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Kim HK, Pyun JH, Cho S, Kang SG, Lee JG, Kim JJ, Cheon J, Park HS, Kang SH. Tumor-specific immunity induced by cryoablation in a murine renal cell carcinoma model. Korean J Urol 2014; 55:834-40. [PMID: 25512819 PMCID: PMC4265719 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate tumor-specific immunity and define the mechanisms involved in the cryoimmunologic response, we compared the tumor control efficacy and immunologic responses of cryoablation with those of surgical excision in a tumor rechallenge model. Materials and Methods Sixty BALB/c mice with RENCA tumors that were generated in the left flank area underwent cryoablation or radical excision. The mice successfully treated were rechallenged with RENCA or an undifferentiated colon carcinoma cell line, CT26, in the contralateral right flank area. The recurrence rate after tumor rechallenge in each group was then observed. To assess the immunologic response of each treatment modality, fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and a cytotoxicity assay using 51Cr release were performed. Results After reinoculation of the RENCA cells, the rate of tumor growth was significantly higher in the surgical excision group than in the cryoablation group (94.4% vs. 11.1%, p=0.001). In the cryoablation group, the tumor growth rate was significantly increased after rechallenge of CT26 cells compared with RENCA (94.1% vs. 11.1%, p=0.001). The cryoablation group showed an elevated CD3, CD4, CD8 T, and natural killer cell count in the FACS analysis and also showed significantly increased cytotoxicity in the 51Cr release assay compared with the excision group. Conclusions These results showed that cryoablation, compared to surgical resection, was more effective in preventing tumor growth after rechallenge with RENCA cells and that this response was tumor-specific, because the CT26 cells did not have the same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Keun Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Pyun
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Cho
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Kang
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Gu Lee
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Jong Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Cheon
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Park
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Kang
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Cryoablation is increasingly being used as a primary treatment for localized cancers and as a salvage therapy for metastatic cancers. Anecdotal clinical reports and animal experiments have confirmed an induction of systemic antitumor immune response by tumor cryoablation. To capitalize on the stimulatory effects of cryoablation for cancer immunotherapy, this response must be intensified using other immunomodulatory agents. This article reviews the preclinical and clinical evidence and discusses the mechanism of the antitumor immune response generated by cryoablation. The rationale and evidence behind several immunotherapy approaches that can be combined with cryoablation to devise a cryoimmunotherapeutic strategy with a potential to impact the progression of metastatic disease are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sidana
- Division of Urology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Suite 2513, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Si TG, Wang JP, Guo Z. Analysis of circulating regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+CD127-) after cryosurgery in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:461-5. [PMID: 23728588 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to assess the response of regulatory T cells (Tregs) following cryosurgery in prostate cancer (PCa) patients by measuring their frequency and immune function. Blood was collected prior to and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment in 30 patients with high-risk PCa who underwent cryosurgery and from 15 healthy volunteers. Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(-) Tregs were isolated. Their frequency was detected by flow cytometry, and immune suppressive function was evaluated by measuring the proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells cocultured with Tregs. The results showed that the percentage of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(-) Tregs was increased in PCa patients compared to healthy volunteers (7.6% ± 0.73% vs. 5.8% ± 0.54%, P<0.001). The frequency of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(-) Tregs was reduced 4 weeks after cryosurgery compared to before surgery (6.3% ± 0.58% vs. 7.6% ± 0.73%, P<0.001), and the decrease persisted for 8 weeks. However, the suppressive function of Tregs was increased in eight of 12 patients, which might contribute to cancer recurrence. Then the response of circulating Tregs is complicated after cryosurgery for PCa, and further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Guo Si
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
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Gandhi NM, Morales A, Lamm DL. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for genitourinary cancer. BJU Int 2013; 112:288-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay M. Gandhi
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Baltimore; MD; USA
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5
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Liu JG, Chen FL, Ge CL, Gong MY, Zuo HB, Zhang JR. Cryosurgery for treatment of subcutaneously xenotransplanted tumors in rats and its effect on cellular immunity. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 10:339-46. [PMID: 21728391 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryosurgery has shown encouraging therapeutic effects on some solid tumors but its effect on the cellular immunity remains unclear. We developed a subcutaneously xenotransplanted tumor model in SD rats to directly evaluate the immune response by detecting the serum cytokine levels, T-cell responses to tumor derived antigens, and the cytolytic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against the W256 cancer line with apoptosis of cells being detected using TUNEL method. 