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He C, Ma L, Hirst J, Li F, Wu H, Liu W, Zhao J, Xu F, Godwin AK, Wang X, Li B. Natural compound Alternol exerts a broad anti-cancer spectrum and a superior therapeutic safety index in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1409506. [PMID: 38855749 PMCID: PMC11157072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1409506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alternol is a natural compound isolated from the fermentation of a mutated fungus. We have demonstrated its potent anti-cancer effect via the accumulation of radical oxygen species (ROS) in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we tested its anti-cancer spectrum in multiple platforms. Methods We first tested its anti-cancer spectrum using the National Cancer Institute-60 (NCI-60) screening, a protein quantitation-based assay. CellTiter-Glo screening was utilized for ovarian cancer cell lines. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry. Xenograft models in nude mice were used to assess anti-cancer effect. Healthy mice were tested for the acuate systemic toxicity. Results Our results showed that Alternol exerted a potent anti-cancer effect on 50 (83%) cancer cell lines with a GI50 less than 5 µM and induced a lethal response in 12 (24%) of those 50 responding cell lines at 10 µM concentration. Consistently, Alternol displayed a similar anti-cancer effect on 14 ovarian cancer cell lines in an ATP quantitation-based assay. Most interestingly, Alternol showed an excellent safety profile with a maximum tolerance dose (MTD) at 665 mg/kg bodyweight in mice. Its therapeutic index was calculated as 13.3 based on the effective tumor-suppressing doses from HeLa and PC-3 cell-derived xenograft models. Conclusion Taken together, Alternol has a broad anti-cancer spectrum with a safe therapeutic index in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'An Jiaotong University, Xi'An, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Linlin Ma
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jeff Hirst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Xiangwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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AMPK's double-faced role in advanced stages of prostate cancer. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2064-2073. [PMID: 35781781 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Unfortunately, a very limited number of drugs are available for the relapsed and advanced stages of PCa, adding only a few months to survival; therefore, it is vital to develop new drugs. 5´ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cell metabolism. It plays a significant role in the metabolism of PCa; hence, it can serve well as a treatment option for the advanced stages of PCa. However, whether this pathway contributes to cancer cell survival or death remains unknown. The present study reviews the possible pathways by which AMPK plays role in the advanced stages of PCa, drug resistance, and metastasis: (1) AMPK has a contradictory role in promoting glycolysis and the Warburg effect which are correlated with cancer stem cells (CSCs) survival and advanced PCa. It exerts its effect by interacting with hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF1) α, pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), which are key regulators of glycolysis; however, whether it promotes or discourage glycolysis is not conclusive. It can also exert an anti-CSC effect by negative regulation of NANOG and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors, which are the major drivers of CSC maintenance; (2) the regulatory effect of AMPK on autophagy is also noticeable. Androgen receptors' expression increases AMPK activation through Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKK2) and induces autophagy. In addition, AMPK itself increases autophagy by downregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC). However, whether increased autophagy inhibits or promotes cell death and drug resistance is contradictory. This study reveals that there are numerous pathways other than cell metabolism by which AMPK exerts its effects in the advanced stages of PCa, making it a priceless treatment target. Finally, we mention some drugs developed to treat the advanced stages of PCa by acting on AMPK.
