1
|
Ren HL, Zheng YC, He GQ, Gao J, Guo X. A Rare Heterozygous TINF2 Deletional Frameshift Mutation in a Chinese Pedigree With a Spectrum of TBDs Phenotypes. Front Genet 2022; 13:913133. [PMID: 35873475 PMCID: PMC9300939 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.913133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere biology disorders (TBDs) induced by TINF2 mutations manifest clinically with a spectrum of phenotypes, from silent carriers to a set of overlapping conditions. A rare TINF2 frameshift mutation (c.591delG) encoding a truncated mutant TIN2 protein (p.W198fs) was identified in a 6-years-and-3-month-old Chinese girl with neuroblastoma (NB) by next generation sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. To explore the possible implications of TINF2 mutations in TBDs development, the TINF2 mutant was transfected into the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, and mRNA expression of the shelterin complex components as well as the cellular distribution of mutant TIN2 were examined. The TINF2 mutation was phenotypically associated with short stature in the proband, nail dystrophy and spotted hypopigmentation in her mother, and psoriasis in her older brother. I-TASSER modeling analysis revealed conformational changes of the mutant TIN2 protein and loss of pivotal domains downstream of the 198th amino acid. Additionally, mRNA expression of the shelterin components was downregulated, and TIN2 mutant protein expression was reduced in HEK293T cells transfected with mutant TINF2. Furthermore, instead of being restricted to the nucleus, the mutant TIN2 was identified in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The TINF2 gene mutation might impair the function of the shelterin complex and the telomere maintenance mechanisms, both of which are involved in the development of TBDs. TBDs have been associated with increased cancer risk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NB in patients with TBDs. The relationship between the TINF2 mutation and NB may need to further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Ren
- Division of Spinal Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qian He
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ju Gao, ; Xia Guo,
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ju Gao, ; Xia Guo,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rybicki BA, Sadasivan SM, Chen Y, Loveless I, Gupta NS, Chitale DA, Williamson SR, Rundle AG, Tang DL. Race Differences in Telomere Length in Benign Prostate Biopsies and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:991-998. [PMID: 35247880 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere shortening is linked to aging and may be associated with increased risk for cancer. Most cancer studies have used telomere length in leukocytes rather than in the target tissue of cancer origin. METHODS A case-control study of 524 case-control pairs with a benign prostate biopsy nested within a historical cohort of 10,478 men was conducted to determine whether premalignant prostate telomere length (assessed using a modified qRT-PCR) is associated with prostate cancer risk. RESULTS Telomere lengths in benign prostate biopsies of cases versus controls were similar (1.46 ± 0.38 vs. 1.45 ± 0.42; P = 0.49). African American (AA) men had significantly shorter telomeres compared with White men (1.51 ± 0.38 vs. 1.63 ± 0.39; P < 0.0001). In race-stratified analyses, increasing telomere length was more strongly associated with prostate cancer risk in White men, wherein those with telomere length in the highest quartile had 1.9-fold greater adjusted risk of prostate cancer compared with men with prostate telomere lengths in the lowest quartile [OR = 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-3.36]. Men in the highest telomere length quartile also had a greater risk of aggressive prostate cancer compared with men with telomere lengths in the lowest quartile (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.25-6.19). CONCLUSIONS White men have longer telomeres in benign prostate tissue compared with AA men, and those with the longest telomeres may be at increased risk for prostate cancer, particularly the more aggressive form of the disease. IMPACT Race-specific telomere length measures may be an early biomarker of aggressive prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sudha M Sadasivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ian Loveless
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nilesh S Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Deliang L Tang
- Department of Environmental Heath Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gruber HJ, Semeraro MD, Renner W, Herrmann M. Telomeres and Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101335. [PMID: 34680452 PMCID: PMC8533433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are at the non-coding ends of linear chromosomes. Through a complex 3-dimensional structure, they protect the coding DNA and ensure appropriate separation of chromosomes. Aging is characterized by a progressive shortening of telomeres, which compromises their structure and function. Because of their protective function for genomic DNA, telomeres appear to play an important role in the development and progression of many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancies, dementia, and osteoporosis. Despite substantial evidence that links telomere length with these conditions, the nature of these observations remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, future studies should address the question of causality. Furthermore, analytical methods should be further improved with the aim to provide informative and comparable results. This review summarize the actual knowledge of telomere biology and the possible implications of telomere dysfunction for the development and progression of age-related diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of analytical techniques for the measurement of telomere length and telomerase activity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Miner AE, Graves JS. What telomeres teach us about MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 54:103084. [PMID: 34371369 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