66 SD rats were divided into 2 groups with group A having 36 rats and group B having 30 rats. 30 rats in group B were equally divided into 3 groups, tumor group B, cryosurgery group B and surgery group B, with 10 rats each. 36 rats in group A were equally divided into 2 groups, cryosurgery group A and tumor group A and treatment was done accordingly. The results showed that cryosurgery induced not only destruction of the tumor cells but also cell apoptosis around the cryosurgery foci. The apoptosis ratio reached the peak 12 h after cryosurgery, with an apoptosis rate of (68.28 ± 7.85)% .Compared with surgical resection that caused significant reduction in CD31 and CD41 cell percentages, cryosurgery resulted in significantly increased percentages of CD31 and CD41 cells (P < 0.05) with a relative increase of the CD41/CD81 cell ratio. However, sIL-2R level of peripheral blood of rats in cryosurgery group which decreased more rapidly than that in surgery group over time was significantly different 3 and 5 weeks after treatment compared to surgery group (P < 0.01). Moreover, cytotoxicity of mononuclear cell was significantly enhanced after cryosurgery, which is significantly higher in cryosurgery group (P = 0.05). These results demonstrate that in addition to tumor cell destruction, cryosurgery also results in enhanced cellular immunity and antitumor immune response of the rats with subcutaneously xenotransplanted tumor, suggesting the great potential of argon-helium cryosurgery in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Liu
- The First People's Hospital of JiuJiang, JiuJiang 332000, JiangXi province, China
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Finley DS, Pouliot F, Shuch B, Chin A, Pantuck A, Dekernion JB, Belldegrun AS. Ultrasound-based combination therapy: potential in urologic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:107-13. [PMID: 21166515 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immune-sensitive urologic malignancies include prostate, kidney and bladder cancers. To date, most immunotherapeutic treatments have been applied to advanced metastatic disease. Limited efficacy in this setting is likely due to an excessive disease burden, which overwhelms the capacity of the immune system. Immunotherapy has not been widely utilized in a low-disease-burden state - a setting in which the immune system may be best suited to effectively mount a clinically meaningful response. The emergence of high-intensity focused ultrasound, and more recently, low-intensity focused ultrasound technologies, have demonstrated not only immune-stimulatory effects but also an interesting capacity to alter tissue architecture and cell membrane properties, which may be exploited to increase tumoral uptake of drugs and vaccines. In this article, we review the literature supporting the novel use of ultrasound combination therapy with adjunctive agents in the treatment of urologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Finley
- Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Nishida H, Yamamoto N, Tanzawa Y, Tsuchiya H. Cryoimmunology for malignant bone and soft-tissue tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 16:109-17. [PMID: 21400111 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several new methods have recently been developed for the treatment of malignant bone and soft-tissue tumors, and many of these targeted therapies have yielded promising initial results in clinical settings. As more sarcomas become amenable to effective molecular-targeting therapy, the need to evaluate the synergistic effects of combination therapies with anticancer drugs will grow. Other immunologic therapies have also been reported, such as exogenous cytokines, dendritic cell (DC) therapy and peptide vaccines. Cryoimmunology has shown promising results in some malignant tumors after cryosurgery and is expected to influence the next generation of tumor immunotherapy. In this report, we describe the induction of a systemic antitumor immune response following liquid nitrogen cryotreatment of a destructive murine osteosarcoma. Combining tumor cryotreatment with DCs to promote tumor-specific immune responses enhanced systemic immune responses and inhibited metastatic tumor growth. We also describe the induction of a systemic antitumor immune response following reconstruction for malignant bone tumors using frozen autografts treated with liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideji Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
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Gage AA, Baust JM, Baust JG. Experimental cryosurgery investigations in vivo. Cryobiology 2009; 59:229-43. [PMID: 19833119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryosurgery is the use of freezing temperatures to elicit an ablative response in a targeted tissue. This review provides a global overview of experimentation in vivo which has been the basis of advancement of this widely applied therapeutic option. The cellular and tissue-related events that underlie the mechanisms of destruction, including direct cell injury (cryolysis), vascular stasis, apoptosis and necrosis, are described and are related to the optimal methods of technique of freezing to achieve efficacious therapy. In vivo experiments with major organs, including wound healing, the putative immunological response following thawing, and the use of cryoadjunctive strategies to enhance cancer cell sensitivity to freezing, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gage
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Sidana A, Chowdhury WH, Fuchs EJ, Rodriguez R. Cryoimmunotherapy in urologic oncology. Urology 2009; 75:1009-14. [PMID: 19758686 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryoablation is gaining acceptance as a primary treatment of localized as well as a salvage therapy of metastatic urologic malignancies. Anecdotal clinical reports suggest cryoablation can induce a systemic anti-tumor immune response; this phenomenon has been confirmed in animal models. To capitalize on this stimulatory effect of cryotherapy for control of advanced malignancies, it must be further intensified. This article reviews the existing evidence regarding cryoimmunology and discusses the mechanisms for generation of an anti-tumor immune response. Several immunotherapy approaches that can be combined with cryoablation to devise a cryoimmunotherapeutic strategy with potential to affect the progression of metastatic disease are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sidana
- James Buchanan Brady Urology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sidana