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Dahmardeh Ghalehno A, Boustan A, Abdi H, Aganj Z, Mosaffa F, Jamialahmadi K. The Potential for Natural Products to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance by Modulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:2686-2712. [PMID: 34994266 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2022169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance and ultimately disease relapse after initial response to chemotherapy put obstacles in the way of cancer therapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biologic process that epithelial cells alter to mesenchymal cells and acquire fibroblast-like properties. EMT plays a significant role in cancer metastasis, motility, and survival. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that EMT pathways are very important in making drug-resistant involved in cancer. Natural products are gradually emerging as a valuable source of safe and effective anticancer compounds. Natural products could interfere with the different processes implicated in cancer drug resistance by reversing the EMT process. In this review, we illustrate the molecular mechanisms of EMT in the emergence of cancer metastasis. We then present the role of natural compounds in the suppression of EMT pathways in different cancers to overcome cancer cell drug resistance and improve tumor chemotherapy. HighlightsDrug-resistance is one of the obstacles to cancer treatment.EMT signaling pathways have been correlated to tumor invasion, metastasis, and drug-resistance.Various studies on the relationship between EMT and resistance to chemotherapy agents were reviewed.Different anticancer natural products with EMT inhibitory properties and drug resistance reversal effects were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asefeh Dahmardeh Ghalehno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arad Boustan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Abdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Aganj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ren Y, Wang X, Huang S, Xu Y, Weng G, Yu R. Alternol Sensitizes Renal Carcinoma Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:560903. [PMID: 33841136 PMCID: PMC8026879 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.560903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF family, can selectively induce cancer cell death while sparing normal cells. However, the application of TRAIL-based antitumor therapies has been hindered due to drug resistance. Alternol is a new compound isolated from microbial fermentation that possesses antitumor activity in different tumors. In our research, we discovered that alternol can sensitize TRAIL-induced apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells (RCCs). Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was probed using the PI/annexin V method. Real-time PCR and western blot were used to test the levels of mRNA and protein, respectively. Luciferase assay was used to investigate whether CHOP regulated the expression of death receptor (DR) 5 through transcription. A xenogeneic tumor transplantation model was used to evaluate the anticancer effects of alternol/TRAIL in vivo. Results: When the mechanisms were investigated, we discovered that alternol increased DR5 expression. DR5 knockdown by siRNA eliminated the enhanced effect of alternol on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Alternol reduced the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and increased the levels of proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, alternol increased the level of CHOP, which is necessary for the enhancing effect of alternol on TRAIL-induced apoptosis, given that downregulation of CHOP abrogated the synergistic effect. DR5 upregulation induced by alternol required the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Removing ROS inhibited the induction of DR5 and blocked the antiapoptotic proteins induced by alternol. Conclusion: Taken together, our research suggested that alternol increased TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via inhibiting antiapoptotic proteins and upregulating DR5 levels via ROS generation and the CHOP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangkai Xu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Guobin Weng
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medical, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Liu W, Li JC, Huang J, Chen J, Holzbeierlein J, Li B. Alternol/Alteronol: Potent Anti-cancer Compounds With Multiple Mechanistic Actions. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568110. [PMID: 33224877 PMCID: PMC7670956 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternol and its oxidate isomer Alteronol are small compounds isolated from the fermentation of a mutant fungus obtained from Taxus brevifolia bark. Preclinical studies showed their potent anti-cancer activities, including attenuating cellular survival pathways, altering protein levels of cell cycle regulators, activating xanthine dehydrogenase to cause accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species and disrupting cell metabolism by disturbing four Krebs cycle enzymes specifically in malignant cells while having no significant effect on benign cells. In cancer cell culture models, Alternol or Alteronol exert their anti-cancer effect by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptotic cell death. In mice xenograft models, Alternol or Alteronol potently suppresses tumor growth with no obvious toxicity to the host with a wide therapeutic index over 30-fold. In conclusion, Alternol or Alteronol possess a great potential and feasibility to be developed as an effective anti-tumor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jean C Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jian Huang
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | - Jeffrey Holzbeierlein
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Institute of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Autophagy inhibition potentiates the anti-EMT effects of alteronol through TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in melanoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:223. [PMID: 32265437 PMCID: PMC7138813 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrated that alteronol, a novel compound that has a similar structure with paclitaxel, exerts anticancer effects against diversified tumors. However, whether alteronol induces autophagy and the relationship between its anticancer effects and autophagy in melanoma remains elusive. In this study, we show that alteronol induces not only anti-proliferation activity and apoptosis but also autophagy in A375 and UACC62 cells. In addition, alteronol inhibits A375 and UACC62 cells invasion and migration by preventing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Blocking autophagy enhances alteronol-induced apoptosis and anti-EMT effects in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that alteronol significantly inhibits Akt/mTOR and TGFβ/Smad3 pathways, and co-treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA further potentiate these effects. Our results suggest that alteronol induces cyto-protective autophagy in melanoma cells through inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway, thus attenuates apoptosis and promotes melanoma cell EMT through TGF-β/Smad3 pathway. Combination with alteronol and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA may be a potential treatment for melanoma as it not only significantly inhibited tumor growth but also suppressed tumor invasion and migration as anti-metastasis agent.