While the precise mechanisms driving progressive forms of MS are not fully understood, patient age has clear impact on disease phenotype. The very young with MS have high relapse rates and virtually no progressive disease, whereas older patients tend to experience more rapid disability accumulation with few relapses. Defining a patient's biological age may offer more precision in determining the role of aging processes in MS phenotype and pathophysiology than just working with an individual's birthdate. The most well recognized measurement of an individual's "biological clock" is telomere length (TL). While TL may differ across tissue types in an individual, most cells TL correlate well with leukocyte TL (LTL), which is the most common biomarker used for aging. LTL has been associated with risk for aging related diseases and most recently with higher levels of disability and brain atrophy in people living with MS. LTL explains 15% of the overall association of chronological age with MS disability level. While LTL may be used just as a biomarker of overall somatic aging processes, triggering of the DNA damage response by telomere attrition leads to senescence pathways that are likely highly relevant to a chronic autoimmune disease. Considering reproductive aging factors, particularly ovarian aging in women, which correlates with LTL and oocyte telomere length, may complement measurements of somatic aging in understanding MS progression. The key to stopping non-relapse related progression in MS might lie in targeting pathways related to biological aging effects on the immune and nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalise E Miner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Joshu CE, Heaphy CM, Barber JR, Lu J, Zarinshenas R, Davis C, Han M, Lotan TL, Sfanos KS, De Marzo AM, Meeker AK, Platz EA. Obesity is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Prostate Stromal Cells in Men with Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:463-470. [PMID: 33355185 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In our prior studies, obesity was associated with shorter telomeres in prostate cancer-associated stromal (CAS) cells, and shorter CAS telomeres were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death. To determine whether the association between obesity and shorter CAS telomeres is replicable, we conducted a pooled analysis of 790 men who were surgically treated for prostate cancer, whose tissue samples were arrayed on five tissue microarray (TMA) sets. Telomere signal was measured using a quantitative telomere-specific FISH assay and normalized to 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for 351 CAS cells (mean) per man; men were assigned their median value. Weight and height at surgery, collected via questionnaire or medical record, were used to calculate body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and categorize men as normal (<25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), or obese (≥30). Analyses were stratified by grade and stage. Men were divided into tertiles of TMA- (overall) or TMA- and disease aggressiveness- (stratified) specific distributions; short CAS telomere status was defined by the bottom two tertiles. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the association between obesity and short CAS telomeres, adjusting for age, race, TMA set, pathologic stage, and grade. Obesity was not associated with short CAS telomeres overall, or among men with nonaggressive disease. Among men with aggressive disease (Gleason≥4+3 and stage>T2), obese men had a 3-fold increased odds of short CAS telomeres (OR: 3.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-8.75; P trend = 0.045) when compared with normal weight men. Telomere shortening in prostate stromal cells may be one mechanism through which lifestyle influences lethal prostate carcinogenesis. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This study investigates a potential mechanism underlying the association between obesity and prostate cancer death. Among men with aggressive prostate cancer, obesity was associated with shorter telomeres prostate cancer associated stromal cells, and shorter CAS telomeres have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza Zarinshenas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Davis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Misop Han
