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Carbon sources and pathways for citrate secreted by human prostate cancer cells determined by NMR tracing and metabolic modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2024357119. [PMID: 35353621 PMCID: PMC9168453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024357119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prostate accumulates high luminal citrate levels to serve sperm viability. There is only indirect qualitative evidence about metabolic pathways and carbon sources maintaining these levels. Human citrate-secreting prostate cancer cells were supplied with 13C-labeled substrates, and NMR spectra of extracellular fluid were recorded. We report absolute citrate production rates of prostate cells and direct evidence that glucose is the main carbon source for secreted citrate. Pyruvate carboxylase provides sufficient anaplerotic carbons to support citrate secretion. Glutamine carbons exchange with carbons for secreted citrate but are likely not involved in its net synthesis. Moreover, we developed metabolic models employing the 13C distribution in extracellular citrate as input to assess intracellular pathways followed by carbons toward citrate. Prostate epithelial cells have the unique capacity to secrete large amounts of citrate, but the carbon sources and metabolic pathways that maintain this production are not well known. We mapped potential pathways for citrate carbons in the human prostate cancer metastasis cell lines LNCaP and VCaP, for which we first established that they secrete citrate (For LNCaP 5.6 ± 0.9 nmol/h per 106 cells). Using 13C-labeled substrates, we traced the incorporation of 13C into citrate by NMR of extracellular fluid. Our results provide direct evidence that glucose is a main carbon source for secreted citrate. We also demonstrate that carbons from supplied glutamine flow via oxidative Krebs cycle and reductive carboxylation routes to positions in secreted citrate but likely do not contribute to its net synthesis. The potential anaplerotic carbon sources aspartate and asparagine did not contribute to citrate carbons. We developed a quantitative metabolic model employing the 13C distribution in extracellular citrate after 13C glucose and pyruvate application to assess intracellular pathways of carbons for secreted citrate. From this model, it was estimated that in LNCaP about 21% of pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle is converted via pyruvate carboxylase as an anaplerotic route at a rate more than sufficient to compensate carbon loss of this cycle by citrate secretion. This model provides an estimation of the fraction of molecules, including citrate, leaving the Krebs cycle at every turn. The measured ratios of 13C atoms at different positions in extracellular citrate may serve as biomarkers for (malignant) epithelial cell metabolism.
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Buszewska-Forajta M, Monedeiro F, Gołębiowski A, Adamczyk P, Buszewski B. Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030268. [PMID: 35323711 PMCID: PMC8952317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer development is still unknown. Recent investigations indicated that citric acid and lipids—with a special emphasis on fatty acids, steroids and hormones (ex. prolactin)—play a significant role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, citric acid is assumed to be a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, due to which, the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease could be possible. For this reason, the main goal of this study is to determine the citric acid concentration in three different matrices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for citric acid to be determined in three different matrices (tissue, urine and blood). Samples were collected from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and from a selected control group (individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia). The analyses were performed using the rapid fluorometric test. The obtained results were correlated with both the histopathological data (the Gleason scale as well as the Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging scale) and the biochemical data (the values of the following factors: prostate specific antigen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine and prolactin) using chemometric methods. For tissue samples, the results indicated a decreased level of citric acid in the case of prostate cancer. The analyte average concentrations in serum and urine appeared to be corresponding and superior in the positive cohort. This trend was statistically significant in the case of urinary citric acid. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of citric acid and the tumor stage. A negative correlation between the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein and prolactin was particularly prominent in cancer cases. Conversely, a negative association between low-density lipoprotein and prolactin levels was observed solely in the control group. On the basis of the results, one may assume the influence of hormones, particularly prolactin, on the development of prostate cancer. The present research allowed us to verify the possibility of using citric acid as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. J. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernanda Monedeiro