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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11
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Nishida H, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K. Re-implantation of tumour tissue treated by cryotreatment with liquid nitrogen induces anti-tumour activity against murine osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:1249-55. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b9.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the possible induction of a systemic immune response to increase anti-tumour activity by the re-implantation of destructive tumour tissue treated by liquid nitrogen in a murine osteosarcoma (LM8) model. The tumours were randomised to treatment by excision alone or by cryotreatment after excision. Tissue from the tumour was frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed in distilled water and then re-implanted in the same animal. In addition, some mice received an immunological response modifier of OK-432 after treatment. We measured the levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 cytokines and the cytotoxicity activity of splenocytes against murine LM8 osteosarcoma cells. The number of lung and the size of abdominal metastases were also measured. Re-implantation of tumour tissue after cryotreatment activated immune responses and inhibited metastatic tumour growth. OK-432 synergistically enhanced the anti-tumour effect. Our results suggest that the treatment of malignant bone tumours by reconstruction using autografts containing tumours which have been treated by liquid nitrogen may be of clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - H. Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - K. Tomita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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12
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Si T, Guo Z, Hao X. Immunologic response to primary cryoablation of high-risk prostate cancer. Cryobiology 2008; 57:66-71. [PMID: 18593573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether a specific cytotoxic T-cell response can be induced in patients with prostate cancer after cryoablation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty Patients with high-risk prostate cancer underwent cryoablation. Blood was sampled prior to, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA, and the Th1/Th2 ratio was estimated from the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with autologous prostate cancer-derived protein lysates, and frequency of tumor-specific T-cells was tested ex vivo in an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. To assess cytolytic activity, T-cells were co-incubated with human prostate cancer cells, LNCaP, or with renal cancer cells, GRC-1, and release of cytosolic adenylate kinase was measured by a luciferase assay. RESULT 4 weeks after cryoablation significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were observed compared to before treatment, and to 8 weeks after treatment. No changes in IL-4 or IL-10 were observed. The Th1/Th2 ratio (10.47+/-0.80), 4 weeks after treatment, was increased compared to before treatment (3.98+/-0.45), but decreased 8 weeks later (7.65+/-0.64). Tumor-specific T-cell responses were evident after cryosurgery in PBMC. Cytolytic activity against LNCaP was increased 4 weeks after treatment compared to before treatment (594.49+/-154.84 versus 4.20+/-0.68, P<0.01), but was decreased 8 weeks later (79.70+/-18.73). No response was found in cytolytic activity against GRC-1. CONCLUSION Cryoablation of prostate cancer can improve tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell stimulation with a dramatically increased tumor specific cytolytic activity. However, the response is not sufficiently maintained to prevent cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongguo Si
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Interventional Therapy Department, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China
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13
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Sabel MS, Nehs MA, Su G, Lowler KP, Ferrara JLM, Chang AE. Immunologic response to cryoablation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 90:97-104. [PMID: 15770533 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-3289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With improvements in breast imaging and image-guided interventions, there is interest in ablative techniques for breast cancer. Cryosurgery initiates inflammation and leaves tumor-specific antigens intact, which may induce an anti-tumor immune response. To help define the mechanisms involved in the cryoimmunologic response, we compared cryosurgery to surgery in a murine model of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BALB/c mice with MT-901 tumors underwent cryoablation or resection. Mice successfully treated were re-challenged with MT-901 or RENCA. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA. Tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLN) and spleens were harvested, lymphocytes were activated and assessed for a specific anti-tumor response by both an interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) release assay and ELISPOT. NK cell activity was assessed by cytotoxicity against YAC-1, an NK-susceptible cell line. RESULTS After re-challenge, tumors developed in 86% of mice treated by surgical excision compared to 16% of mice treated by cryosurgery (p=0.025). Cryoablation of MT-901 had no effect on re-challenge with RENCA. Cryoablation led to significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-12 (383.6 pg/ml +/- 32.8 versus 251.6 +/- 16.5, p=0.025) and IFN-gamma (1564 pg/ml +/- 49 versus 1244 pg/ml +/- 101, p=0.009), but no changes in IL-4 or IL-10. Tumor-specific T-cell responses were evident after cryosurgery in lymphocytes from TDLN but not from spleen. Cryoablation also increased NK activity compared to surgery (24.5% +/- 17.3 versus 16.5% +/- 5.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cryoablation results in the induction of both a tumor-specific T-cell response in the TDLN and increased systemic NK cell activity, which correlates with rejection of tumors upon re-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- University of Michigan, 3304 Cancer Center, East Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0932, USA.
