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Abdulfatah E, Al-Obaidy KI, Robinson D, Wu YM, Heider A, Idrees MT, Ulbright TM, Kunju LP, Wu A. Molecular characterization of large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumors: A multi-institutional study of 6 benign and 2 malignant tumors. Hum Pathol 2024; 144:15-21. [PMID: 38154678 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors (LCCSCTs) are rare testicular tumors, representing <1 % of all testicular neoplasms. Almost 40 % of patients with LCCSCTs will present in the context of the inherited tumor predisposition syndrome, the Carney complex. While most LCCSCTs are benign, 10-20 % have malignant behavior. The aim of our study was to analyze LCCSCTs for novel molecular alterations in addition to PRKAR1A mutations and to identify potential drivers for malignant progression. Eight LCCSCTs diagnosed at two institutions were included. Two patients had the Carney complex confirmed on subsequent genetic testing, and two tumors had several adverse pathological findings. One patient presented with metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Targeted next-generation sequencing detected PRKAR1A alterations in all cases, with heterozygous PRKAR1A mutations in 5 tumors, germline Carney-complex-associated PRKAR1A mutation in 2 patients, and PRKAR1A fusion in 1 tumor. Additionally, sequencing the metastatic case identified CDKN1B and TERT promoter gene mutations. All tumors showed a low tumoral mutational burden and unremarkable copy number alterations except for frequent LOH of 17q24 encompassing the PRKAR1A locus. RNA expression analysis showed increased expression of several markers including novel PRUNE2, and usual markers like inhibin and calretinin. Our study showed that while LCCSCTs have been reported in the setting of cancer predisposition syndromes, the majority of these tumors occur sporadically. PRKAR1A alterations were present in all cases and appear to be the major driver in LCCSCTs. It remains to be determined whether malignant progression may be caused by additional driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdulfatah
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Dan Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amer Heider
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Lakshmi Pryia Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Li D, Hu J, Li S, Zhou C, Feng M, Li L, Gao Y, Chen X, Wu X, Cao Y, Hao B, Chen L. LINC01393, a Novel Long Non-Coding RNA, Promotes the Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion through MiR-128-3p/NUSAP1 Axis in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065878. [PMID: 36982952 PMCID: PMC10056594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) is a potential molecular marker and intervention target for glioblastoma (GBM). In this study, we aim to investigate upstream regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs of NUSAP1 through both experimental and bioinformatic methods. We screened upstream lncRNAs and miRNAs of NUSAP1 through multiple databases based on ceRNA theory. Then, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to elucidate the relevant biological significance and regulatory mechanism among them. Finally, the potential downstream mechanism was discussed. LINC01393 and miR-128-3p were screened as upstream regulatory molecules of NUSAP1 by TCGA and ENCORI databases. The negative correlations among them were confirmed in clinical specimens. Biochemical studies revealed that overexpression or knockdown of LINC01393 respectively enhanced or inhibited malignant phenotype of GBM cells. MiR-128-3p inhibitor reversed LINC01393 knockdown-mediated impacts on GBM cells. Then, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were conducted to validate LINC01393/miR-128-3p/NUSAP1 interactions. In vivo, LINC01393-knockdown decreased tumor growth and improved mice survival, while restoration of NUSAP1 partially reversed these effects. Additionally, enrichment analysis and western blot revealed that the roles of LINC01393 and NUSAP1 in GBM progression were associated with NF-κB activation. Our findings showed that LINC01393 sponged miR-128-3p to upregulate NUSAP1, thereby promoting GBM development and progression via activating NF-κB pathway. This work deepens understanding of GBM mechanisms and provides potential novel therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junda Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Changshuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingtao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liangdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiqun Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Lauer RC, Barry M, Smith TL, Thomas AM, Wu J, Du R, Lee JH, Rao A, Dobroff AS, Arap MA, Nunes DN, Silva IT, Dias-Neto E, Chen I, McCance DJ, Cavenee WK, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Dysregulation of the PRUNE2/PCA3 genetic axis in human prostate cancer: from experimental discovery to validation in two independent patient cohorts. eLife 2023; 12:81929. [PMID: 36645410 PMCID: PMC9886275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that the long non-coding (lnc)RNA prostate cancer associated 3 (PCA3; formerly prostate cancer antigen 3) functions as a trans-dominant negative oncogene by targeting the previously unrecognized prostate cancer suppressor gene PRUNE2 (a homolog of the Drosophila prune gene), thereby forming a functional unit within a unique allelic locus in human cells. Here, we investigated the PCA3/PRUNE2 regulatory axis from early (tumorigenic) to late (biochemical recurrence) genetic events during human prostate cancer progression. Methods The reciprocal PCA3 and PRUNE2 gene expression relationship in paired prostate cancer and adjacent normal prostate was analyzed in two independent retrospective cohorts of clinically annotated cases post-radical prostatectomy: a single-institutional discovery cohort (n=107) and a multi-institutional validation cohort (n=497). We compared the tumor gene expression of PCA3 and PRUNE2 to their corresponding expression in the normal prostate. We also serially examined clinical/pathological variables including time to disease recurrence. Results We consistently observed increased expression of PCA3 and decreased expression of PRUNE2 in prostate cancer compared with the adjacent normal prostate across all tumor grades and stages. However, there was no association between the relative gene expression levels of PCA3 or PRUNE2 and time to disease recurrence, independent of tumor grades and stages. Conclusions We concluded that upregulation of the lncRNA PCA3 and targeted downregulation of the protein-coding PRUNE2 gene in prostate cancer could be early (rather than late) molecular events in the progression of human prostate tumorigenesis but are not associated with biochemical recurrence. Further studies of PCA3/PRUNE2 dysregulation are warranted. Funding We received support from the Human Tissue Repository and Tissue Analysis Shared Resource from the Department of Pathology of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine and a pilot award from the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center. RP and WA were supported by awards from the Levy-Longenbaugh Donor-Advised Fund and the Prostate Cancer Foundation. EDN reports research fellowship support from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil, and the Associação Beneficente Alzira Denise Hertzog Silva (ABADHS), Brazil. This work has been funded in part by the NCI Cancer Center Support Grants (CCSG; P30) to the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center (CA118100) and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CA072720).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lauer