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of General and Oncologic Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital in Torun, 17 Batorego St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Al Kadhi O, Melchini A, Mithen R, Saha S. Development of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates in a Range of Biological Matrices. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:5391832. [PMID: 29075551 PMCID: PMC5624170 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5391832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now well-established that perturbations in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle play an important role in the metabolic transformation occurring in cancer including that of the prostate. A method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCA cycle intermediates in body fluids, tissues, and cultured cell lines of human origin was developed using a common C18 reversed-phase column by LC-MS/MS technique. This LC-MS/MS method for profiling TCA cycle intermediates offers significant advantages including simple and fast preparation of a wide range of human biological samples. The analytical method was validated according to the guideline of the Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Methods Committee. The limits of detection were below 60 nM for most of the TCA intermediates with the exception of lactic and fumaric acids. The calibration curves of all TCA analytes showed linearity with correlation coefficients r2 > 0.9998. Recoveries were >95% for all TCA analytes. This method was established taking into consideration problems and limitations of existing techniques. We envisage that its application to different biological matrices will facilitate deeper understanding of the metabolic changes in the TCA cycle from in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Kadhi
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Antonietta Melchini
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Richard Mithen
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Shikha Saha
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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Walker P, Provent P, Tizon X, Créhange G, Duchamp O, Brunotte F, Genne P. In-vivo metabolic characterization of healthy prostate and orthotopic prostate cancer in rats using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4.7 T. Acta Radiol 2013; 54:121-6. [PMID: 23081956 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2012.120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assist the development of new anti-cancer drugs, it is important to identify biomarkers of treatment efficacy in the preclinical phases of drug development. In order to improve the predictivity of preclinical experiments, more realistic animal models are needed, for example, tumors xenografted directly on the prostate gland of rodents. PURPOSE To characterize the in-vivo metabolism of healthy rat prostate and of an orthotopic human prostate cancer model using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MATERIAL AND METHODS The highly metastatic and hormone-independent PC3-MM2 human prostate cancer model was implanted into the ventral prostate lobe of three Nude rats. Healthy Nude (n = 6) and Sprague-Dawley (n = 6) rats were also studied for interspecies comparison of normal prostate metabolism. Magnetic resonance imaging and short echo-time (TE 11.2 ms) single voxel PRESS spectroscopy were performed on dorsal (DP) and ventral (VP) prostate as well as tumor at 4.7 T. The metabolic content and volume of dorsal and ventral lobes were characterized as a function of species and age. RESULTS Slightly lower total creatine (tCr)/water (11.3 ± 2.6 vs. 15.3 ± 3.0, NS), but significantly higher Inositol (Ins)/water (18.9 ± 1.9 vs. 6.6 ± 3.3, P < 0.003) and total choline (tCho)/water (15.0 ± 2.1 vs. 5.6 ± 1.1, P < 0.00007) were observed within healthy DP lobes with respect to VP lobes. No significant variation in metabolic content was seen in healthy DP and VP lobes of Nude rats as a function of age, and no species dependence was observed in their metabolic content. For the orthotopic PC3-MM2 tumor, implanted in VP, the tCr/water ratio was significantly lower (3.1 ± 0.9) than neighboring DP (12.8 ± 1.8, P < 0.00003) and healthy VP (15.3 ± 3.0, P < 0.00006). For Ins, the metabolite ratio in PC3-MM2 was close to that of healthy VP (4.3 ± 2.8 vs. 6.6 ± 3.3, p = NS), but much lower than in neighboring DP (19.1 ± 1.3, P < 0.00005). A similar trend was also observed for tCho, where metabolite ratios in PC3-MM2, healthy VP and neighboring DP were 3.5 ± 0.9, 5.6 ± 1.1, and 15.9 ± 0.8, respectively. CONCLUSION The in-vivo MRS study of healthy prostate and orthotopic prostate cancer is feasible in rats. Such baseline data could be important when following the modifications in metabolism, including during anti-cancer drug development protocols or following radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walker
- LE2I, UMR 5158 CNRS, University of Burgundy, Dijon
| | | | | | - Gilles Créhange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Nagarajan R, Margolis DJ, Raman SS, Ouellette D, Sarma MK, Reiter RE, Thomas MA. MR Spectroscopic Imaging of Peripheral Zone in Prostate Cancer Using a 3T MRI Scanner: Endorectal versus External Phased Array Coils. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2013; 6:51-8. [PMID: 25114544 PMCID: PMC4089813 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) detects alterations in major prostate metabolites, such as citrate (Cit), creatine (Cr), and choline (Ch). We evaluated the sensitivity and accuracy of three-dimensional MRSI of prostate using an endorectal compared to an external phased array “receive” coil on a 3T MRI scanner. Eighteen patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent endorectal MR imaging and proton (1H) MRSI were included in this study. Immediately after the endorectal MRSI scan, the PCa patients were scanned with the external phased array coil. The endorectal coil-detected metabolite ratio [(Ch+Cr)/Cit] was significantly higher in cancer locations (1.667 ± 0.663) compared to non-cancer locations (0.978 ± 0.420) (P < 0.001). Similarly, for the external phased array, the ratio was significantly higher in cancer locations (1.070 ± 0.525) compared to non-cancer locations (0.521 ± 0.310) (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and accuracy of cancer detection were 81% and 78% using the endorectal ‘receive’ coil, and 69% and 75%, respectively using the external phased array ‘receive’ coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Ja Margolis
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven S Raman
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Ouellette
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manoj K Sarma
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Albert Thomas