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Ravindranath MH, Wood TF, Soh D, Gonzales A, Muthugounder S, Perez C, Morton DL, Bilchik AJ. Cryosurgical ablation of liver tumors in colon cancer patients increases the serum total ganglioside level and then selectively augments antiganglioside IgM. Cryobiology 2002; 45:10-21. [PMID: 12445546 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryosurgical ablation (CSA) of tumors induces disruptive necrosis. Necrosis may release tumor gangliosides into circulation and they may augment serum antiganglioside antibodies depending on the nature of gangliosides released. The hypothesis is tested by determining the level of serum total gangliosides (STG) and their antibody titers in the sera of colon cancer patients with cryoablated liver tumors. As controls, we examined the sera of patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and regular surgery (RS), none of which cause disruptive necrosis. The STG level (expressed as lipid-bound sialic acids, LBSA) is higher (p(2)<0.001) in 35 patients (stage IV) than in 38 healthy case-controls (median 23.48 mg/dL, Q-range 7.1 vs 16.04 mg/dL, Q-range 4.5). The mean STG level increased significantly to 31.2+/-6.0mg/dL (p(2)<0.03) after CSA. Concomitantly, the IgM titer against colon cancer-associated gangliosides (GM(2), GD(1a), GT(1b)), increased significantly, but no increase was observed against normal tissue gangliosides (GM(3) or GM(1)). Also after RFA and RS, no such increase was observed either in the level of STG or in IgM titer against tumor gangliosides. The results suggest that CSA-induced necrosis might have acted as an adjuvant, because purified gangliosides without exogenous adjuvants even after repeated immunization failed to elicit antibody response. The post-CSA decline in the STG level correlated with the increase in the antibodies, suggesting a homeostatic role of the antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H Ravindranath
- Laboratory of GlycoImmunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404-2302, USA.
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Hoffmann NE, Coad JE, Huot CS, Swanlund DJ, Bischof JC. Investigation of the mechanism and the effect of cryoimmunology in the Copenhagen rat. Cryobiology 2001; 42:59-68. [PMID: 11336490 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2001.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the potential for "cryoimmunology" to increase the destruction of the Dunning AT-1 prostate tumor after cryosurgery. Two possible mechanisms explaining the cryoimmunologic response were studied. The first was that an antitumor antibody is produced after cryosurgery. The second was that freezing induces an immunostimulatory signal that creates a T-cell response to the tumor. Six groups of animals (three experimental groups and three control groups) were treated once per week for 4 weeks with different therapies designed to investigate these mechanisms. Three types of immune response were measured: (1) the anti-AT-1 tumor immune titer (Ab response) by serum ELISA, (2) the effect on secondary tumor growth after challenge with live AT-1 cells (size and weight of the secondary tumor over time), and (3) the nature of the immunologic infiltrate into the secondary tumors by immunoperoxidase stain. ELISA showed that immune titers were present in the experimental groups after therapy, but the presence of an immune titer did not have a significant effect on tumor propagation. Histology showed the immunologic infiltrate was similar in all groups. These results showed that an immune response to AT-1 tumor was measurable by serum antibody, but it did not significantly limit secondary tumor growth or affect tumor histology. This suggests that the growth of AT-1 tumors is not inhibited by a cryoimmunological response. Thus, the effect of in vivo cryosurgery in the AT-1 tumor system would likely be limited to cellular and vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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CRYOSURGICAL ABLATION OF THE NORMAL VENTRAL PROSTATE PLUS ADJUVANT DOES NOT PROTECT COPENHAGEN RATS FROM DUNNING PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA CHALLENGE. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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CRYOSURGICAL ABLATION OF THE NORMAL VENTRAL PROSTATE PLUS ADJUVANT DOES NOT PROTECT COPENHAGEN RATS FROM DUNNING PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA CHALLENGE. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199710000-00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Morales A, Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Van Der Linden I. Immunotherapy of an Experimental Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199505000-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Morales A, Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Van Der Linden I. Immunotherapy of an Experimental Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)67509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bonney WW, Johnson J, Robinson RA, Lachenbruch PA, Leafgreen R. Stability of sublines in the R3327-H rat prostatic tumor. J Urol 1986; 136:1335-42. [PMID: 3773119 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over several years of in vivo maintenance passage the R3327-H rat prostatic tumor has given rise to nine unique sublines in our laboratory. Some have emerged under selective treatment pressure while others apparently represent spontaneous or random modulation. Each new subline embodied an altered histology, growth rate, metastatic pattern or treatment sensitivity in comparison to its parent subline. However, each has been subsequently passaged enough times to provide evidence of considerable phenotypic stability, a notable point in view of the R3327 tumor's well known potential for modulation.