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
| | - Marc Barry
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UtahUnited States
| | - Tracey L Smith
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNewark, New JerseyUnited States
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, New JerseyUnited States
| | - Andrew Maltez Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jin Wu
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
| | - Ruofei Du
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, ArkansasUnited States
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of FloridaGainesville, FloridaUnited States
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, University of Florida Health Cancer CenterGainesville, FloridaUnited States
| | - Arpit Rao
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
| | - Andrey S Dobroff
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of MedicineAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Marco A Arap
- Division of Urology, University of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Syrian-Lebanese HospitalSão PauloBrazil
| | - Diana N Nunes
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloBrazil
| | - Israel T Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloBrazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloBrazil
| | - Isan Chen
- MBrace TherapeuticsSan Diego, CaliforniaUnited States
| | - Dennis J McCance
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New MexicoUnited States
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaUnited States
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNewark, New JerseyUnited States
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, New JerseyUnited States
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNewark, New JerseyUnited States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, New JerseyUnited States
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4
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Mugoni V, Ciani Y, Nardella C, Demichelis F. Circulating RNAs in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:57-69. [PMID: 34656688 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing bodies of evidence have demonstrated that the identification of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers in the patients' blood and urine may remarkably improve PCa diagnosis and progression monitoring. Among diverse cancer-derived circulating materials, extracellular RNA molecules (exRNAs) represent a compelling component to investigate cancer-related alterations. Once outside the intracellular environment, exRNAs circulate in biofluids either in association with protein complexes or encapsulated inside extracellular vesicles (EVs). Notably, EV-associated RNAs (EV-RNAs) were used for the development of several assays (such as the FDA-approved Progensa Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 (PCA3 test) aiming at improving early PCa detection. EV-RNAs encompass a mixture of species, including small non-coding RNAs (e.g. miRNA and circRNA), lncRNAs and mRNAs. Several methods have been proposed to isolate EVs and relevant RNAs, and to perform RNA-Seq studies to identify potential cancer biomarkers. However, EVs in the circulation of a cancer patient include a multitude of diverse populations that are released by both cancer and normal cells from different tissues, thereby leading to a heterogeneous EV-RNA-associated transcriptional signal. Decrypting the complexity of such a composite signal is nowadays the major challenge faced in the identification of specific tumor-associated RNAs. Multiple deconvolution algorithms have been proposed so far to infer the enrichment of cancer-specific signals from gene expression data. However, novel strategies for EVs sorting and sequencing of RNA associated to single EVs populations will remarkably facilitate the identification of cancer-related molecules. Altogether, the studies summarized here demonstrate the high potential of using EV-RNA biomarkers in PCa and highlight the urgent need of improving technologies and computational approaches to characterize specific EVs populations and their relevant RNA cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mugoni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Nardella
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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5
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Salciccia S, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Fais S, Logozzi M, De Berardinis E, Busetto GM, Di Pierro GB, Ricciuti GP, Del Giudice F, Sciarra A, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR, Sciarra B, Maggi M. Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094367. [PMID: 33922033 PMCID: PMC8122596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarkers have been developed in recent years. Although several biomarkers have been explored in various scenarios and patient settings, to date, specific guidelines with a high level of evidence on the use of these markers are lacking. Recent advances in metabolomic, genomics, and proteomics have made new potential biomarkers available. A number of studies focused on the characterization of the specific PC metabolic phenotype using different experimental approaches has been recently reported; yet, to date, research on metabolomic application for PC has focused on a small group of metabolites that have been known to be related to the prostate gland. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from all mammalian cells and virtually detected in all bio-fluids, thus allowing their use as tumor biomarkers. Thanks to a general improvement of the technical equipment to analyze exosomes, we are able to obtain reliable quantitative and qualitative information useful for clinical application. Although some pilot clinical investigations have proposed potential PC biomarkers, data are still preliminary and non-conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salciccia
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Ettore De Berardinis
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Piero Ricciuti
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649974201; Fax: +39-0649970284
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Matthew R. Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Beatrice Sciarra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
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Gunelli R, Fragalà E, Fiori M. PCA3 in Prostate Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2292:105-113. [PMID: 33651355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1354-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a urinary biomarker for prostate cancer and has demonstrated a good specificity and sensitivity representing a minimally invasive test.PCA3 assay could be useful in combination with PSA to suggest an eventual rebiopsy in men who have had one or more previous negative prostate biopsies.Combination of multiple tumor biomarkers will be the trend in the near future to achieve the goal of evaluate the aggressiveness of cancer and at the same time reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Fiori
- Department of Urology, GB Morgagni Hospital, Forlì, Italy.
