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Orang A, Marri S, McKinnon RA, Petersen J, Michael MZ. Restricting Colorectal Cancer Cell Metabolism with Metformin: An Integrated Transcriptomics Study. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2055. [PMID: 38893174 PMCID: PMC11171104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes as it disrupts cellular metabolism. Despite the association between metformin and lower cancer incidence, the anti-tumour activity of the drug in colorectal cancer (CRC) is incompletely understood. This study identifies underlying molecular mechanisms by which metformin slows colorectal cancer cell proliferation by investigating metformin-associated microRNA (miRNA) and target gene pairs implicated in signalling pathways. METHODS The present study analysed changes in miRNAs and the coding transcriptome in CRC cells treated with a sublethal dose of metformin, followed by the contextual validation of potential miRNA-target gene pairs. RESULTS Analyses of small RNA and transcriptome sequencing data revealed 104 miRNAs and 1221 mRNAs to be differentially expressed in CRC cells treated with metformin for 72 h. Interaction networks between differentially expressed miRNAs and putative target mRNAs were identified. Differentially expressed genes were mainly implicated in metabolism and signalling processes, such as the PI3K-Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Further validation of potential miRNA-target mRNA pairs revealed that metformin induced miR-2110 and miR-132-3p to target PIK3R3 and, consequently, regulate CRC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Metformin also induced miR-222-3p and miR-589-3p, which directly target STMN1 to inhibit CRC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS This study identified novel changes in the coding transcriptome and small non-coding RNAs associated with metformin treatment of CRC cells. Integration of these datasets highlighted underlying mechanisms by which metformin impedes cell proliferation in CRC. Importantly, it identified the post-transcriptional regulation of specific genes that impact both metabolism and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Orang
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; (A.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; (A.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; (A.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; (A.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.M.); (J.P.)
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Z. Michael
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; (A.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.M.); (J.P.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Liu R, Liang X, Guo H, Li S, Yao W, Dong C, Wu J, Lu Y, Tang J, Zhang H. STNM1 in human cancers: role, function and potential therapy sensitizer. Cell Signal 2023:110775. [PMID: 37331415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
STMN1 belongs to the stathmin gene family, it encodes a cytoplasmic phosphorylated protein, stathmin1, which is commonly observed in vertebrate cells. STMN1 is a structural microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that binds to microtubule protein dimers rather than microtubules, with each STMN1 binding two microtubule protein dimers and preventing their aggregation, leading to microtubule instability. STMN1 expression is elevated in a number of malignancies, and inhibition of its expression can interfere with tumor cell division. Its expression can change the division of tumor cells, thereby arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase. Moreover, STMN1 expression affects tumor cell sensitivity to anti-microtubule drug analogs, including vincristine and paclitaxel. The research on MAPs is limited, and new insights on the mechanism of STMN1 in different cancers are emerging. The effective application of STMN1 in cancer prognosis and treatment requires further understanding of this protein. Here, we summarize the general characteristics of STMN1 and outline how STMN1 plays a role in cancer development, targeting multiple signaling networks and acting as a downstream target for multiple microRNAs, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. We also summarize recent findings on the function role of STMN1 in tumor resistance and as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Haiwei Guo
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Yao
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Yoshie M, Ishida A, Ohashi H, Nakachi N, Azumi M, Tamura K. Stathmin dynamics modulate the activity of eribulin in breast cancer cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00786. [PMID: 34176226 PMCID: PMC8236080 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stathmin, a phosphoprotein that modulates microtubule dynamics, is highly expressed in breast cancer cells. Eribulin, a microtubule‐depolymerizing agent, is used to treat patients with advanced breast cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the action of eribulin during microtubule catastrophe, and the interaction between eribulin and stathmin dynamics, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of stathmin in the antiproliferative activity of eribulin in breast cancer cells. Eribulin induced phosphorylation of stathmin in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells; this was attenuated by an inhibitor of protein kinase A (H89) and an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (KN62). In addition, expression of phosphorylated stathmin was reduced by the protein phosphatase PP2A activator FTY720 but increased by the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid. Of note, expression of PP2A subunits in eribulin‐treated cells decreased, although eribulin did not affect the phosphatase activity of recombinant PP2A directly. Furthermore, the antiproliferative effect of eribulin was stronger in stathmin‐overexpressing cells. These results suggest that stathmin dynamics are closely associated with the antiproliferative effects of eribulin and stathmin is a possible biomarker for predicting the therapeutic effects of eribulin in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Yoshie
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Akari Ishida
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Nami Nakachi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Mana Azumi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Xu Z, Xu L, Liu L, Li H, Jin J, Peng M, Huang Y, Xiao H, Li Y, Guan H. A Glycolysis-Related Five-Gene Signature Predicts Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients With Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:625452. [PMID: 33954109 PMCID: PMC8092437 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.625452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males worldwide. Approximately 25% of all patients experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) and BCR indicates increased risk for metastasis and castration resistance. PCa patients with highly glycolytic tumors have a worse prognosis. Thus, this study aimed to explore glycolysis-based predictive biomarkers for BCR. Expression data and clinical information of PCa samples were retrieved from three publicly available datasets. One from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used as the training cohort, and two from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (GSE54460 and GSE70769) were used as validation cohorts. Using the training cohort, univariate Cox regression survival analysis, robust likelihood-based survival model, and stepwise multiply Cox analysis were sequentially applied to explore predictive glycolysis-related candidates. A five-gene risk score was then constructed based on the Cox coefficient as the following: (−0.8367*GYS2) + (0.3448*STMN1) + (0.3595*PPFIA4) + (−0.1940*KDELR3) + (0.4779*ABCB6). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to identify the optimal cut-off point, and patients were divided into low risk and high risk groups. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that high risk group had significantly shorter BCR free survival time as compared with that in low risk group in training and validation cohorts. In conclusion, our data support the glycolysis-based five-gene signature as a novel and robust signature for predicting BCR of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Translational Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaoguan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Vadla P, Yeluri S, Deepthi G, Guttikonda VR, Taneeru S, Naramala S. Stathmin! An immunohistochemical analysis of the novel marker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Leukoplakia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3317-3323. [PMID: 33247690 PMCID: PMC8033135 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.11.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stathmin is an intracellular phosphoprotein that controls the microtubule dynamics by further regulating proper attachment and alignment of chromosomes in a dividing cell. Thus, any mutation or aberrantly expressed protein that reduces the fidelity of spindle assembly will enhance chromosomal instability contributing to aneuploidy. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma is an extensively studied malignancy that occurs due to accumulated genetic changes due to carcinogens. The current study is done to evaluate the stathmin role and its expression in OSCC and Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of stathmin in OSCC and Oral dysplasia and also to correlate the expression of Stathmin with respect to the different histopathological grades of OED and OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 neutral buffered formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues of Oral Leukoplakia/OED and 30 FFPE tissues of OSCC were subjected to immunohistochemistry with stathmin antibody. Five fields of each case with 300 cells were examined and a mean percentage of positive-stained slides were determined. The percentages were recorded accordingly with their respective histological grades. The results were analysed statistically. RESULTS The results of the present study demonstrated higher mean values of stathmin in tissues with OSCC (2.50) compared to leukoplakia (2.11) and normal tissues (0.00) with a high level of statistical significance (0.0001). There is also an increase in the percentage levels of stathmin with increase in the histological grade of differentiation in OSCC as well as leukoplakia. CONCLUSION The present study found a statistical correlation between increased grades of the disease with expression levels of stathmin. This confirms that stathmin expression can contribute to disease progression and that stathmin might have a potential role as an early diagnostic biomarker and can be a therapeutic target for OSCC. <br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Vadla
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Sivaranjani Yeluri
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - G Deepthi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | | | - Sravya Taneeru
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Srikanth Naramala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
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6
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Borys F, Joachimiak E, Krawczyk H, Fabczak H. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Microtubule Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E3705. [PMID: 32823874 PMCID: PMC7464520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), highly dynamic structures composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, are involved in cell movement and intracellular traffic and are essential for cell division. Within the cell, MTs are not uniform as they can be composed of different tubulin isotypes that are post-translationally modified and interact with different microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). These diverse intrinsic factors influence the dynamics of MTs. Extrinsic factors such as microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) can also affect MT dynamics. MTAs can be divided into two main categories: microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) and microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDAs). Thus, the MT skeleton is an important target for anticancer therapy. This review discusses factors that determine the microtubule dynamics in normal and cancer cells and describes microtubule-MTA interactions, highlighting the importance of tubulin isoform diversity and post-translational modifications in MTA responses and the consequences of such a phenomenon, including drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Borys
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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Wu H, Deng WW, Yang LL, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. Expression and phosphorylation of Stathmin 1 indicate poor survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and associate with immune suppression. Biomark Med 2018; 12:759-769. [PMID: 29847156 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Stathmin 1 and Serine 38 phospho-Stathmin 1 (p-Stathmin 1S38) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and research its correlation with clinical parameters, survival and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. RESULTS Stathmin 1 and p-Stathmin 1S38 overexpression in primary HNSCC is associated with poor overall survival. Stathmin 1 expression is related to tumor size, category and lymph node status. Stathmin 1 expression correlates with PD-L1, TIM3, VISTA, B7-H3, B7-H4, LAG-3 and p-STAT3 expression in HNSCC. P-Stathmin 1S38 expression correlates with PD-L1, VISTA, B7-H4, LAG-3 and p-STAT3 in HNSCC. CONCLUSION We found expression of Stathmin 1 and p-Stathmin 1S38 indicates poor survival in HNSCC and may be associated with immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Downregulation of stathmin 1 in human gallbladder carcinoma inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28833. [PMID: 27349455 PMCID: PMC4923895 DOI: 10.1038/srep28833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a highly lethal malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanism of GBC remains largely unclear. Stathmin 1 (STMN1) is an important cytosolic protein associated with microtubule stability that was reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. Up to our knowledge, its role in gallbladder carcinoma has not been analyzed. In this study, we found that STMN1 was significantly highly expressed in GBC by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Further research demonstrated that silencing of STMN1 inhibited cell growth in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of STMN1 induced apoptosis and delayed G2/M phase transformation in GBC cells. Our data support a rationale for further studies that the silencing of STMN1 may regulate the activity of p38 MAPK kinase and p53/p21 signal pathway. Besides, xenografted gallbladder carcinoma cells growth were significantly impaired after STMN1 was silenced in vivo. These results suggested that STMN1 played an important role in cell proliferation and migration. This provided a potential clue for investigating the therapeutic target in GBC.