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Shaw MW, Ablin RJ, Guinan PD, Bhatti RA. Effect of transfer factor on tumor-associated immunity and tumor growth of the Dunning R-3327G rat prostate adenocarcinoma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1985; 8:80-3. [PMID: 4025670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1985.tb00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Of importance in the design and application of improved or new modalities of treatment are their evaluation on relevant animal models. In the case of prostate cancer (PCa) the Dunning R-3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa), and its variant sublines, is one such experimental tumor model of its human counterpart. In a preliminary study, the effect of transfer factor (TF), one form of passive immunotherapy, on tumor-associated immunity (TAI) and tumour growth and histology of the G subline (a poorly differentiated, fast-growing, androgen sensitive, and poorly metastatic tumour of the Dunning R-3327 rat PCa) has been evaluated. TF prepared from the leukocytes of tumor-bearing animals and nontumor-bearing animals referred to as sensitized (STF) and unsensitized (UTF), respectively, had no significant effect on TAI or tumor size. The only noticeable effect of TF in this study was the presence of variable and moderate lymphocytic infiltrates, necrosis, and degenerative-type cells in tumors of animal recipients of STF. The failure to observe significant differences in TAI among tumor bearing and nontumor bearing animals raises doubt in part, of the immunogenicity of the G subline tumor and its appropriateness, at least for subsequent immunological studies. Further factors considered in this regard, are questions of tumor load, including the possible need for the use of adjuvant, and the parameters and sensitivity of immune responsiveness selected for evaluation and immunocompetency. Subsequent evaluation of the effect of TF on other more immunogenic variant sublines of the Dunning R-3327 rat tumor may yet provide further and more useful information.
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Thompson SA, Johnson MP, Heidger PM, Lubaroff DM. Characterization of the heterogeneity of R3327 rat prostatic tumors derived from single-cell clones. Prostate 1985; 6:369-87. [PMID: 4088951 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by cellular diversity, which is well demonstrated in the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. This heterogeneity may arise from epigenetic influences, ie, cellular adaptation or selection, and/or from genetic changes. To investigate the question of genetic instability, four tissue culture cell lines were derived from single cells isolated from the uncloned late (UCL) passage of the Dunning R3327H prostate cell culture. Each of these clonally derived tissue cultures was injected into castrated and intact young adult male rats for tumor production. Uncloned early (UCE) and UCL passage tissue cultures were also propagated as solid tumors. Tumors and the cultures from which they were derived were examined for evidence of phenotypic and genetic changes using morphological and cytometric methods. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed only slight differences among the cell cultures. A single population of diploid cells was demonstrated in each of the cell cultures by propidium iodide staining and subsequent flow cytometric measurement of DNA content/nucleus. Tumors of unicellular as well as multicellular origin exhibited extreme heterogeneity of histological features, both among animals as well as within a single tumor. Tumors were surveyed and tissue types were characterized and cataloged. Clone 3 was generally better differentiated than the others; tumors from castrated animals were better differentiated than those from intact animals. Flow cytometry revealed multiple hyperdiploid cell populations that were variable from one sample to another. We concluded that changes in genotype as well as phenotype occurred in the tumors derived from single cells. Some of these changes may have occurred in the cells while still in culture.
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