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu J, Crowe DL. Telomere DNA Damage Signaling Regulates Prostate Cancer Tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1326-1339. [PMID: 32467172 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening has been demonstrated in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), which is associated with prostate epithelial cell senescence. Telomere shortening is the most frequently observed genetic alteration in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. Gene expression database analysis revealed decreased TRF2 expression during malignant progression of the prostate gland. We reasoned that reduced TRF2 expression in prostate epithelium, by activating the telomere DNA damage response, would allow us to model both benign and malignant prostate disease. Prostate glands with reduced epithelial TRF2 expression developed age- and p53-dependent hypertrophy, senescence, ductal dilation, and smooth muscle hyperplasia similar to human BPH. Prostate tumors with reduced TRF2 expression were classified as high-grade androgen receptor-negative adenocarcinomas, which exhibited decreased latency, increased proliferation, and distant metastases. Prostate cancer stem cells with reduced TRF2 expression were highly tumorigenic and maintained telomeres both by telomerase and alternative lengthening (ALT). Telomerase inhibition in prostate glands with reduced TRF2 expression produced significant reduction in prostate tumor incidence by halting progression at intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). These lesions were highly differentiated, exhibited low proliferation index, and high apoptotic cell fraction. Prostate tumors with reduced TRF2 expression and telomerase inhibition failed to metastasize and did not exhibit ALT. IMPLICATIONS: Our results demonstrate that the telomere DNA damage response regulates BPH, PIN, and prostate cancer and may be therapeutically manipulated to prevent prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Wu
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David L Crowe
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amirrad F, Pytak PA, Sadeghiani-Pelar N, Nguyen JPT, Cauble EL, Jones AC, Bisoffi M. Prostate field cancerization and exosomes: Association between CD9, early growth response 1 and fatty acid synthase. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:957-968. [PMID: 32319557 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracapsular and well‑defined adenocarcinomas of the prostate are often surrounded by tissue areas that harbor molecular aberrations, including those of genetic, epigenetic and biochemical nature. This is known as field cancerization, or a field effect and denotes a state of pre‑malignancy. Such alterations in histologically normal tumor‑adjacent prostatic tissues have been recognized as clinically important and are potentially exploitable as biomarkers of disease and/or targets for preventative/therapeutic intervention. The authors have previously identified and validated two protein markers of field cancerization: The expressional upregulation of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR‑1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN). However, the molecular etiology of prostate field cancerization, including EGR‑1 and FASN upregulation, remains largely unknown. It was thus hypothesized that extracellular vesicles, notably exosomes, released by tumor lesions may induce molecular alterations in the surrounding tissues, resulting in field cancerization, priming the tissue, and ultimately promoting multifocal tumorigenesis, which is often observed in prostate cancer. Towards testing this hypothesis, the current study, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, presents correlative protein expression data, generated in disease‑free, tumor‑adjacent and cancerous human prostate tissues by quantitative immunofluorescence, between the exosomal marker CD9, and EGR‑1 and FASN. Despite the pilot character of the present study, and the static nature and heterogeneity of human tissues, the data suggest that CD9 expression itself is part of a field effect. In support of this hypothesis, the results suggest a possible contribution of exosomes to the induction of field cancerization in the prostate, particularly for EGR‑1. These findings were corroborated in established cell models of cancerous (LNCaP) and non‑cancerous (RWPE‑1) human prostate epithelial cells. The findings of this study warrant further investigation into the functional interface between exosomes and field cancerization, as a detailed understanding of this characterization may lead to the development of clinical applications related to diagnosis and/or prognosis and targeted intervention to prevent progression from pre‑malignancy to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Amirrad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Philip A Pytak
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chapman University Schmid College of Science and Technology, Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Neda Sadeghiani-Pelar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Julie P T Nguyen
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chapman University Schmid College of Science and Technology, Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Emily L Cauble
- Division of Biological Sciences, Chapman University Schmid College of Science and Technology, Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Anna C Jones