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Martin SK, Kyprianou N. Exploitation of the Androgen Receptor to Overcome Taxane Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 127:123-58. [PMID: 26093899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a tumor addicted to androgen receptor (AR) signaling, even in its castration resistant state, and recently developed antiandrogen therapies including Abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide effectively target the androgen signaling axis, but there is ultimately recurrence to lethal disease. Development of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a biological consequence of lack of an apoptotic response of prostate tumor cells to androgen ablation. Taxanes represent the major clinically relevant chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with metastatic CRPC; unfortunately, they do not deliver a cure but an extension of overall survival. First-generation taxane chemotherapies, Docetaxel (Taxotere), effectively target the cytoskeleton by stabilizing the interaction of β-tubulin subunits of microtubules preventing depolymerization, inducing G2M arrest and apoptosis. Shifting the current paradigm is a growing evidence to indicate that Docetaxel can effectively target the AR signaling axis by blocking its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, implicating a new mechanism of cross-resistance between microtubule-targeting chemotherapy and antiandrogen therapies. More recently, Cabazitaxel has emerged as a second-line taxane chemotherapy capable of conferring additional survival benefit to patients with CRPC previously treated with Docetaxel or in combination with antiandrogens. Similar to Docetaxel, Cabazitaxel induces apoptosis and G2M arrest; in contrast to Docetaxel, it sustains AR nuclear accumulation although it reduces the overall AR levels and FOXO1 expression. Cabazitaxel treatment also leads to downregulation of the microtubule-depolymerizing mitotic kinesins, MCAK, and HSET, preventing their ability to depolymerize microtubules and thus enhancing sensitivity to taxane treatment. The molecular mechanisms underlying taxane resistance involve mutational alterations in the tubulin subunits, microtubule dynamics, phenotyping programming of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition landscape, and the status of AR activity. This chapter discusses the mechanisms driving the therapeutic resistance of taxanes and antiandrogen therapies in CRPC, and the role of AR in potential interventions toward overcoming such resistance in patients with advanced metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Akhtar J, Wang Z, Yu C, Zhang ZP. Effectiveness of local injection of lentivirus-delivered stathmin1 and stathmin1 shRNA in human gastric cancer xenograft mouse. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1685-91. [PMID: 24720379 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We have reported previously that RNA interference targeting stathmin1 (STMN1) gene in human gastric cancer cells inhibits proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Based on these observations, in the present study, the possibility that local injection of lentivirus-delivered stathmin shRNA would induce regression of the established human gastric cancer xenograft in animal model was investigated. METHODS BALB/c nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously into the right armpit with human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901(2 × 10(6) cells in 200 μL phosphate-buffered saline) to develop a xenograft model of human gastric cancer. When tumor reached suitable size, mice were randomly divided into two groups. STMN1 shRNA group (n = 6) were given local injection of lentivirus-delivered STMN1 shRNA, and the non-silencing shRNA group (n = 6) were administered with local injection of lentivirus-delivered non-silencing shRNA. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to verify the knockdown of the gene expression in dissected tumor at mRNA and protein level, respectively. RESULTS Experimental therapy on the nude mice model bearing subcutaneous tumor of SGC-7901 cells showed that local administration of STMN1 shRNA effectively regressed the pre-established tumors. Stathmin shRNA-treated tumors were significantly regressed as compared with that of the tumor injected with non-silencing shRNA (P < 0.05). Tumor weight was significantly decreased in STMN1-treated group as compared with non-silencing shRNA group (P < 0.05). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot showed downregulation of STMN1 gene expression in STMN1 shRNA group as compared with non-silencing shRNA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential use of local injection of lentivirus-delivered shRNA for the treatment of early localized human gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Akhtar
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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12
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Ebelt ND, Cantrell MA, Van Den Berg CL. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases Mediate a Wide Range of Targets in the Metastatic Cascade. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:378-87. [PMID: 24349635 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913485413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells rely on intricate interactions among diverse cell types in the tumor-associated stroma, vasculature, and immune system for survival and growth. Ubiquitous expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk) genes in various cell types permits their control of metastasis. In early stages of metastasis, JNKs affect tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis as well as tumor cell migration and intravasation. Within the tumor stroma, JNKs are essential for the release of growth factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells. JNK3, the least ubiquitous isoform, facilitates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell migration. Importantly, JNK expression in tumor cells integrates stromal signals to promote tumor cell invasion. However, JNK isoforms differentially regulate migration toward the endothelial barrier. Once tumor cells