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Swanson MG, Keshari KR, Tabatabai ZL, Simko JP, Shinohara K, Carroll PR, Zektzer AS, Kurhanewicz J. Quantification of choline- and ethanolamine-containing metabolites in human prostate tissues using 1H HR-MAS total correlation spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:33-40. [PMID: 18581409 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A fast and quantitative 2D high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiment was developed to resolve and quantify the choline- and ethanolamine-containing metabolites in human prostate tissues in approximately 1 hr prior to pathologic analysis. At a 40-ms mixing time, magnetization transfer efficiency constants were empirically determined in solution and used to calculate metabolite concentrations in tissue. Phosphocholine (PC) was observed in 11/15 (73%) cancer tissues but only 6/32 (19%) benign tissues. PC was significantly higher (0.39 +/- 0.40 mmol/kg vs. 0.02 +/- 0.07 mmol/kg, z = 3.5), while ethanolamine (Eth) was significantly lower in cancer versus benign prostate tissues (1.0 +/- 0.8 mmol/kg vs. 2.3 +/- 1.9 mmol/kg, z = 3.3). Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) (0.57 +/- 0.87 mmol/kg vs. 0.29 +/- 0.26 mmol/kg, z = 1.2), phosphoethanolamine (PE) (4.4 +/- 2.2 mmol/kg vs. 3.4 +/- 2.6 mmol/kg, z = 1.4), and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) (0.54 +/- 0.82 mmol/kg vs. 0.15 +/- 0.15 mmol/kg, z = 1.8) were higher in cancer versus benign prostate tissues. The ratios of PC/GPC (3.5 +/- 4.5 vs. 0.32 +/- 1.4, z = 2.6), PC/PE (0.08 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.01 +/- 0.03, z = 3.5), PE/Eth (16 +/- 22 vs. 2.2 +/- 2.0, z = 2.4), and GPE/Eth (0.41 +/- 0.51 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.06, z = 2.6) were also significantly higher in cancer versus benign tissues. All samples were pathologically interpretable following HR-MAS analysis; however, degradation experiments showed that PC, GPC, PE, and GPE decreased 7.7 +/- 2.2%, while Cho+mI and Eth increased 18% in 1 hr at 1 degrees C and a 2250 Hz spin rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Swanson
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Swindle P, Ramadan S, Stanwell P, McCredie S, Russell P, Mountford C. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the central, transition and peripheral zones of the prostate: assignments and correlation with histopathology. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 21:423-34. [PMID: 18797949 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-008-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is used to compare the chemistry of the transition, central and peripheral zones of the prostate. The assignments are made using two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy and the results compared with histopathology. The chemistry associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and malignant biopsy tissues are described. There are distinct MR spectral patterns for glandular and stromal BPH, PIN and adenocarcinoma. Importantly, there are also different spectral patterns from BPH in the transitional and central zones when compared to BPH in the peripheral zone. A pattern recognition method is used to analyze the MR spectra from the biopsy specimens. The resultant mathematical classifiers generated a high level of accuracy (sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 97%). It was found that for this accuracy to be achieved, the classifiers need to be developed by comparing the spectra with specialist serial sectioned histopathology. With serial sectioned pathology the pattern recognition method was capable of identifying less than 5% of adenocarcinoma in a given piece of tissue. Many of the chemicals identified in the biopsy specimens are available for inspection from the prostate, in vivo, at 3 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Swindle
- Department of Urology, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4210, Australia
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Thomas MA, Lange T, Velan SS, Nagarajan R, Raman S, Gomez A, Margolis D, Swart S, Raylman RR, Schulte RF, Boesiger P. Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of healthy and cancerous prostates in vivo. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 21:443-58. [PMID: 18633659 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-008-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A major goal of this article is to summarize the current status of evaluating prostate metabolites non-invasively using spatially resolved two-dimensional (2D) MR Spectroscopy (MRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Due to various technical challenges, the spatially resolved versions of 2D MRS techniques are currently going through the developmental stage. During the last decade, four different versions of 2D MRS sequences have been successfully implemented on 3T and 1.5T MRI scanners manufactured by three different vendors. These sequences include half and maximum echo sampled J-resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS), S-PRESS and L-COSY, which are single volume localizing sequences, and the multi-voxel based JPRESS sequence. RESULTS Even though greater than 1ml voxels have been used, preliminary evaluations of 2D JPRESS, S-PRESS and L-COSY sequences have demonstrated unambiguous detection of citrate, creatine, choline, spermine and more metabolites in human prostates. ProFIT-based quantitation of JPRESS and L-COSY data clearly shows the superiority of 2D MRS over conventional one-dimensional (1D) MRS and more than six metabolites have been successfully quantified. These sequences have been evaluated in a small group of prostate pathologies and pilot investigations using these sequences show promising results in prostate pathologies. CONCLUSION Implementation of the state-of-the-art 2D MRS techniques and preliminary evaluation in prostate pathologies are discussed in this review. Even though these techniques are going through developmental and early testing phases, it is evident that 2D MRS can be easily added on to any clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocol to non-invasively record the biochemical contents of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Thomas
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA.