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Li C, He C, Xu Y, Xu H, Tang Y, Chavan H, Duan S, Artigues A, Laird Forrest M, Krishnamurthy P, Han S, Holzbeierlein JM, Li B. Alternol eliminates excessive ATP production by disturbing Krebs cycle in prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:628-639. [PMID: 30663084 PMCID: PMC6644699 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternol is a natural compound isolated from fermentation products of a mutant fungus. Our previous studies demonstrated that Alternol specifically kills cancer cells but spares benign cells. METHODS To investigate the mechanism underlying alternol-induced cancer cell-specific killing effect, we took a comprehensive strategy to identify Alternol's protein targets in prostate cancer cells, including PC-3, C4-2, and 22RV1, plus benign BPH1 cell lines. Major experimental techniques included biotin-streptavidin pulldown assay coupled with mass-spectrometry, in vitro enzyme activity assay for Krebs cycle enzymes and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for metabolomic analysis. RESULTS Among 14 verified protein targets, four were Krebs cycle enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH), malate dehydrogenase-2 (MDH2), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT) in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) in a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC). Functional assays revealed that PDHC and KGDHC activities at the basal level were significantly higher in prostate cancer cells compared to benign prostate BPH1 cells, while alternol treatment reduced their activities in cancer cells close to the levels in BPH1 cells. Although FH and MDH2 activities were comparable among prostate cancer and benign cell lines at the basal level, Alternol treatment largely increased their activities in cancer cells. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Alternol treatment remarkably reduced the levels of malic acid, fumaric acid, and isocitric acid and mitochondrial respiration in prostate cancer cells. Alternol also drastically reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in PC-3 cells in vitro or in xenograft tissues but not in BPH1 cells or host liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS Alternol interacts with multiple Krebs cycle enzymes, resulting in reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in prostate cancer cells and xenograft tissues, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Chenchen He
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’An Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’An, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuzhe Tang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Antonio Artigues
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Marcus Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’An Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’An, China
| | | | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Ren B, Ye L, Gong J, Ren H, Ding Y, Chen X, Liu X, Lu P, Wei F, Xu W, Zheng Q, Li D. Alteronol Enhances the Anti-tumor Activity and Reduces the Toxicity of High-Dose Adriamycin in Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:285. [PMID: 31001113 PMCID: PMC6455060 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-line chemotherapy drug adriamycin (ADM) is widely used for the treatment of breast cancer, but the acquired drug resistance and the normal tissue toxicity remain clinical challenges. Alteronol has been reported to exert wide-ranging anti-tumor activity. In this study, we firstly examined the synergistic anti-tumor effects and the underlying mechanisms of alteronol combined with ADM in breast cancer. We have found that the combination of alteronol and ADM significantly suppressed the expression levels of the cell cycle-related proteins (CDC2 and Cyclin B1) and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, leading to cell proliferation inhibition in breast cancer 4T1 cells. Moreover, co-treatment of alteronol and ADM (i) remarkably activated p38 and JNK kinases, (ii) elevated ROS levels, (iii) triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, (iv) released cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, (v) upregulated apoptosis-related proteins, e.g., cleaved PARP, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3/9, and (vi) downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, followed by apoptosis. Furthermore, our in vivo studies showed that the low-dose combination of alteronol (2 mg/kg) and ADM (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth in tumor bearing mice, and the anti-tumor effect of the combination was the same as that of high-dose ADM (8 mg/kg). In addition, the low-dose combination group showed lower toxicities to major organs than the high-dose ADM group. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the low-dose combination of alteronol and ADM could notably improve the anti-tumor activity and have lower toxicities to major organs than those in high-dose ADM group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Ren
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lei Ye
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianwei Gong
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yangfang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Fei Wei
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Ren B, Li D, Si L, Ding Y, Han J, Chen X, Zheng Q. Alteronol induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via increased reactive oxygen species production in human breast cancer T47D cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:516-524. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Emerging evidence showed that alteronol has a potential antitumour effect in several tumour cells. However, the antitumour effect of alteronol on breast cancer has not been reported. This study investigated the mechanisms of alteronol-induced cell proliferation inhibition in human breast cancer T47D cells.
Methods
After treatment with alteronol, T47D cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. The cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated via flow cytometry. Next, the protein levels of cyclin B1, cdc2, p21, p-cyclin B1, p-cdc2, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c were analysed using Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of cyclin B1, cdc2, p21 and p53 were examined by qRT-PCR.