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heaphy CM, Joshu CE, Barber JR, Davis C, Zarinshenas R, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL, Sfanos KS, Meeker AK, Platz EA. Racial Difference in Prostate Cancer Cell Telomere Lengths in Men with Higher Grade Prostate Cancer: A Clue to the Racial Disparity in Prostate Cancer Outcomes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:676-680. [PMID: 31915143 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black men have worse prostate cancer outcomes following treatment than White men even when accounting for prognostic factors. However, biological explanations for this racial disparity have not been fully identified. We previously showed that more variable telomere lengths among cancer cells and shorter telomere lengths in cancer-associated stromal (CAS) cells individually and together ("telomere biomarker") are associated with prostate cancer-related death in surgically treated men independent of currently used prognostic indicators. Here, we hypothesize that Black-White differences in the telomere biomarker and/or in its components may help explain the racial disparity in prostate cancer outcomes. METHODS Black [higher grade (Gleason ≥4+3) = 34 and lower grade = 93] and White (higher grade = 34 and lower grade = 89) surgically treated men were frequency matched on age, pathologic stage, and grade. We measured telomere lengths in cancer and CAS cells using a robust telomere-specific FISH assay. Tissue microarray and grade-specific distributional cutoff points without regard to race were evaluated. RESULTS Among men with higher grade disease, the proportion of Black men (47.1%) with more variable cancer cell telomere lengths was 2.3-times higher (P = 0.02) than that in White men (20.6%). In contrast, among men with lower grade disease, cancer cell telomere length variability did not differ by race. The proportion of men with shorter CAS cell telomeres did not differ by race for either higher or lower grade disease. CONCLUSIONS A greater proportion of Black men with higher grade disease have an adverse prostate cancer cell telomere phenotype than White men with higher grade disease. IMPACT Our findings suggest a possible explanation for the racial disparity in prostate cancer outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Davis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza Zarinshenas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herrmann M, Pusceddu I, März W, Herrmann W. Telomere biology and age-related diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:1210-1222. [PMID: 29494336 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are the protective end caps of chromosomes and shorten with every cell division. Telomere length has been proposed as a biomarker of biological age and a risk factor for age-related diseases. Epidemiologic studies show an association between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and mortality. There is solid evidence that links LTL with cardiovascular disease. Short telomeres promote atherosclerosis and impair the repair of vascular lesions. Alzheimer's disease patients have also a reduced LTL. Telomeres measured in tumor tissue from breast, colon and prostate are shorter than in healthy tissue from the same organ and the same patient. In healthy tissue directly adjacent to these tumors, telomeres are also shorter than in cells that are more distant from the cancerous lesion. A reduced telomere length in cancer tissue from breast, colon and prostate is associated with an advanced disease state at diagnosis, faster disease progression and poorer survival. By contrast, results regarding LTL and cancer are inconsistent. Furthermore, the majority of studies did not find significant associations between LTL, bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. The present manuscript gives an overview about our current understanding of telomere biology and reviews existing knowledge regarding the relationship between telomere length and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Bolzano Hospital, Lorenz-Boehler-Str. 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Irene Pusceddu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Winfried März
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu R, Hua X, Jiang Q. Associations of telomere length in risk and recurrence of prostate cancer: A meta‐analysis. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13304. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Department of Medical Insurance, School of Health Services Management Anhui Medical University Hefei China
| | - Xiao‐Guo Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Anhui Medical University Hefei China
| | - Qi‐Cheng Jiang
- Department of Medical Insurance, School of Health Services Management Anhui Medical University Hefei China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma LJ, Wang XY, Duan M, Liu LZ, Shi JY, Dong LQ, Yang LX, Wang ZC, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Cao Y, Zhang XM, Zhou J, Fan J, Gao Q. Telomere length variation in tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts: potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2017; 243:407-417. [PMID: 28833123 PMCID: PMC5725724 DOI: 10.1002/path.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of telomere dysfunction and aberrant telomerase activities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been overlooked for many years. This study aimed to delineate the variation and prognostic value of telomere length in HCC. Telomere‐specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and qPCR were used to evaluate telomere length in HCC cell lines, tumor tissues, and isolated non‐tumor cells within the tumor. Significant telomere attrition was found in tumor cells and cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) compared to their normal counterparts, but not in intratumor leukocytes or bile duct epithelial cells. Clinical relevance and prognostic value of telomere length were investigated on tissue microarrays of 257 surgically treated HCC patients. Reduced intensity of telomere signals in tumor cells or CAFs correlated with larger tumor size and the presence of vascular invasion (p < 0.05). Shortened telomeres in tumor cells or CAFs associated with reduced survival and increased recurrence, and were identified as independent prognosticators for HCC patients (p < 0.05). These findings were validated in an independent HCC cohort of 371 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, confirming telomere attrition and its prognostic value in HCC. We also showed that telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp) mutation correlated with telomere shortening in HCC. Telomere variation in tumor cells and non‐tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment of HCC was a valuable prognostic biomarker for this fatal malignancy. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meng Duan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Long-Zi Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie-Yi Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liang-Qing Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liu-Xiao Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heaphy CM, Gaonkar G, Peskoe SB, Joshu CE, De Marzo AM, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Lippman SM, Thompson IM, Platz EA, Meeker AK. Prostate stromal cell telomere shortening is associated with risk of prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Prostate 2015; 75:1160-6. [PMID: 25893825 PMCID: PMC4475463 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres are repetitive nucleoproteins that help maintain chromosomal stability by inhibiting exonucleolytic degradation, prohibiting inappropriate homologous recombination, and preventing chromosomal fusions by suppressing double-strand break signals. We recently observed that men treated for clinically localized prostate cancer with shorter telomeres in their cancer-associated stromal cells, in combination with greater variation in cancer cell telomere lengths, were significantly more likely to progress to distant metastases, and die from their disease. Here, we hypothesized that shorter stromal cell telomere length would be associated with prostate cancer risk at time of biopsy. METHODS Telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed in normal-appearing stromal, basal epithelial, and luminal epithelial cells in biopsies from men randomized to the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Prostate cancer cases (N = 32) were either detected on a biopsy performed for cause or at the end of the study per trial protocol, and controls (N = 50), defined as negative for cancer on an end-of-study biopsy performed per trial protocol (e.g., irrespective of indication), were sampled. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between mean telomere length of the particular cell populations, cell-to-cell telomere length variability, and risk of prostate cancer. RESULTS Men with short stromal cell telomere lengths (below median) had 2.66 (95% CI 1.04-3.06; P = 0.04) times the odds of prostate cancer compared with men who had longer lengths (at or above median). Conversely, we did not observe statistically significant associations for short telomere lengths in normal-appearing basal (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 0.86-5.39; P= 0 .10) or luminal (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.47-2.80; P = 0.77) cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that telomere shortening in normal stromal cells is associated with prostate cancer risk. It is essential to extend and validate these findings, while also identifying the cellular milieu that comprises the subset of cells with short telomeres within the prostate tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Gaurav Gaonkar
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sarah B. Peskoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Corinne E. Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | | | - Phyllis J. Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, and the Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu L, Huda N, Grimes BR, Slee RB, Bates AM, Cheng L, Gilley D. Widespread telomere instability in prostatic lesions. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:842-52. [PMID: 25917938 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A critical function of the telomere is to disguise chromosome ends from cellular recognition as double strand breaks, thereby preventing aberrant chromosome fusion events. Such chromosome end-to-end fusions are known to initiate genomic instability via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Telomere dysfunction and other forms of genomic assault likely result in misregulation of genes involved in growth control, cell death, and senescence pathways, lowering the threshold to malignancy and likely drive disease progression. Shortened telomeres and anaphase bridges have been reported in a wide variety of early precursor and malignant cancer lesions including those of the prostate. These findings are being extended using methods for the analysis of telomere fusions (decisive genetic markers for telomere dysfunction) specifically within human tissue DNA. Here we report that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostate cancer (PCa) prostate lesions all contain similarly high frequencies of telomere fusions and anaphase bridges. Tumor-adjacent, histologically normal prostate tissue generally did not contain telomere fusions or anaphase bridges as compared to matched PCa tissues. However, we found relatively high levels of telomerase activity in this histologically normal tumor-adjacent tissue that was reduced but closely correlated with telomerase levels in corresponding PCa samples. Thus, we present evidence of high levels of telomere dysfunction in BPH, an established early precursor (PIN) and prostate cancer lesions but not generally in tumor adjacent normal tissue. Our results suggest that telomere dysfunction may be a common gateway event leading to genomic instability in prostate tumorigenesis. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiRen Tu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brenda R Grimes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Roger B Slee