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Swanson MG, Vigneron DB, Tran TK, Kurhanewicz J. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging of prostate cancer. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:510-23. [PMID: 11458818 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Swanson
- Magnetic Resonance Science Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1290, USA
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Cheng LL, Wu C, Smith MR, Gonzalez RG. Non-destructive quantitation of spermine in human prostate tissue samples using HRMAS 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T. FEBS Lett 2001; 494:112-6. [PMID: 11297745 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of a study of human prostate specimens evaluated by high resolution magic angle spinning (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 400 MHz (9.4 T) and by quantitative histopathology. We demonstrate that NMR and pathology data can be obtained from the same intact specimens, and report for the first time a linear correlation between the NMR measured concentration of spermine, a proposed endogenous inhibitor to prostate cancer growth, and the volume percentage of normal prostatic epithelial cells as quantified by histopathology. Our results show that NMR may serve as a critical tool for the investigation of the inhibitory mechanism of spermine in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Havard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Males RG, Swanson MG, Yu KK, Hricak H. The prostate: MR imaging and spectroscopy. Present and future. Radiol Clin North Am 2000; 38:115-38, viii-ix. [PMID: 10664669 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(05)70152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The applications of combined MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging of prostate cancer have expanded significantly over the past 10 years and have reached the point of clinical trial results to test robustness and clinical significance. MR spectroscopic imaging extends the diagnostic evaluation of prostate cancer beyond the morphologic information provided by MR imaging throughout the detection of cellular metabolites. The combined metabolic and anatomic information provided by MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging has allowed a more accurate assessment of the presence, location, extent, and aggressiveness of prostate cancer both before and after treatment. This information has already demonstrated the ability to improve therapeutic planning for individual prostate cancer patients and shows great promise in the assessment of therapeutic response and the evaluation of new treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of brain and prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2000; 2:166-89. [PMID: 10933075 PMCID: PMC1531872 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) for the study of brain and prostate cancer have expanded significantly over the past 10 years. Proton MRSI studies of the brain and prostate have demonstrated the feasibility of noninvasively assessing human cancers based on metabolite levels before and after therapy in a clinically reasonable amount of time. MRSI provides a unique biochemical "window" to study cellular metabolism noninvasively. MRSI studies have demonstrated dramatic spectral differences between normal brain tissue (low choline and high N-acetyl aspartate, NAA) and prostate (low choline and high citrate) compared to brain (low NAA, high choline) and prostate (low citrate, high choline) tumors. The presence of edema and necrosis in both the prostate and brain was reflected by a reduction of the intensity of all resonances due to reduced cell density. MRSI was able to discriminate necrosis (absence of all metabolites, except lipids and lactate) from viable normal tissue and cancer following therapy. The results of current MRSI studies also provide evidence that the magnitude of metabolic changes in regions of cancer before therapy as well as the magnitude and time course of metabolic changes after therapy can improve our understanding of cancer aggressiveness and mechanisms of therapeutic response. Clinically, combined MRI/MRSI has already demonstrated the potential for improved diagnosis, staging and treatment planning of brain and prostate cancer. Additionally, studies are under way to determine the accuracy of anatomic and metabolic parameters in providing an objective quantitative basis for assessing disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurhanewicz
- Magnetic Resonance Science Center, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-1290, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a study of the unusual small molecular components of human prostatic fluid using a non-destructive technique. METHODS Single pulse high resolution proton MRS of 38 human prostatic fluid samples (12 control, 10 with benign prostatic enlargement, 4 with prostatic cancer, 11 with vasal aplasia, and one with prostatodynia). Regression models for the metabolites measured were made and compared, and correlations were analyzed. RESULTS A very strong correlation between the secretion of citrate and spermine (r = 0.94), two of the major components of prostatic fluid, was found. The molar ratio was 5:1 citrate: spermine. There was no difference seen between samples obtained by expression or ejaculation. The regression models suggest there is a significant difference (P < 0.02) in the citrate to spermine ratio in prostatic fluid from men with prostate cancer, with a relatively higher level of spermine. CONCLUSIONS The authors speculate that citrate and spermine secretion is linked and may be forming a novel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lynch
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
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