enter the bloodstream, JNKs increase circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival and homing to tissues. By promoting fibrosis, JNKs improve CTC attachment to the endothelium. Once anchored, JNKs stimulate EMT to facilitate tumor cell extravasation and enhance the secretion of endothelial barrier disrupters. Tumor cells attract barrier-disrupting macrophages by JNK-dependent transcription of macrophage chemoattractant molecules. In the secondary tissue, JNKs are instrumental in the premetastatic niche and stimulate tumor cell proliferation. JNK expression in cancer cells stimulates tissue-remodeling macrophages to improve tumor colonization. However, in T-cells, JNKs alter cytokine production that increases tumor surveillance and inhibits the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Therapeutically targeting JNKs for metastatic disease is attractive considering their promotion of metastasis; however, specific JNK tools are needed to determine their definitive actions within the context of the entire metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Ebelt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Cantrell
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carla L Van Den Berg
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA ; Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Ahn EY, Yoo JE, Rhee H, Kim MS, Choi J, Ko JE, Lee JS, Park YN. Increased expression of stathmin and elongation factor 1α in precancerous nodules with telomere dysfunction in hepatitis B viral cirrhotic patients. J Transl Med 2014; 12:154. [PMID: 24885363 PMCID: PMC4050101 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Telomere dysfunction is important in carcinogenesis, and recently, stathmin and elongation factor 1α (EF1α) were reported to be up-regulated in telomere dysfunctional mice. Methods In the present study, the expression levels of stathmin and EF1α in relation to telomere length, telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF), γ-H2AX, and p21WAF1/CIP1 expression were assessed in specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related multistep hepatocarcinogenesis, including 13 liver cirrhosis specimens, 14 low-grade dysplastic nodules (DN), 17 high-grade DNs, and 14 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Five normal liver specimens were used as controls. TIF were analyzed by telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with immunostaining, while the protein expressions of stathmin, EF1α, γ-H2AX, and p21WAF1/CIP1 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Result The expressions of stathmin and EF1α gradually increased as multistep hepatocarcinogenesis progressed, showing the highest levels in HCC. Stathmin mRNA levels were higher in high-grade DNs than normal liver and liver cirrhosis, whereas EF1α mRNA expression did not show such a difference. The protein expressions of stathmin and EF1α were found in DNs of precancerous lesions, whereas they were absent or present at very low levels in normal liver and liver cirrhosis. Stathmin histoscores were higher in high-grade DNs and low-grade DNs than in normal liver (all, P < 0.05). EF1α histoscores were higher in high-grade DNs than in normal liver and liver cirrhosis (all, P < 0.05). Stathmin mRNA levels and histoscores, as well as EF1α histoscores (but not mRNA levels), were positively correlated with telomere shortening and γ-H2AX labeling index (all, P < 0.05). EF1α histoscores were also positively correlated with TIF (P < 0.001). Significantly greater inactivation of p21WAF1/CIP1 was observed in low-grade DNs, high-grade DNs, and HCC, compared to liver cirrhosis (all, P < 0.05). p21WAF1/CIP1 labeling index was inversely correlated with TIF, stathmin mRNA level, and EF1α histoscore (all, P < 0.05). Conclusion Stathmin and EF1α are suggested to be closely related to telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and inactivation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in HBV-related multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Accordingly, assessment of stathmin and EF1α levels as a reflection of telomere dysfunction may be helpful in evaluating the biological characteristics of precancerous hepatic nodules in hepatitis B viral cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsan-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Akhtar J, Wang Z, Zhang ZP, Bi MM. Lentiviral-mediated RNA interference targeting stathmin1 gene in human gastric cancer cells inhibits proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. J Transl Med 2013; 11:212. [PMID: 24040910 PMCID: PMC3848762 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is highly aggressive disease. Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, the prognosis is still poor. Various genetic and molecular alterations are found in gastric cancer that underlies the malignant transformation of gastric mucosa during the multistep process of gastric cancer pathogenesis. The detailed mechanism of the gastric cancer development remains uncertain. In present study we investigated the potential role of stathmin1 gene in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and examined the usefulness of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting stathmin1 as a form of gastric cancer treatment. METHODS A lentiviral vector encoding a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted against stathmin1 was constructed and transfected into the packaging cells HEK 293 T and the viral supernatant was collected to transfect MKN-45 cells. The transwell chemotaxis assay and the CCK-8 assay were used to measure migration and proliferation of tumor cells, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of stathmin1. RESULTS Lentivirus mediated RNAi effectively reduced stathmin1 expression in gastric cells. Significant decreases in stathmin1 mRNA and protein expression were detected in gastric cells carrying lentiviral stathmin-shRNA vector and also significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration in gastric cancer cells and tumorigenicity in Xenograft Animal Models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that stathmin1 overexpression is common in gastric cancer and may play a role in its pathogenesis. Lentivirus mediated RNAi effectively reduced stathmin1 expression in gastric cells. In summary, shRNA targeting of stathmin1 can effectively inhibits human gastric cancer cell growth in vivo and may be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Akhtar