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alison M Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Gilley
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jones AC, Antillon KS, Jenkins SM, Janos SN, Overton HN, Shoshan DS, Fischer EG, Trujillo KA, Bisoffi M. Prostate field cancerization: deregulated expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) in tumor adjacent tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119314. [PMID: 25767870 PMCID: PMC4358924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate field cancerization denotes molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Such alterations include deregulated protein expression, as we have previously shown for the key transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS). Here we add the two secreted factors macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) to the growing list of protein markers of prostate field cancerization. Expression of MIC-1 and PDGF-A was measured quantitatively by immunofluorescence and comprehensively analyzed using two methods of signal capture and several groupings of data generated in human cancerous (n = 25), histologically normal adjacent (n = 22), and disease-free (n = 6) prostate tissues. A total of 208 digitized images were analyzed. MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in tumor tissues were elevated 7.1x to 23.4x and 1.7x to 3.7x compared to disease-free tissues, respectively (p<0.0001 to p = 0.08 and p<0.01 to p = 0.23, respectively). In support of field cancerization, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in adjacent tissues were elevated 7.4x to 38.4x and 1.4x to 2.7x, respectively (p<0.0001 to p<0.05 and p<0.05 to p = 0.51, respectively). Also, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression were similar in tumor and adjacent tissues (0.3x to 1.0x; p<0.001 to p = 0.98 for MIC-1; 0.9x to 2.6x; p<0.01 to p = 1.00 for PDGF-A). All analyses indicated a high level of inter- and intra-tissue heterogeneity across all types of tissues (mean coefficient of variation of 86.0%). Our data shows that MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression is elevated in both prostate tumors and structurally intact adjacent tissues when compared to disease-free specimens, defining field cancerization. These secreted factors could promote tumorigenesis in histologically normal tissues and lead to tumor multifocality. Among several clinical applications, they could also be exploited as indicators of disease in false negative biopsies, identify areas of repeat biopsy, and add molecular information to surgical margins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kresta S. Antillon
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Jenkins
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Janos
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Heidi N. Overton
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Dor S. Shoshan
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Fischer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heaphy CM, Yoon GS, Peskoe SB, Joshu CE, Lee TK, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Hicks JL, De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Meeker AK. Prostate cancer cell telomere length variability and stromal cell telomere length as prognostic markers for metastasis and death. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1130-41. [PMID: 23779129 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Current prognostic indicators are imperfect predictors of outcome in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Thus, tissue-based markers are urgently needed to improve treatment and surveillance decision-making. Given that shortened telomeres enhance chromosomal instability and such instability is a hallmark of metastatic lesions, we hypothesized that alterations in telomere length in the primary cancer would predict risk of progression to metastasis and prostate cancer death. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 596 surgically treated men who participated in the ongoing Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Men who had the combination of more variable telomere length among prostate cancer cells (cell-to-cell) and shorter telomere length in prostate cancer-associated stromal (CAS) cells were substantially more likely to progress to metastasis or die of their prostate cancer. These findings point to the translational potential of this telomere biomarker for prognostication and risk stratification for individualized therapeutic and surveillance strategies. SIGNIFICANCE In this prospective study, the combination of more variable telomere length among cancer cells and shorter telomere length in CAS cells was strongly associated with progression to metastasis and prostate cancer death, pointing to the translational potential for prognostication and risk stratifi cation for individualized therapeutic and surveillance strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Heaphy