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7
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Kheirkhah S, Javanzad M, Hoseinzadeh M, Hekmati Azar Mehrabani Z, Mohammadzadeh N, Monfaredan A. Monitoring prostate cancer (PCa) with appraise the gene expression of PRUNE2, NCAPD3 and ASPA and their connection with age, family history and tumor stage. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Serum and urinary biomarkers for detection and active surveillance of prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2020; 29:593-597. [PMID: 31436568 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a comprehensive review of the available biomarkers for the detection and active surveillance of prostate cancer and simplify decision-making while choosing between them. RECENT FINDINGS The limitations of PSA and mpMRI and the invasive nature of prostate biopsy has led to a constant search for serum and urinary biomarkers for both the detection and monitoring during active surveillance of prostate cancer. 4K, PHI and PCA3 have been validated in prospective clinical trials for initial detection of prostate cancer and recent evidence points to potential differentiation between indolent and aggressive cancer. However, the usage in monitoring tumor dynamics is debatable because of lack of conclusive evidence. The answer to the existing problems lies in high-quality studies to establish definitive evidence and also to help choose between the plethora of biomarkers available today. SUMMARY Despite the advancements in innovation and usage of biomarkers in prostate cancer, there exists tremendous potential in improving them to fulfil the unmet need that exists today. Studies to establish conclusive evidence and integration with imaging can tremendously aid diagnosis and monitoring.
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9
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Becerra MF, Atluri VS, Bhattu AS, Punnen S. Serum and urine biomarkers for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:686-690. [PMID: 32241692 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the "prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era," we have seen an increase in unnecessary biopsies, which has ultimately lead to an overtreatment of low-risk cancers. Given the limitations of prostate-specific antigen and the invasive nature of prostate biopsy several serum and urinary biomarkers have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the available biomarkers for the detection clinically significant prostate cancer namely PHI, 4Kscore, PCA3, MiPS, SelectMDx, ExosomeDX. Current literature suggests that these biomarkers can improve detection of clinically significant prostate cancer reducing overtreatment and making treatment strategies more cost-effective. Nevertheless, large prospective studies with head-to-head-comparisons of the available biomarkers are necessary to fully assess the potential of incorporating biomarkers in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Becerra
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Venkatasai S Atluri
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Amit S Bhattu
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sanoj Punnen
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
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10
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Lemos AEG, Matos ADR, Ferreira LB, Gimba ERP. The long non-coding RNA PCA3: an update of its functions and clinical applications as a biomarker in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6589-6603. [PMID: 31762940 PMCID: PMC6859920 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is an overexpressed prostate long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), transcribed from an intronic region at the long arm of human chromosome 9q21–22. It has been described that PCA3 modulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival through modulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling, besides controlling the expression of several androgen responsive and cancer-related genes, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and those regulating gene expression and cell signaling. Also, PCA3 urine levels have been successfully used as a PCa diagnostic biomarker. In this review, we have highlighted recent findings regarding PCA3, addressing its gene structure, putative applications as a biomarker, a proposed origin of this lncRNA, roles in PCa biology and expression patterns. We also updated data regarding PCA3 interactions with cancer-related miRNAs and expression in other tissues and diseases beyond the prostate. Altogether, literature data indicate aberrant expression and dysregulated activity of PCA3, suggesting PCA3 as a promising relevant target that should be even further evaluated on its applicability for PCa detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Emília Goulart Lemos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline da Rocha Matos
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Etel Rodrigues Pereira Gimba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Natureza (RCN), Instituto de Humanidades e Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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van der Toom EE, Axelrod HD, de la Rosette JJ, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:7-22. [PMID: 30479377 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in early detection and advances in treatment, patients with prostate cancer continue to die from their disease. Minimal residual disease after primary definitive treatment can lead to relapse and distant metastases, and increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and bone marrow-derived disseminated tumour cells (BM-DTCs) can offer clinically relevant biological insights into prostate cancer dissemination and metastasis. Using epithelial markers to accurately detect CTCs and BM-DTCs is associated with difficulties, and prostate-specific markers are needed for the detection of these cells using rare cell assays. Putative prostate-specific markers have been identified, and an optimized strategy for staining rare cancer cells from liquid biopsies using these markers is required. The ideal prostate-specific marker will be expressed on every CTC or BM-DTC throughout disease progression (giving high sensitivity) and will not be expressed on non-prostate-cancer cells in the sample (giving high specificity). Some markers might not be specific enough to the prostate to be used as individual markers of prostate cancer cells, whereas others could be truly prostate-specific and would make ideal markers for use in rare cell assays. The goal of future studies is to use sensitive and specific prostate markers to consistently and reliably identify rare cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley D Axelrod
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Xu T, Lin CM, Cheng SQ, Min J, Li L, Meng XM, Huang C, Zhang L, Deng ZY, Li J. Pathological bases and clinical impact of long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer: a new budding star. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:103. [PMID: 30037351 PMCID: PMC6056913 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Recent advances in the non-protein coding part of human genome analysis have discovered extensive transcription of large RNA transcripts that lack coding protein function, termed non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is becoming evident that lncRNAs may be an important class of pervasive genes involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, the biological and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in diverse diseases are not yet fully understood. Thus, it is anticipated that more efforts should be made to clarify the lncRNA world. Moreover, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that many lncRNAs are dysregulated in prostate cancer (PC) and closely related to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and prognosis or diagnosis. In this review, we will briefly outline the regulation and functional role of lncRNAs in PC. Finally, we discussed the potential of lncRNAs as prospective novel targets in PC treatment and biomarkers for PC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chang-Ming Lin
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Shu-Qi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zi-Yu Deng
- Department of Scientific, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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13