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Ping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Ming Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Shandong, China
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Mistry SJ, Oh WK. New paradigms in microtubule-mediated endocrine signaling in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:555-66. [PMID: 23635655 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer has limited therapeutic options and has remained a major clinical challenge. Historically, prostate cancer has been widely recognized as a chemotherapy-resistant disease. However, clinical studies with anti-microtubule agents over the past decade have shown important efficacy in improving survival in patients with advanced disease. The favorable outcomes with microtubule-targeted agents have thus rekindled interest in such therapies for the clinical management of prostate cancer. Microtubules are dynamic polymers of tubulin molecules that play diverse roles within the cell. The dynamic property of microtubules is responsible for forming the bipolar mitotic apparatus, the mitotic spindle, that functions to precisely segregate the chromosomes during cell division. Thus, owing to the pivotal role that they play in the orchestration of mitotic events, microtubules provide excellent targets for anti-cancer therapy. Recent evidence also suggests that microtubules play a crucial role in the regulation of endocrine signaling pathways. Interestingly, microtubule-targeted agents such as taxanes not only inhibit cell division but also impair endocrine receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Herein, we provide an overview of the current status of microtubule-targeted therapies that are used in the treatment of prostate cancer and discuss novel mechanisms by which such therapies modulate endocrine signaling in prostate cancer. We also address the emerging roles of microtubule regulatory proteins in prostate carcinogenesis that could serve as attractive targets for prostate cancer therapy and might also serve as predictive biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit from endocrine and/or chemotherapy. This may have important implications in designing mechanism-based and targeted-therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita J Mistry
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Indovina P, Marcelli E, Pentimalli F, Tanganelli P, Tarro G, Giordano A. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: the road to lung cancer biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:129-142. [PMID: 22829143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women in Western nations, and is among the deadliest cancers with a 5-year survival rate of 15%. The high mortality caused by lung cancer is attributable to a late-stage diagnosis and the lack of effective treatments. So, it is crucial to identify new biomarkers that could function not only to detect lung cancer at an early stage but also to shed light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie cancer development and serve as the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Considering that DNA-based biomarkers for lung cancer showed inadequate sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, proteomics could represent a better tool for the identification of useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this cancer type. Among the proteomics technologies, the most powerful tool is mass spectrometry. In this review, we describe studies that use mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies to analyze tumor proteins and peptides, which might represent new diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers for lung cancer. We focus in particular on those findings that hold promise to impact significantly on the clinical management of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Glycosylation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/blood
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/drug therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proteomics/methods
- Saliva/chemistry
- Saliva/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Carney BK, Caruso Silva V, Cassimeris L. The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for a G2 cell cycle delay in cancer cells lacking stathmin and p53. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:278-89. [PMID: 22407961 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In several cancer cell lines, depleting the microtubule (MT)-destabilizing protein stathmin/oncoprotein18 leads to a G2 cell cycle delay and apoptosis. These phenotypes are observed only in synergy with low levels of p53, but the pathway(s) activated by stathmin depletion to delay the cell cycle are unknown. We found that stathmin depletion caused greater MT stability in synergy with loss of p53, measured by the levels of acetylated α-tubulin and the rate of centrosomal MT nucleation. Nocodazole or vinblastine-induced MT depolymerization abrogated the stathmin-depletion induced G2 delay, measured by the percentage of cells staining positive for several markers (TPX2, CDK1 with inhibitory phosphorylation), indicating that MTs are required to lengthen G2. Live cell imaging showed that stathmin depletion increased time in G2 without an impact on the duration of mitosis, indicating that the longer interphase duration is not simply a consequence of a previous slowed mitosis. In contrast, stabilization of MTs with paclitaxel (8 nM) slowed mitosis without lengthening the duration of interphase, demonstrating that increased MT stability alone is not sufficient to delay cells in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Carney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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Ovando BJ, Ellison CA, Vezina CM, Olson JR. Toxicogenomic analysis of exposure to TCDD, PCB126 and PCB153: identification of genomic biomarkers of exposure to AhR ligands. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:583. [PMID: 20959002 PMCID: PMC3091730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two year cancer bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program have shown chronic exposure to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) to lead to the development of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in the hepatic tissue of female Sprague Dawley rats. Most, if not all, of the hepatotoxic effects induced by DLC's are believed to involve the binding and activation of the transcription factor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicogenomics was implemented to identify genomic responses that may be contributing to the development of hepatotoxicity in rats. Results Through comparative analysis of time-course microarray data, unique hepatic gene expression signatures were identified for the DLCs, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (100 ng/kg/day) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (1000 ng/kg/day) and the non-DLC 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) (1000 μg/kg/day). A common time independent signature of 41 AhR genomic biomarkers was identified which exhibited at least a 2-fold change in expression following subchronic (13-wk) and chronic (52-wk) p.o. exposure to TCDD and PCB126, but not the non DLC, PCB153. Real time qPCR analysis validated that 30 of these genes also exhibited at least a 2-fold change in hepatic expression at 24 hr following a single exposure to TCDD (5 μg/kg, po). Phenotypic anchoring was conducted which identified forty-six genes that were differently expressed both following chronic p.o. exposure to DLCs and in previously reported studies of cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular adenoma. Conclusions Together these analyses provide a comprehensive description of the genomic responses which occur in rat hepatic tissue with exposure to AhR ligands and will help to isolate those genomic responses which are contributing to the hepatotoxicity observed with exposure to DLCs. In addition, the time independent gene expression signature of the AhR ligands may assist in identifying other agents with the potential to elicit dioxin-like hepatotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bladimir J Ovando
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Calvo A, Perez-Stable C, Segura V, Catena R, Guruceaga E, Nguewa P, Blanco D, Parada L, Reiner T, Green JE. Molecular characterization of the Ggamma-globin-Tag transgenic mouse model of hormone refractory prostate cancer: comparison to human prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70:630-45. [PMID: 20058236 PMCID: PMC3457648 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) has a high incidence in Western countries and at present, there is no cure for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Transgenic mouse models have proven useful for understanding mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. The characterization of genetically modified mouse PrCa models using high-throughput genomic analyses provides important information to guide appropriate experiment applications for such model. METHODS We have analyzed the transcriptome of the hormone refractory and highly metastatic Fetal Globin-SV40/T-antigen (Ggamma-globin-Tag) transgenic mouse model for PrCa compared to normal mouse prostate tissue. Gene expression patterns found in Ggamma-globin-Tag mouse prostate tumors were compared with publicly available human localized and metastatic prostate tumors (GEO accession # GSE3325) through hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson's rank correlation coefficient, and Self Organizing Feature Maps (SOM) analyses. RESULTS Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors clustered closely with human metastatic tumors and gene expression patterns had a significant correlation (P < 0.01), unlike human localized primary tumors (P > 0.6). Bioinformatic analyses identified deregulated genetic pathways and networks in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors, which displayed similarities to alterations in human PrCa. Changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair (Rb1, p53, Myc, PCNA, DNMT3A) and growth factor signaling pathways (TGFbeta2, ERK1/2, NRas, and Notch1) are deregulated in the Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors, suggesting their key role in the oncogenic process. Identification of an enrichment of putative binding sites for transcription factors revealed eight transcription factors that may be important in Ggamma-globin-Tag carcinogenesis, including SP1, NF-Y, CREB, Elk1, and E2F. Novel genes related to microtubule regulation were also identified in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors as potentially important candidate targets for PrCa. Overexpression of stathmin-1, whose expression was increased in human metastatic prostate tumors, was validated in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors by immunohistochemistry. This protein belongs to the SV40/T-antigen cancer signature identified in previous studies in prostate, breast, and lung cancer mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the Ggamma-globin-Tag model for hormone refractory PrCa shares important features with aggressive, metastatic human PrCa. Given the role of stathmin-1 in the destabilization of microtubles and taxane resistance, the Ggamma-globin-Tag model and other SV40/T-antigen driven transgenic models may be useful for testing potential therapies directed at stathmin-1 in human prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Calvo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos Perez-Stable
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Department of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Victor Segura
- Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raúl Catena
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Blanco
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Teresita Reiner
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Department of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffrey E. Green