- 1Department of Pathology; 2James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 3Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 4Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of 5Nutrition and 6Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; and 7Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 8Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Truong M, Yang B, Livermore A, Wagner J, Weeratunga P, Huang W, Dhir R, Nelson J, Lin DW, Jarrard DF. Using the epigenetic field defect to detect prostate cancer in biopsy negative patients. J Urol 2012; 189:2335-41. [PMID: 23159584 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether a novel combination of field defect DNA methylation markers could predict the presence of prostate cancer using histologically normal transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy cores. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation was assessed using quantitative Pyrosequencing® in a training set consisting of 65 nontumor and tumor associated prostate tissues from University of Wisconsin. A multiplex model was generated using multivariate logistic regression and externally validated in blinded fashion in a set of 47 nontumor and tumor associated biopsy specimens from University of Washington. RESULTS We observed robust methylation differences in all genes at all CpGs assayed (p <0.0001). Regression models incorporating individual genes (EVX1, CAV1 and FGF1) and a gene combination (EVX1 and FGF1) discriminated nontumor from tumor associated tissues in the original training set (AUC 0.796-0.898, p <0.001). On external validation uniplex models incorporating EVX1, CAV1 or FGF1 discriminated tumor from nontumor associated biopsy negative specimens (AUC 0.702, 0.696 and 0.658, respectively, p <0.05). A multiplex model (EVX1 and FGF1) identified patients with prostate cancer (AUC 0.774, p = 0.001) and had a negative predictive value of 0.909. Comparison between 2 separate cores in patients in this validation set revealed similar methylation defects, indicating detection of a widespread field defect. CONCLUSIONS A widespread epigenetic field defect can be used to detect prostate cancer in patients with histologically negative biopsies. To our knowledge this assay is unique, in that it detects alterations in nontumor cells. With further validation this marker combination (EVX1 and FGF1) has the potential to decrease the need for repeat prostate biopsies, a procedure associated with cost and complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Truong
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jones AC, Trujillo KA, Phillips GK, Fleet TM, Murton JK, Severns V, Shah SK, Davis MS, Smith AY, Griffith JK, Fischer EG, Bisoffi M. Early growth response 1 and fatty acid synthase expression is altered in tumor adjacent prostate tissue and indicates field cancerization. Prostate 2012; 72:1159-70. [PMID: 22127986 PMCID: PMC3340489 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. In prostate cancer, identification of field cancerization has several potential clinical applications. However, prostate field cancerization remains ill defined. Our previous work has shown up-regulated mRNA of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) in tissues adjacent to prostate cancer. METHODS Immunofluorescence data were analyzed quantitatively by spectral imaging and linear unmixing to determine the protein expression levels of EGR-1 and FAS in human cancerous, histologically normal adjacent, and disease-free prostate tissues. RESULTS EGR-1 expression was elevated in both structurally intact tumor adjacent (1.6× on average) and in tumor (3.0× on average) tissues compared to disease-free tissues. In addition, the ratio of cytoplasmic versus nuclear EGR-1 expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent and tumor tissues. Similarly, FAS expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent (2.7× on average) and in tumor (2.5× on average) compared to disease-free tissues. CONCLUSIONS EGR-1 and FAS expression is similarly deregulated in tumor and structurally intact adjacent prostate tissues and defines field cancerization. In cases with high suspicion of prostate cancer but negative biopsy, identification of field cancerization could help clinicians target areas for repeat biopsy. Field cancerization at surgical margins on prostatectomy specimen should also be looked at as a predictor of cancer recurrence. EGR-1 and FAS could also serve as molecular targets for chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Trisha M. Fleet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jaclyn K. Murton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Virginia Severns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Satyan K. Shah
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael S. Davis
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anthony Y. Smith