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Bijnsdorp IV, van Royen ME, Verhaegh GW, Martens-Uzunova ES. The Non-Coding Transcriptome of Prostate Cancer: Implications for Clinical Practice. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 21:385-400. [PMID: 28299719 PMCID: PMC5511609 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa initiation and progression remain unclear, and there is increasing need of better biomarkers that can distinguish indolent from aggressive and life-threatening disease. With the advent of advanced genomic technologies in the last decade, it became apparent that the human genome encodes tens of thousands non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with yet to be discovered function. It is clear now that the majority of ncRNAs exhibit highly specific expression patterns restricted to certain tissues and organs or developmental stages and that the expression of many ncRNAs is altered in disease and cancer, including cancer of the prostate. Such ncRNAs can serve as important biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, prognosis, or prediction of therapy response. In this review, we give an overview of the different types of ncRNAs and their function, describe ncRNAs relevant for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa, and present emerging new aspects of ncRNA research that may contribute to the future utilization of ncRNAs as clinically useful therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/urine
- Early Detection of Cancer/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Precision Medicine
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Untranslated/classification
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/urine
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre (OIC), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Room Be-362b, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Chen Z, Gerke T, Bird V, Prosperi M. Trends in Gene Expression Profiling for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-15. [PMID: 31988908 PMCID: PMC6945900 DOI: 10.1159/000472146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to review biotechnology advances in gene expression profiling on prostate cancer (PCa), focusing on experimental platform development and gene discovery, in relation to different study designs and outcomes in order to understand how they can be exploited to improve PCa diagnosis and clinical management. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review on gene expression profiling studies through PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science between 2000 and 2016. Tissue biopsy and clinical gene profiling studies with different outcomes (e.g., recurrence, survival) were included. RESULTS Over 3,000 papers were screened and 137 full-text articles were selected. In terms of technology used, microarray is still the most popular technique, increasing from 50 to 70% between 2010 and 2015, but there has been a rise in the number of studies using RNA sequencing (13% in 2015). Sample sizes have increased, as well as the number of genes that can be screened all at once, but we have also observed more focused targeting in more recent studies. Qualitative analysis on the specific genes found associated with PCa risk or clinical outcomes revealed a large variety of gene candidates, with a few consistent cross-studies. CONCLUSIONS The last 15 years of research in gene expression in PCa have brought a large volume of data and information that has been decoded only in part, but advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology are increasing the amount of data that can be generated. The variety of findings warrants the execution of both validation studies and meta-analyses. Genetic biomarkers have tremendous potential for early diagnosis of PCa and, if coupled with other diagnostics (e.g., imaging), can effectively be used to concretize less-invasive, personalized prediction of PCa risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Victoria Bird
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Pang KH, Rosario DJ, Morgan SL, Catto JWF. Evaluation of a short RNA within Prostate Cancer Gene 3 in the predictive role for future cancer using non-malignant prostate biopsies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175070. [PMID: 28380027 PMCID: PMC5381913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate Cancer 3 (PCA3) is a long non-coding RNA (ncRNA) upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa). We recently identified a short ncRNA expressed from intron 1 of PCA3. Here we test the ability of this ncRNA to predict the presence of cancer in men with a biopsy without PCa. Methods We selected men whose initial biopsy did not identify PCa and selected matched cohorts whose subsequent biopsies revealed PCa or benign tissue. We extracted RNA from the initial biopsy and measured PCA3-shRNA2, PCA3 and PSA (qRT-PCR). Results We identified 116 men with and 94 men without an eventual diagnosis of PCa in 2–5 biopsies (mean 26 months), collected from 2002–2008. The cohorts were similar for age, PSA and surveillance period. We detected PSA and PCA3-shRNA2 RNA in all samples, and PCA3 RNA in 90% of biopsies. The expression of PCA3 and PCA3-shRNA2 were correlated (Pearson’s r = 0.37, p<0.01). There was upregulation of PCA3 (2.1-fold, t-test p = 0.02) and PCA3-shRNA2 (1.5-fold) in men with PCa on subsequent biopsy, although this was not significant for the latter RNA (p = 0.2). PCA3 was associated with the future detection of PCa (C-index 0.61, p = 0.01). This was not the case for PCA3-shRNA2 (C-index 0.55, p = 0.2). Conclusions PCA3 and PCA3-shRNA2 expression are detectable in historic biopsies and their expression is correlated suggesting co-expression. PCA3 expression was upregulated in men with PCa diagnosed at a future date, the same did not hold for PCA3-shRNA2. Futures studies should explore expression in urine and look at a time course between biopsy and PCa detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl H. Pang
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Rosario
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Morgan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James W. F. Catto
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Alshalalfa M, Verhaegh GW, Gibb EA, Santiago-Jiménez M, Erho N, Jordan J, Yousefi K, Lam LLC, Kolisnik T, Chelissery J, Seiler R, Ross AE, Karnes RJ, Schaeffer EM, Lotan TT, Den RB, Freedland SJ, Davicioni E, Klein EA, Schalken JA. Low PCA3 expression is a marker of poor differentiation in localized prostate tumors: exploratory analysis from 12,076 patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50804-50813. [PMID: 28881605 PMCID: PMC5584206 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a prostate cancer diagnostic biomarker that has been clinically validated. The limitations of the diagnostic role of PCA3 in initial biopsy and the prognostic role are not well established. Here, we elucidate the limitations of tissue PCA3 to predict high grade tumors in initial biopsy. Results PCA3 has a bimodal distribution in both biopsy and radical prostatectomy (RP) tissues, where low PCA3 expression was significantly associated with high grade disease (p<0.001). PCA3 had a poor performance of predicting high grade disease in initial biopsy (GS≥8) with 55% sensitivity and high false negative rates; 42% of high Gleason (≥8) samples had low PCA3. In RP, low PCA3 is associated with adverse pathological features, clinical recurrence outcome and greater probability of metastatic progression (p<0.001). Materials and Methods A total of 1,694 expression profiles from biopsy and 10,382 from RP patients with high risk tumors were obtained from the Decipher Genomic Resource Information Database (GRIDTM)prostate cancer database. The primary clinical endpoint was distant metastasis-free survival for RP and high Gleason grade for biopsy. Logistic regression analyses and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of PCA3 with clinical variables and risk of metastasis. Conclusions There is high prevalence of high grade tumors with low PCA3 expression in the biopsy setting. Therefore, urologists should be warned that using PCA3 as stand-alone test may lead to high rate of under-diagnosis of high grade disease in initial biopsy setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewan A Gibb
- GenomeDx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland Seiler
- GenomeDx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashley E Ross