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Dr. Jeffrey E. Green, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 4054, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Jeon TY, Han ME, Lee YW, Lee YS, Kim GH, Song GA, Hur GY, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Yoon S, Baek SY, Kim BS, Kim JB, Oh SO. Overexpression of stathmin1 in the diffuse type of gastric cancer and its roles in proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:710-8. [PMID: 20087351 PMCID: PMC2837578 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stathmin1 is a microtubule-regulating protein that has an important role in the assembly and disassembly of the mitotic spindle. The roles of stathmin1 in carcinogenesis of various cancers, including prostate and breast cancer, have been explored. However, its expression and roles in gastric cancer have not yet been described. METHODS Stathmin1 expression in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 226 patients was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Roles of stathmin1 were studied using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS The expression of stathmin1 was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stages and vascular invasion, and negatively with recurrence-free survival, in the diffuse type of gastric cancer. The median recurrence-free survival in patients with a negative and positive expression of stathmin1 was 17.0 and 7.0 months, respectively (P=0.009). When the expression of stathmin1 was knocked down using siRNA, the proliferation, migration and invasion of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells in vitro were significantly inhibited. Moreover, stathmin1 siRNA transfection significantly slowed the growth of xenografts in nude mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stathmin1 can be a good prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival rate and is a therapeutic target in diffuse-type gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-Y Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - M-E Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - Y-W Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - Y-S Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - G-H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - G-A Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - G-Y Hur
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - J-Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - H-J Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - S Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - S-Y Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - B-S Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - J-B Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
| | - S-O Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Beomeo-Ri, Mulgeum-Eup, Yangsan, 626–870, South Korea
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Lee WY, Lee PPF, Yan YK, Lau M. Cytotoxic copper(ii) salicylaldehyde semicarbazone complexes: Mode of action and proteomic analysis. Metallomics 2010; 2:694-705. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Devred F, Barbier P, Lafitte D, Landrieu I, Lippens G, Peyrot V. Microtubule and MAPs: thermodynamics of complex formation by AUC, ITC, fluorescence, and NMR. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 95:449-80. [PMID: 20466148 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)95023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are implicated in many essential cellular processes such as architecture, cell division, and intracellular traffic, due to their dynamic instability. This dynamicity is tightly regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), such as tau and stathmin. Despite extensive studies motivated by their central role in physiological functions and pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, the precise mechanisms of tau and stathmin binding to tubulin and their consequences on microtubule stability are still not fully understood. One of the most crucial points missing is a quantitative thermodynamic description of their interaction with tubulin/microtubules and of the tubulin complexes formed upon these interactions. In this chapter, we will focus on the use of analytical ultracentrifugation, isothermal titration calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance-three powerful and complementary techniques in the field of MAP-tubulin/microtubule interactions, in addition to the spectrometric techniques and co-sedimentation approach. We will present the limits of these techniques to study this particular interaction and precautions that need to be taken during MAPs preparation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern MAPs action on microtubular network will not only shed new light on the role of this crucial family of protein in the biology of the cell, but also hopefully open new paths to increase the therapeutic efficiency of microtubule-targeting drugs in cancers therapies and neurodegeneratives diseases prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Devred
- CRO2, U911 Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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Chung MK, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Han ME, Yoon S, Baek SY, Kim BS, Kim JB, Oh SO. Hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation of prostate cancer cells via stathmin1. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:51-7. [PMID: 19779961 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential pathway in embryonic development of prostate. Hh also plays roles in the proliferation of progenitor cells and cancer cells of adult prostate. However, how Hh signaling contributes to carcinogenesis of prostate is poorly understood. Stathmin1 is a microtubule-regulating protein that plays an important role in the assembly and disassembly of the mitotic spindle. Stathmin1 is expressed in normal developing mouse prostate and in prostate cancer. The expression pattern of stathmin1 is similar to that of Shh in prostate development and cancer, suggesting a connection between these two proteins. In this study, we examined the relationship between stathmin1 and Hh signaling. Here, we show that stathmin1 expression is regulated by Hh signaling in prostate cancer cells. Cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Hh signaling, reduced the expression of stathmin1 in prostate cancer cells. However, the Shh peptide induced stathmin1 expression. Overexpression of Gli1 further confirmed the relationship. Co-expression of stathmin1 and Patched 1, a receptor for Hh signaling was observed in prostate cancer tissues. Cyclopamine and stathmin1 siRNA both decreased proliferation of prostate cancer cells but did not produce an additive effect, suggesting a common pathway. These results suggest that Hh signaling regulates proliferation of prostate cancer cells by controlling stathmin1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Kee Chung