Key findings
Our data showed that alteronol inhibited the proliferation of T47D cells via inducing G2-phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Compared with control group, alteronol significantly increased ROS level and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction in alteronol-treated T47D cells. Further studies showed that the mRNA and protein levels of cdc2 and cyclin B1 were downregulated, while the mRNA and protein levels of p21, p53, p-cyclin B1, p-cdc2 and cytochrome c were upregulated. In addition, the expression level of Bax was increased, and the expression level of Bcl-2 was decreased.
Conclusions
Alteronol induced T47D cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis through increasing ROS production and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequently inhibiting T47D cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lingling Si
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yangfang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jichun Han
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Kun Z, Hanqing G, Hailing T, Yuan Y, Jun Z, Lingxia Z, Kun H, Xin Z. Gastrin Enhances Autophagy and Promotes Gastric Carcinoma Proliferation via Inducing AMPKα. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1399-1407. [PMID: 28059052 PMCID: PMC7841241 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14823648620870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent epithelial malignancies worldwide. The gastrointestinal (GI) peptide gastrin is an important regulator of the secretion and release of gastric acid from stomach parietal cells, and it also plays a vital role in the development and progression of GC. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of gastrin and autophagy in regulating GC tumorigenesis. Gastrin-17 amide (G-17) was applied in the GC cell lines SGC7901 and MGC-803. The results showed that G-17 maintained the high viability of SGC7901 and MGC-803. The expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3II and Beclin1 was significantly increased, while the autophagy substrate p62 was obviously decreased in the gastrin group compared with the control group. Moreover, G-17 strengthened the expressions of AMPKα, Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK1/2. Additionally, administration of AMPKα siRNA counteracted the effect of gastrin in SGC7901 cells. Finally, in an in vivo study of the tumor growth and survival rate of rats, the levels of AMPKα/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK were significantly increased in the gastrin group and decreased following AMPKα shRNA injection. In conclusion, these findings indicate that gastrin plays a tumorigenic role by promoting autophagy in GC and may provide a novel therapeutic target for GC treatment.
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Zuo D, Zhou Z, Wang H, Zhang T, Zang J, Yin F, Sun W, Chen J, Duan L, Xu J, Wang Z, Wang C, Lin B, Fu Z, Liao Y, Li S, Sun M, Hua Y, Zheng L, Cai Z. Alternol, a natural compound, exerts an anti-tumour effect on osteosarcoma by modulating of STAT3 and ROS/MAPK signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:208-221. [PMID: 27624867 PMCID: PMC5264147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumour. Alternol, a novel compound purified from microbial fermentation products exerts anti-tumour effects across several cancer types. The effect of alternol on human OS remains to be elucidated. We first evaluated the anti-tumour effect of alternol in several human OS cell lines in vitro and investigated its underlying mechanism. Alternol inhibited OS cell proliferation, migration and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose and time-dependent manner. Moreover, alternol treatment inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in 143B and MG63 human OS cells, as evaluated using a STAT3-dependent dual luciferase reporter system. Exposure to alternol resulted in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and p38 activation. Furthermore, alternol-induced cell death was significantly restored in the presence of the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or a caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. NAC also prevented G2/M phase arrest and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), but did not reverse STAT3 inactivation. Finally, alternol suppressed tumour growth in vivo in the nude mouse OS tibia orthotopic model. Immunohistochemistry revealed that alternol treatment resulted in down-regulation of phosph-STAT3 Tyr705 and up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 and phosph-SAPK (Stress-activated protein kinases)/JNK expression. Taken together, our results reveal that alternol suppresses cell proliferation, migration and induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest by modulating of ROS-dependent MAPK and STAT3 signalling pathways in human OS cells. Therefore, alternol is a promising candidate for developing anti-tumour drugs target OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China
| | - Lili Duan
- Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongren Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binhui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeze Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suoyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxiong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longpo Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang C, Xu W, Hao W, Wang B, Zheng Q. Alternol inhibits the proliferation and induces the differentiation of the mouse melanoma B16F0 cell line. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1150-6. [PMID: 27278753 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High malignant potential and low susceptibility to treatment are characteristics of malignant melanoma. Alternol, a novel compound purified from microbial fermentation products obtained from the bark of the yew tree, exhibits a variety of antitumor activities. Based on these findings, the aim of the present study was to extend the knowledge on the antineoplastic effect of alternol in the mouse melanoma B16F0 cell line. Alternol significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of B16F0 cells in a dose-dependent manner as detected by MTT and soft agar colony formation assays. NaOH alkaline lysis and oxidation of Dopa indicated that alternol enhanced the melanin content and tyrosinase activity of the B16F0 cells and results also showed a dose‑response relationship. Morphologic changes accompanied by extended dendrites were discovered in the B16F0 cells after treatment with alternol. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of tyrosinase, Trp1 and Trp2 were increased by alternol. Our results confirmed that alternol possesses marked antineoplastic properties against melanoma cells, indicating that this microbial fermentation product is a promising agent for the differentiation therapy of cancer. The inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation by alternol was associated with both cytotoxicity and induction of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Hao
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Bingsheng Wang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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13
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Grahame Hardie D. Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:1-19. [PMID: 26904394 PMCID: PMC4724661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that is almost universally expressed in eukaryotic cells. While it appears to have evolved in single-celled eukaryotes to regulate energy balance in a cell-autonomous manner, during the evolution of multicellular animals its role has become adapted so that it also regulates energy balance at the whole body level, by responding to hormones that act primarily on the hypothalamus. AMPK monitors energy balance at the cellular level by sensing the ratios of AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP, and recent structural analyses of the AMPK heterotrimer that have provided insight into the complex mechanisms for these effects will be discussed. Given the central importance of energy balance in diseases that are major causes of morbidity or death in humans, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and inflammatory disorders, there has been a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. Many such activators have been described, and the various mechanisms by which these activate AMPK will be discussed. A particularly large class of AMPK activators are natural products of plants derived from traditional herbal medicines. While the mechanism by which most of these activate AMPK has not yet been addressed, I will argue that many of them may be defensive compounds produced by plants to deter infection by pathogens or grazing by insects or herbivores, and that many of them will turn out to be inhibitors of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signaling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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14
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Yen CY, Chiang WF, Liu SY, Lin CC, Liao KA, Lin CY, Hsieh WF, Cheng YC, Hsu KC, Lin PY, Chen TC, Lee IL, Lin MH, Liu YC. Impacts of autophagy-inducing ingredient of areca nut on tumor cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128011. [PMID: 26017803 PMCID: PMC4445909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) is a popular carcinogen used by about 0.6-1.2 billion people worldwide. Although AN contains apoptosis-inducing ingredients, we previously demonstrated that both AN extract (ANE) and its 30-100 kDa fraction (ANE 30-100K) predominantly induce autophagic cell death in both normal and malignant cells. In this study, we further explored the action mechanism of ANE 30-100K-induced autophagy (AIA) in Jurkat T lymphocytes and carcinoma cell lines including OECM-1 (mouth), CE81T/VGH (esophagus), SCC25 (tongue), and SCC-15 (tongue). The results showed that chemical- and small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) resulted in the attenuation of AIA in Jurkat T but not in OECM-1 cells. Knockdown of Atg5 and Beclin 1 expressions ameliorated AIA in OECM-1/CE81T/VGH/Jurkat T and OECM-1/SCC25/SCC-15, respectively. Furthermore, ANE 30-100K could activate caspase-3 after inhibition of Beclin 1 expression in OECM-1/SCC25/SCC15 cells. Meanwhile, AMPK was demonstrated to be the upstream activator of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in Jurkat T cells, and inhibition of MEK attenuated AIA in Jurkat T/OECM-1/CE81T/VGH cells. Finally, we also found that multiple myeloma RPMI8226, lymphoma U937, and SCC15 cells survived from long-term non-cytotoxic ANE 30-100K treatment exhibited stronger resistance against serum deprivation through upregulated autophagy. Collectively, our studies indicate that Beclin-1 and Atg5 but not AMPK are commonly required for AIA, and MEK/ERK pathway is involved in AIA. Meanwhile, it is also suggested that long-term AN usage might increase the resistance of survived tumor cells against serum-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Yen
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyun-Yeu Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-An Liao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Lin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yon-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHL); (YCL)
| | - Young-Chau Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Natural Science, College of Liberal Education, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHL); (YCL)
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15
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Cong PF, Qu YC, Chen JP, Duan LL, Lin CJ, Zhu XL, Li-Ling J, Zhang MX. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by alternol in pancreatic carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4526-4535. [PMID: 25914461 PMCID: PMC4402299 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i15.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of alternol on pancreatic cancer cells.