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamara T Lotan
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Den
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Center of Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Neveu B, Jain P, Têtu B, Wu L, Fradet Y, Pouliot F. A PCA3 gene-based transcriptional amplification system targeting primary prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1300-10. [PMID: 26594800 PMCID: PMC4811461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting specifically primary prostate cancer (PCa) cells for immune therapy, gene therapy or molecular imaging is of high importance. The PCA3 long non-coding RNA is a unique PCa biomarker and oncogene that has been widely studied. This gene has been mainly exploited as an accurate diagnostic urine biomarker for PCa detection. In this study, the PCA3 promoter was introduced into a new transcriptional amplification system named the 3-Step Transcriptional Amplification System (PCA3-3STA) and cloned into type 5 adenovirus. PCA3-3STA activity was highly specific for PCa cells, ranging between 98.7- and 108.0-fold higher than that for benign primary prostate epithelial or non-PCa cells, respectively. In human PCa xenografts, PCA3-3STA displayed robust bioluminescent signals at levels that are sufficient to translate to positron emission tomography (PET)-based reporter imaging. Remarkably, when freshly isolated benign or cancerous prostate biopsies were infected with PCA3-3STA, the optical signal produced from primary PCa biopsies was significantly higher than from benign prostate biopsies (4.4-fold, p < 0.0001). PCA3-3STA therefore represents a PCa-specific expression system with the potential to target, with high accuracy, primary or metastatic PCa epithelial cells for imaging, vaccines, or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Neveu
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Département de Biochimie et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yves Fradet
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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18
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Cui Y, Cao W, Li Q, Shen H, Liu C, Deng J, Xu J, Shao Q. Evaluation of prostate cancer antigen 3 for detecting prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25776. [PMID: 27161545 PMCID: PMC4861967 DOI: 10.1038/srep25776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is highly expressed in prostatic tumors. However, its clinical value has not been characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of the urine PCA3 test in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by pooling the published data. Clinical trials utilizing the urine PCA3 test for diagnosing prostate cancer were retrieved from PubMed and Embase. A total of 46 clinical trials including 12,295 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (−LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under the curve (AUC) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63–0.66), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.72–0.74), 2.23 (95% CI: 1.91–2.62), 0.48 (95% CI: 0.44–0.52), 5.31 (95% CI: 4.19–6.73) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.74–0.77), respectively. In conclusion, the urine PCA3 test has acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of prostate cancer and can be used as a non-invasive method for that purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhou Cao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Xu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Qiang Shao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, 215001, P.R. China
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PRUNE2 is a human prostate cancer suppressor regulated by the intronic long noncoding RNA PCA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8403-8. [PMID: 26080435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507882112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is the most specific prostate cancer biomarker but its function remains unknown. Here we identify PRUNE2, a target protein-coding gene variant, which harbors the PCA3 locus, thereby classifying PCA3 as an antisense intronic long noncoding (lnc)RNA. We show that PCA3 controls PRUNE2 levels via a unique regulatory mechanism involving formation of a PRUNE2/PCA3 double-stranded RNA that undergoes adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-dependent adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. PRUNE2 expression or silencing in prostate cancer cells decreased and increased cell proliferation, respectively. Moreover, PRUNE2 and PCA3 elicited opposite effects on tumor growth in immunodeficient tumor-bearing mice. Coregulation and RNA editing of PRUNE2 and PCA3 were confirmed in human prostate cancer specimens, supporting the medical relevance of our findings. These results establish PCA3 as a dominant-negative oncogene and PRUNE2 as an unrecognized tumor suppressor gene in human prostate cancer, and their regulatory axis represents a unique molecular target for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
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20
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Combe P, de Guillebon E, Thibault C, Granier C, Tartour E, Oudard S. Trial Watch: Therapeutic vaccines in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1001236. [PMID: 26155388 PMCID: PMC4485845 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the renaissance of cancer immunotherapy, no novel immunotherapy has been approved for the treatment of renal cell cancer (RCC) since the availability of recombinant cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-α). All vaccine trials have failed to meet their endpoints although they have highlighted potential predictive biomarkers (e.g., pre-existing immune response, hematological parameters, tumor burden). Recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies have prompted the study of combination treatments targeting the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment consisting of regulatory T-cells (Treg), myeloid suppressor cells, and cytokines. Approaches under investigation are use of inhibitors to curb the overexpression of immune checkpoint ligands by tumor cells (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1/PD-L1) and exploiting the immunomodulatory effects of anti-angiogenic agents that are the current standard of metastatic RCC care. Phase III trials are focusing on the possible synergy between therapeutic vaccines (e.g., IMA-901 and AGS-003) and anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Combe
- Department of Medical Oncology; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
- INSERM; PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Eleonore de Guillebon
- Department of Medical Oncology; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
- INSERM; PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Constance Thibault
- Department of Medical Oncology; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Clémence Granier
- INSERM; PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Department of Biological Immunology; Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM; PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Department of Biological Immunology; Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Department of Medical Oncology; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (AP-HP); Paris, France
- INSERM; PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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21
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Matysiak ZE, Ochędalski T, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. The evaluation of involvement of angiotensin II, its receptors, and androgen receptor in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:1-6. [PMID: 25231075 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.958991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy. Alterations of angiogenic factors including angiotensin (AngII) or VEGF are observed in EC. Expression of angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) is correlated with EC. Moreover, the expression of VEGF is up-regulated by AngII. Androgens are involved in the pathogenesis of EC. Genetic variations in androgen receptor (AR) gene may increase EC risk. This review proved strong correlation among EC, AngII, its receptors and AR, where AT influence on AR and, as a result, induce the expression of genes related to carcinogenesis.
