells in normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 86:108-13. [PMID: 19111537 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cell infiltrate is a constant feature in normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. This study elaborates on the cells of the immune system present in normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. HYPOTHESIS Here, we hypothesized that "the development of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma is associated with numeric alterations of the immune cell infiltrate". MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 transurethral prostatic resection specimens, each entailing normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and high grade prostatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated for the density and phenotype of the immune cells using immunohistological methods and mouse monoclonal antibodies decorating T cells (CD3), histiocytes (CD68) and B lymphocytes (CD20). RESULTS Immune cell infiltrate was composed of T cells, histiocytes and B-lymphocytes. CD(+)3 T lymphocytes and CD68(+) cells were the predominant cell populations. We observed variations in the density of the immune cells among the normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and high grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. Compared with normal prostate, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia had a statistically significant high density of immune cells (3.4+/-0.4versus 13.5+/-1.0, P<0.00). In contrast, a significant decrease in the counts of these cells was observed in high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma compared to benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia (13.5+/-1.0 versus 5.2+/-0.3, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The increased density of immune cells (predominantly CD(+)3 T cells) in benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia suggests that the initial response to cellular damage is mediated by cell-mediated immunity. The decreased density of immune cells in high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma may reflect immunosuppression. The underlying mechanisms of these numeric variations are open for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud-Rezk A Hussein
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Assir Central Hospital and King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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