METHODS: Pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and BxPC3 were treated with various concentrations of alternol for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting. Cell cycle distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined by a TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and Hoechst staining. Expression of caspase 3, Bcl-2, p53 and p21 was measured by western blotting.
RESULTS: Alternol showed dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of PANC-1 and BxPC3 cells in vitro. Alternol induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S phase and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Alternol activated caspase 3, upregulated p53 and p21 expression, and downregulated Bcl-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that alternol is a candidate for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway arose early during evolution of eukaryotic cells, when it appears to have been involved in the response to glucose starvation and perhaps also in monitoring the output of the newly acquired mitochondria. Due to the advent of hormonal regulation of glucose homeostasis, glucose starvation is a less frequent event for mammalian cells than for single-celled eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the AMPK system has been preserved in mammals where, by monitoring cellular AMP:adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP):ATP ratios and balancing the rates of catabolism and ATP consumption, it maintains energy homeostasis at a cell-autonomous level. In addition, hormones involved in maintaining energy balance at the whole-body level interact with AMPK in the hypothalamus. AMPK is activated by two widely used clinical drugs, metformin and aspirin, and also by many natural products of plants that are either derived from traditional medicines or are promoted as "nutraceuticals."
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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17
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Alternol inhibits migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1627-35. [PMID: 24078466 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Such deaths are due, in large part, to its propensity to metastasize. We have examined the effect of alternol on human HCC cells and the underlying molecular mechanism. Therapeutic effects of alternol on cancer cell migration and invasion were analyzed with Boyden chamber and wound healing assays. Effects of alternol on the levels of various proteins involved in cancer cell migration and invasion were determined with gelatin zymography, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. As shown, treatment with alternol has resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. The inhibition of HCC invasion by alternol was associated with the suppression of MMP-9 expression and reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The above results indicated that alternol has the ability to inhibit the migration and invasion of human HCC cells by reversing the process of EMT, suggesting that alternol may be developed as an alternative drug for the treatment of HCC.
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18
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Tang Y, Chen R, Huang Y, Li G, Huang Y, Chen J, Duan L, Zhu BT, Thrasher JB, Zhang X, Li B. Natural compound Alternol induces oxidative stress-dependent apoptotic cell death preferentially in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1526-36. [PMID: 24688053 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers at the late stage of castration resistance are not responding well to most of current therapies available in clinic, reflecting a desperate need of novel treatment for this life-threatening disease. In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of a recently isolated natural compound, Alternol, in multiple prostate cancer cell lines with the properties of advanced prostate cancers in comparison to prostate-derived nonmalignant cells. As assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay, significant cell death was observed in all prostate cancer cell lines except DU145 but not in nonmalignant (RWPE-1 and BPH1) cells. Further analyses revealed that Alternol-induced cell death was an apoptotic response in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as evidenced by the appearance of apoptosis hallmarks such as caspase-3 processing and PARP cleavage. Interestingly, Alternol-induced cell death was completely abolished by reactive oxygen species scavengers N-acetylcysteine and dihydrolipoic acid. We also demonstrated that the proapoptotic Bax protein was activated after Alternol treatment and was critical for Alternol-induced apoptosis. Animal xenograft experiments in nude mice showed that Alternol treatment largely suppressed tumor growth of PC-3 xenografts but not Bax-null DU-145 xenografts in vivo. These data suggest that Alternol might serve as a novel anticancer agent for patients with late-stage prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Tang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KansasAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Guodong Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yiling Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KansasAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lili Duan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bao-Ting Zhu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - J Brantley Thrasher
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xu Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Benyi Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KansasAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Military Postgraduate Medical College, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Pharmacology, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China; Strand Biotechnology Institute of Research, Shantou, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Liu L, Zhang B, Yuan X, Wang P, Sun X, Zheng Q. Alternol induces an S-phase arrest of melanoma B16F0 cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:374-80. [PMID: 24352978 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternol is a novel compound purified from the fermentation products of a microorganism in the yew tree bark. This study looks at the effects of alternol on the proliferation and cell cycle distribution of mouse melanoma cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation and changes in cell cycle distribution were analysed by sulforhodamine B and flow cytometry assays, respectively. mRNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CDK inhibitor1A (p21) were measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The protein levels of cyclin A, CDK2 and PCNA were analysed by Western blot analysis. p21 was measured by ELISA. Alternol treatment caused a significant decrease in the proliferation rate of B16F0 and B16F10 cells, which were significantly arrested in S phase, but this treatment had less effect on normal human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The mechanism by which alternol inhibits B16F0 proliferation in vitro may be associated with the inhibition of CDK2 and PCNA, and the activation of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