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22
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Drayton RM, Rehman I, Clarke R, Zhao Z, Pang K, Miah S, Stoehr R, Hartmann A, Blizard S, Lavin M, Bryant HE, Martens-Uzunova ES, Jenster G, Hamdy FC, Gardiner RA, Catto JWF. Identification and diagnostic performance of a small RNA within the PCA3 and BMCC1 gene locus that potentially targets mRNA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:268-75. [PMID: 25392181 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCA3 is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) with unknown function, upregulated in prostate cancer. LncRNAs may be processed into smaller active species. We hypothesized this for PCA3. METHODS We computed feasible RNA hairpins within the BMCC1 gene (encompassing PCA3) and searched a prostate transcriptome for these. We measured expression using qRT-PCR in three cohorts of prostate cancer tissues (n = 60), exfoliated urinary cells (n = 484 with cancer and n = 166 controls), and in cell lines (n = 22). We used in silico predictions and RNA knockup to identify potential mRNA targets of short transcribed RNAs. RESULTS We predicted 13 hairpins, of which PCA3-shRNA2 was most abundant within the prostate transcriptome. PCA3-shRNA2 is located within intron 1 of PCA3 and appears regulated by androgens. Expression of PCA3-shRNA2 was upregulated in malignant prostatic tissues, exfoliated urinary cells from men with prostate cancer (13-273 fold change; t test P < 0.003), and closely correlated to PCA3 expression (r = 0.84-0.93; P < 0.001). Urinary PCA3-shRNA2 (C-index, 0.75-0.81) and PCA3 (C-index, 0.78) could predict the presence of cancer in most men. PCA3-shRNA2 knockup altered the expression of predicted target mRNAs, including COPS2, SOX11, WDR48, TEAD1, and Noggin. PCA3-shRNA2 expression was negatively correlated with COPS2 in patient samples (r = -0.32; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We identified a short RNA within PCA3, whose expression is correlated to PCA3, which may target mRNAs implicated in prostate biology. IMPACT This short RNA is stable ex vivo, suggesting a role as a robust biomarker. We identify cytoplasmic enrichment of this RNA and potential targeting of mRNAs implicated in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Drayton
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ishtiaq Rehman
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Clarke
- Department of Urology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Karl Pang
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Saiful Miah
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sheila Blizard
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lavin
- Department of Urology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Gardiner
- Department of Urology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit and Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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23
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Wang Y, Liu XJ, Yao XD. Function of PCA3 in prostate tissue and clinical research progress on developing a PCA3 score. Chin J Cancer Res 2014; 26:493-500. [PMID: 25232225 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3, also known as DD3) is a new biomarker that could improve the accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis. It is a great biomarker with fairly high specificity and sensitivity. The incidence of prostate cancer is rising steadily in most countries. The commonly used prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test once gave people hope for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, the low specificity of the PSA test has resulted in a large number of unnecessary biopsies and overtreatment. During the past decade, many new prostate cancer biomarkers have been found. Among these, PCA3 is the most promising. Due to its great performance in distinguishing prostate cancer from other prostate conditions, PCA3 could likely be applied for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, patient follow-up, prognosis prediction, and targeted therapy. After years of research, we have obtained some knowledge about the sequence of PCA3 gene. We have also determined the relationship between PCA3 and the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and learned some information about how PCA3 affects tumor-related genes and proteins. A PCA3 score has been created, and it has been used in a variety of studies. Some researchers have even applied PCA3 to targeted therapy and obtained a good effect in vitro. This review describes the current state of research, and explores the future prospects for PCA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- 1 Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- 1 Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xu-Dong Yao
- 1 Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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24
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Harris JL, Richards RS, Chow CWK, Lee S, Kim M, Buck M, Teng L, Clarke R, Gardiner RA, Lavin MF. BMCC1 is an AP-2 associated endosomal protein in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73880. [PMID: 24040105 PMCID: PMC3765211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate cancer antigen gene 3 (PCA3) is embedded in an intron of a second gene BMCC1 (Bcl2-/adenovirus E1B nineteen kDa-interacting protein 2 (BNIP-2) and Cdc42GAP homology BCH motif-containing molecule at the carboxyl terminal region 1) which is also upregulated in prostate cancer. BMCC1 was initially annotated as two genes (C9orf65/PRUNE and BNIPXL) on either side of PCA3 but our data suggest that it represents a single gene coding for a high molecular weight protein. Here we demonstrate for the first time the expression of a >300 kDa BMCC1 protein (BMCC1-1) in prostate cancer and melanoma cell lines. This protein was found exclusively in the microsomal fraction and localised to cytoplasmic vesicles. We also observed expression of BMCC1 protein in prostate cancer sections using immunohistology. GST pull down, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry protein interaction studies identified multiple members of the Adaptor Related Complex 2 (AP-2) as BMCC1 interactors. Consistent with a role for BMCC1 as an AP-2 interacting endosomal protein, BMCC1 co-localised with β-adaptin at the perinuclear region of the cell. BMCC1 also showed partial co-localisation with the early endosome small GTP-ase Rab-5 as well as strong co-localisation with internalised pulse-chase labelled transferrin (Tf), providing evidence that BMCC1 is localised to functional endocytic vesicles. BMCC1 knockdown did not affect Tf uptake and AP-2 knockdown did not disperse BMCC1 vesicular distribution, excluding an essential role for BMCC1 in canonical AP-2 mediated endocytic uptake. Instead, we posit a novel role for BMCC1 in post-endocytic trafficking. This study provides fundamental characterisation of the BMCC1 complex in prostate cancer cells and for the first time implicates it in vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L. Harris
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MFL); (JLH)
| | - Renée S. Richards
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clement W. K. Chow
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soon Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, Sydney, Australia
| | - Misook Kim
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marion Buck
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda Teng
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raymond Clarke
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert A. Gardiner
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MFL); (JLH)