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jeffrey K. Griffith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Edgar G. Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Correspondence to: Marco Bisoffi, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MSC08 4670, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Markers of field cancerization: proposed clinical applications in prostate biopsies. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:302894. [PMID: 22666601 PMCID: PMC3361299 DOI: 10.1155/2012/302894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical aberrations in structurally intact cells in histologically normal tissues adjacent to cancerous lesions. This paper tabulates markers of prostate field cancerization known to date and discusses their potential clinical value in the analysis of prostate biopsies, including diagnosis, monitoring progression during active surveillance, and assessing efficacy of presurgical neoadjuvant and focal therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The role telomeres and telomerase play in the initiation and progression of human cancers has been extensively evaluated. Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes comprising the hexanucleotide DNA repeat sequence, TTAGGG and numerous telomere-associated proteins, including the six member Shelterin complex. The main function of the telomere is to stabilize the ends of the chromosomes. However, through multiple mechanisms, telomeres can become dysfunctional, which may drive genomic instability leading to the development of cancer. The majority of human cancers maintain, or actively lengthen, telomeres through up-regulation of the reverse transcriptase telomerase. Because there are significant differences in telomere length and telomerase activity between malignant and non-malignant tissues, many investigations have assessed the potential to utilize these molecular markers for cancer diagnosis. Here, we critically evaluate whether measurements of telomere lengths and telomerase levels may be clinically utilized as diagnostic markers in solid tumours, with emphasis on breast and prostate cancer as representative examples. Future directions focusing on the direct detection of dysfunctional telomeres are explored. New markers for telomere dysfunction may eventually prove clinically useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Klewes L, Höbsch C, Katzir N, Rourke D, Garini Y, Mai S. Novel automated three-dimensional genome scanning based on the nuclear architecture of telomeres. Cytometry A 2010; 79:159-66. [PMID: 21265009 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the end of chromosomes, are organized in a nonoverlapping fashion and form microterritories in nuclei of normal cells. Previous studies have shown that normal and tumor cell nuclei differ in their 3D telomeric organization. The differences include a change in the spatial organization of the telomeres, in telomere numbers and sizes and in the presence of telomeric aggregates. Previous attempts to identify the above parameters of 3D telomere organization were semi-automated. Here we describe the automation of 3D scanning for telomere signatures in interphase nuclei based on three-dimensional fluorescent in situ hybridization (3D-FISH) and, for the first time, define its sensitivity in tumor cell detection. The data were acquired with a high-throughput scanning/acquisition system that allows to measure cells and acquire 3D images of nuclei at high resolution with 40 × or 60 × oil and at a speed of 10,000-15,000 cells h(-1) , depending on the cell density on the slides. The automated scanning, TeloScan, is suitable for large series of samples and sample sizes. We define the sensitivity of this automation for tumor cell detection. The data output includes 3D telomere positions, numbers of telomeric aggregates, telomere numbers, and telomere signal intensities. We were able to detect one aberrant cell in 1,000 normal cells. In conclusions, we are able to detect tumor cells based on 3D architectural profiles of the genome. This new tool could, in the future, assist in patient diagnosis, in the detection of minimal residual disease, in the analysis of treatment response and in treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klewes
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Halin S, Hammarsten P, Adamo H, Wikström P, Bergh A. Tumor indicating normal tissue could be a new source of diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:37-47. [PMID: 23484475 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.540009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Prostate cancer is a common and multifocal disease but the diagnostic methods available are unsatisfactory. Most tumors present are of low malignant potential, whereas others are highly aggressive. At present, imaging cannot be used to guide tissue biopsies safely towards the most aggressive tumor present. To handle this problem multiple needle biopsies are taken. The biopsies often contain only normal prostate tissue, and even if the tumor is sampled it is not known whether a more aggressive cancer is present elsewhere in the organ. If changes in the normal tissue indicate the presence and nature of tumors, this information could be used to improve diagnostics and prognostics of prostate cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Current evidence that the tumor-adjacent morphologically normal prostate tissue is not completely normal is reviewed, and that this tissue, named tumor indicating normal tissue (TINT) by the authors, can be used to diagnose prostate cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will understand that tumors need to affect their surroundings in order to grow and metastasize and that the normal prostate tissue is therefore tinted by the presence and nature of cancer and that this knowledge can be used to develop new diagnostic and prognostic markers. TAKE HOME MESSAGE TINT changes could probably, when more rigorously defined and validated, be used to diagnose and prognosticate prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Halin
- Umeå University, Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Building 6M, Second Floor, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden +46 90 785 15 30 ; +46 90 785 44 84 ;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|