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20
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Wang Z, Wang D, Liu L, Guo D, Yu B, Zhang B, Han B, Sun X, Zheng Q. Alteronol inhibits the invasion and metastasis of B16F10 and B16F1 melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2014; 98:31-8. [PMID: 24412388 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-metastatic effects of alteronol on melanoma B16F10 and B16F1 cells in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS Melanoma B16F1 and B16F10 cells were cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation was analyzed via 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell migration and invasion were evaluated via wound healing and transwell chamber assays. The activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in culture supernatants was assessed via gelatin zymography. The expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. The anti-metastatic ability in vivo was detected through experimental lung metastasis. KEY FINDINGS The data indicate that alteronol can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of B16F1 and B16F10 cells in vitro and in vivo, decrease the activity and expression of MMP-2, enhance the expression level of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and inhibit the experimental lung metastasis of B16F1 and B16F10 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Although alteronol and taxol are obtained from the same source, these substances do not destroy the rare resource; the mechanisms of them on tumor growth inhibition are different. Conversely, alteronol treatment had lesser effects on normal cells revealing for a selective property and a strong competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- Life Sciences School, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Bacui Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Xiling Sun
- School of integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264000, China.
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Life Sciences School, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China.
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21
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Brown KA, Samarajeewa NU, Simpson ER. Endocrine-related cancers and the role of AMPK. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 366:170-9. [PMID: 22801104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy homeostasis involved in the regulation of a number of physiological processes including β-oxidation of fatty acids, lipogenesis, protein and cholesterol synthesis, as well as cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis. Important changes to these processes are known to occur in cancer due to changes in AMPK activity within cancer cells and in the periphery. This review aims to present findings relating to the role and regulation of AMPK in endocrine-related cancers. Obesity is a known risk factor for many types of cancers and a number of endocrine factors, including adipokines and steroid hormones, are regulated by and regulate AMPK. A clear role for AMPK in breast cancer is evident from the already impressive body of work published to date. However, information pertaining to its role in prostate cancer is still contentious, and future work should unravel the intricacies behind its role to inhibit, in some cases, and stimulate cancer growth in others. This review also presents data relating to the role of AMPK in cancers of the endometrium, ovary and colon, and discusses the possible use of AMPK-activating drugs including metformin for the treatment of all endocrine-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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22
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Autophagy and Prostate Cancer Therapeutics. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Tong C, Morrison A, Mattison S, Qian S, Bryniarski M, Rankin B, Wang J, Thomas DP, Li J. Impaired SIRT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in the senescent heart during ischemic stress. FASEB J 2012; 27:4332-42. [PMID: 23024374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A "longevity " gene, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), can attenuate age-dependent induction of left ventricular dysfunction. This study aimed to characterize the role of SIRT1 in the tolerance of aged heart to ischemic insults. Male C57BL/6 young (4-6 mo) and aged (24-26 mo) mice were used to determine the role of SIRT1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) tolerance. SIRT1 localization was assessed by confocal microscopy. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate SIRT1 expression and translocation. The results demonstrated that SIRT1 is expressed predominantly as a sumoylated form in cardiomyocyte nuclei. Moreover, cardiac overexpression of desumoylase, sentrin-specific protease 2 (SENP2), significantly reduces nuclear sumoylated SIRT1 levels (P<0.05). Interestingly, I/R stress leads to desumoylation and translocation of nuclear SIRT1 into the cytoplasm in aged but not in young hearts. SIRT1 activity in ischemic young hearts was 3.2-fold higher than that seen in ischemic aged hearts, which suggests that aging causes impaired nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and activation of SIRT1 during ischemic stress. The infarct size in aged and Sirt1(+/-) knockout hearts was higher than that observed in young and Sirt1(+/+) WT littermate hearts, respectively (all P<0.05). SIRT1 agonist, SRT1720, reduced myocardial infarction in both aged and Sirt1(+/-) hearts. Therefore, impaired cardiac SIRT1 activity plays a critical role in the observed increase in susceptibility of the aged heart to I/R injury. SIRT1 agonist can restore this aging-related loss of cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- 1615 Biomedical Research Bldg., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo-SUNY, 3435 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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