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25
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Abstract
Over the past several years, the dominant paradigm in drug development for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has been to more selectively and potently target moieties such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. The effectiveness of this strategy appears to be nearing a plateau, however, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Vaccine-based therapies represent one such approach. Several distinct vaccines are currently being examined in mRCC, each using a distinct mechanism of action. For instance, the autologous dendritic cell vaccine AGS-003 uses patient-specific antigens derived from primary tumor tissue. In contrast, the poxvirus vaccine TG4010 produces an antigenic response to MUC1, a cell surface glycoprotein that reduces cell-cell interactions and thereby precludes contact inhibition. Other vaccines elicit a response to a broader spectrum of antigens-for instance, the vaccine IMA901 is based on 9 tumor-associated peptides identified from a novel biotechnology platform combining mass spectroscopy, microarray analysis of RNA expression, and immunogenicity assays. Herein, the current status of vaccine-based therapies for mRCC is described in detail. Furthermore, challenges to clinical implementation (eg, cost, optimal pairing with targeted agents, appropriate sequencing) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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26
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Bert SA, Robinson MD, Strbenac D, Statham AL, Song JZ, Hulf T, Sutherland RL, Coolen MW, Stirzaker C, Clark SJ. Regional activation of the cancer genome by long-range epigenetic remodeling. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:9-22. [PMID: 23245995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene deregulation in cancer commonly occurs through chromatin repression and promoter hypermethylation of tumor-associated genes. However, the mechanism underpinning epigenetic-based gene activation in carcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we identify a mechanism of domain gene deregulation through coordinated long-range epigenetic activation (LREA) of regions that typically span 1 Mb and harbor key oncogenes, microRNAs, and cancer biomarker genes. Gene promoters within LREA domains are characterized by a gain of active chromatin marks and a loss of repressive marks. Notably, although promoter hypomethylation is uncommon, we show that extensive DNA hypermethylation of CpG islands or "CpG-island borders" is strongly related to cancer-specific gene activation or differential promoter usage. These findings have wide ramifications for cancer diagnosis, progression, and epigenetic-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul A Bert
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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27
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Binato R, de Souza Fernandez T, Lazzarotto-Silva C, Du Rocher B, Mencalha A, Pizzatti L, Bouzas LF, Abdelhay E. Stability of human mesenchymal stem cells during in vitro culture: considerations for cell therapy. Cell Prolif 2012; 46:10-22. [PMID: 23163975 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion and manipulation of human mesenchymal stem cells are important approaches to immunoregulatory and regenerative cell therapies. Although these cells show great potential for use, issues relating to their overall nature emerge as problems in the field. The need for extensive cell quantity amplification in vitro to obtain sufficient cell numbers for use, poses a risk of accumulating genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could lead to sporadic malignant cell transformation. In this study, we have examined human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, over extended culture time, using cytogenetic analyses, mixed lymphocyte reactions, proteomics and gene expression assays to determine whether the cultures would retain their potential for use in subsequent passages. Results indicate that in vitro cultures of these cells demonstrated chromosome variability after passage 4, but their immunomodulatory functions and differentiation capacity were maintained. At the molecular level, changes were observed from passage 5 on, indicating initiation of differentiation. Together, these results lead to the hypothesis that human mesenchymal stem cells cultures can be used successfully in cell therapy up to passage 4. However, use of cells from higher passages would have to be analysed case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Binato
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Pan CQ, Low BC. Functional plasticity of the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP Homology (BCH) domain in cell signaling and cell dynamics. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2674-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Fontenete S, Nogueira A, Pina F, Lobo F, Fraga A, Calais da Silva F, Medeiros R. Molecular study of the PCA3 gene: genotypic analysis of PCA3 polymorphism -845G>A and metastatic prostate cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:418-22. [PMID: 22288776 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) is a prostate-specific, non-protein-coding RNA. It is overexpressed in prostate cancer compared with the normal prostate and has a negative expression in other tissues. This case-control study sought to analyze the frequency of the polymorphism PCA3 -845 G>A in participants without prostate cancer and patients with metastatic prostate cancer. RESULTS Carriers of GA and AA genotype had a higher risk for metastatic prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] for genotype GA, 1.79 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-2.29]; p=0.007; OR for genotype AA, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.22-4.65]; p=0.006). Furthermore, the recessive model showed that A allele carriers have an increased risk for developing metastatic prostate cancer (OR, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.26-2.90]; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a link between PCA3 and metastatic prostate cancer. The evaluation of individual genetic profiles, according to the PCA3 -845 G>A polymorphism, may elucidate the function of this gene and the mechanisms involved in its regulation and role in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fontenete
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Marshall E, Lowrey J, MacPherson S, Maybin JA, Collins F, Critchley HOD, Saunders PTK. In silico analysis identifies a novel role for androgens in the regulation of human endometrial apoptosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1746-55. [PMID: 21865353 PMCID: PMC3380091 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The endometrium is a multicellular, steroid-responsive tissue that undergoes dynamic remodeling every menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation and, in absence of pregnancy, menstruation. Androgen receptors are present in the endometrium. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of androgens on human endometrial stromal cells (hESC). DESIGN Bioinformatics was used to identify an androgen-regulated gene set and processes associated with their function. Regulation of target genes and impact of androgens on cell function were validated using primary hESC. SETTING The study was conducted at the University Research Institute. PATIENTS Endometrium was collected from women with regular menses; tissues were used for recovery of cells, total mRNA, or protein and for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A new endometrial androgen target gene set (n = 15) was identified. Bioinformatics revealed 12 of these genes interacted in one pathway and identified an association with control of cell survival. Dynamic androgen-dependent changes in expression of the gene set were detected in hESC with nine significantly down-regulated at 2 and/or 8 h. Treatment of hESC with dihydrotestosterone reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis and cell migration/proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Rigorous in silico analysis resulted in identification of a group of androgen-regulated genes expressed in human endometrium. Pathway analysis and functional assays suggest androgen-dependent changes in gene expression may have a significant impact on stromal cell proliferation, migration, and survival. These data provide the platform for further studies on the role of circulatory or local androgens in the regulation of endometrial function and identify androgens as candidates in the pathogenesis of common endometrial disorders including polycystic ovarian syndrome, cancer, and endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Marshall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164TJ, United Kingdom
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31
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Tsai YS, Aguan K, Pal NR, Chung IF. Identification of single- and multiple-class specific signature genes from gene expression profiles by group marker index. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24259. [PMID: 21909426 PMCID: PMC3164723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Informative genes from microarray data can be used to construct prediction model and investigate biological mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes, the main targets of most gene selection methods, can be classified as single- and multiple-class specific signature genes. Here, we present a novel gene selection algorithm based on a Group Marker Index (GMI), which is intuitive, of low-computational complexity, and efficient in identification of both types of genes. Most gene selection methods identify only single-class specific signature genes and cannot identify multiple-class specific signature genes easily. Our algorithm can detect de novo certain conditions of multiple-class specificity of a gene and makes use of a novel non-parametric indicator to assess the discrimination ability between classes. Our method is effective even when the sample size is small as well as when the class sizes are significantly different. To compare the effectiveness and robustness we formulate an intuitive template-based method and use four well-known datasets. We demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms the template-based method in difficult cases with unbalanced distribution. Moreover, the multiple-class specific genes are good biomarkers and play important roles in biological pathways. Our literature survey supports that the proposed method identifies unique multiple-class specific marker genes (not reported earlier to be related to cancer) in the Central Nervous System data. It also discovers unique biomarkers indicating the intrinsic difference between subtypes of lung cancer. We also associate the pathway information with the multiple-class specific signature genes and cross-reference to published studies. We find that the identified genes participate in the pathways directly involved in cancer development in leukemia data. Our method gives a promising way to find genes that can involve in pathways of multiple diseases and hence opens up the possibility of using an existing drug on other diseases as well as designing a single drug for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Nikhil R. Pal
- Electronics & Communication Sciences Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India
- * E-mail: (I-FC); (NRP)
| | - I-Fang Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (I-FC); (NRP)
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32
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Bourdoumis A, Papatsoris AG, Chrisofos M, Efstathiou E, Skolarikos A, Deliveliotis C. The novel prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) biomarker. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 36:665-8; discussion 669. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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33
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PCA3: from basic molecular science to the clinical lab. Cancer Lett 2010; 301:1-6. [PMID: 21093148 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. Use of the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test to screen men for prostate cancer since the late 1980s has improved the early detection of prostate cancer, however low specificity of the test translates to numerous false positive results and many unnecessary biopsies. New biomarkers to aid in prostate cancer diagnosis are emerging and prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) is one such marker. PCA3 is a noncoding RNA that is highly over-expressed in prostate cancer tissue compared to benign tissue. A non-invasive test for PCA3 was developed using whole urine collected after a digital rectal exam (DRE). Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the utility of PCA3 for the diagnosis of prostate cancer and some studies suggest that PCA3 may also have prognostic value. The use of PCA3 in combination with serum PSA and other clinical information enhances the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer detection and will enable physicians to make more informed decisions with patients at risk for prostate cancer.
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34
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:207-27. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833e8160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG: Promising Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1432-40. [PMID: 24281166 PMCID: PMC3837315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for the biomarkers to precisely and non-invasively characterize the biology of prostate cancer (PCa) is the focus of many laboratories across the world. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remains the standard diagnostic tool for PCa, its low specificity leads to unnecessary biopsies in a substantial number of patients. More importantly, with the current status of knowledge, it is very difficult to early identify individuals with a life-threatening disease who require an immediate treatment. The significant advances in genetics and biotechnology in recent years has led to the discovery of new molecular markers including PCA3 and the TMPRSS2:ERG genomic fusion. Both PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG, compared to PSA, show an increased specificity in PCa detection. However, the quest for a single PCa marker that can fully satisfy urologists and their patients is still ongoing. The aim of this review is to present the recent findings on PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG and to describe their clinical implications and performance.
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36
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Papatsoris A, Bourdoumis A, Chrisofos M. Re: Accuracy of PCA3 Measurement in Predicting Short-Term Biopsy Progression in an Active Surveillance Program. J Urol 2010; 184:396-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Bourdoumis
- 2nd Department of Urology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Chrisofos
- 2nd Department of Urology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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