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-Eup, Beomeo-Ri, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
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Ogino S, Nosho K, Baba Y, Kure S, Shima K, Irahara N, Toyoda S, Chen L, Kirkner GJ, Wolpin BM, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS. A cohort study of STMN1 expression in colorectal cancer: body mass index and prognosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:2047-56. [PMID: 19513025 PMCID: PMC2866652 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES STMN1 (stathmin or oncoprotein-18) destabilizes microtubules and reorganizes cytoskeleton, and functions in cell cycle progression and cell migration. STMN1 activity is influenced by p53, p27, and the PI3K/AKT pathway. However, its prognostic significance in colon cancer is uncertain. METHODS Utilizing 546 colorectal cancers (stage I-IV) from two independent prospective cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study), STMN1 expression was detected in 297 (54%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazard models computed hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality, adjusted for clinical and tumoral features, including microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP), LINE-1 hypomethylation, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, p53, p21, p27, cyclin D1, beta-catenin, fatty acid synthase, FASN, and COX-2. RESULTS Five-year colorectal cancer-specific survival was 78% in STMN1-positive patients and 76% in STMN1-negative patients (log-rank P=0.30). STMN1-positivity was not significantly associated with cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis with HR of 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59-1.14), which became significant in multivariate analysis (adjusted HR=0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.87; P=0.0078). Notably, the prognostic effect of obesity (body mass index, BMI> or =30 kg/m2) significantly differed by STMN1 (P(interaction)=0.005). Obesity was associated with high cancer-specific mortality among STMN1-positive patients (adjusted HR=2.36; 95% CI, 1.18-4.69), whereas obesity was not associated with high mortality among STMN1-negative patients (adjusted HR=0.51; 95% CI, 0.24-1.07). CONCLUSIONS STMN1 overexpression in colorectal cancer is independently associated with improved survival. The adverse prognostic effect of obesity was limited to patients with STMN1-positive tumors. Our findings suggest the presence of a tumor (STMN1)-host (BMI) interaction that potentially determines clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shoko Kure
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaori Shima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natsumi Irahara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saori Toyoda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory J. Kirkner
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian M. Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ringhoff DN, Cassimeris L. Gene expression profiles in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking stathmin, a microtubule regulatory protein, reveal changes in the expression of genes contributing to cell motility. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:343. [PMID: 19643027 PMCID: PMC2725145 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stathmin (STMN1) protein functions to regulate assembly of the microtubule cytoskeleton by destabilizing microtubule polymers. Stathmin over-expression has been correlated with cancer stage progression, while stathmin depletion leads to death of some cancer cell lines in culture. In contrast, stathmin-null mice are viable with minor axonopathies and loss of innate fear response. Several stathmin binding partners, in addition to tubulin, have been shown to affect cell motility in culture. To expand our understanding of stathmin function in normal cells, we compared gene expression profiles, measured by microarray and qRT-PCR, of mouse embryo fibroblasts isolated from STMN1+/+ and STMN1-/- mice to determine the transcriptome level changes present in the genetic knock-out of stathmin. RESULTS Microarray analysis of STMN1 loss at a fold change threshold of > or = 2.0 revealed expression changes for 437 genes, of which 269 were up-regulated and 168 were down-regulated. Microarray data and qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression demonstrated changes in the message levels for STMN4, encoding RB3, a protein related to stathmin, and in alterations to many tubulin isotype mRNAs. KEGG Pathway analysis of the microarray data indicated changes to cell motility-related genes, and qRT-PCR plates specific for focal adhesion and ECM proteins generally confirmed the microarray data. Several microtubule assembly regulators and motors were also differentially regulated in STMN1-/- cells, but these changes should not compensate for loss of stathmin. CONCLUSION Approximately 50% of genes up or down regulated (at a fold change of > or = 2) in STMN1-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts function broadly in cell adhesion and motility. These results support models indicating a role for stathmin in regulating cell locomotion, but also suggest that this functional activity may involve changes to the cohort of proteins expressed in the cell, rather than as a direct consequence of stathmin-dependent regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Ringhoff
- Chemistry Department, Lehigh University, Mudd Building, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Lynne Cassimeris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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Kuo MF, Wang HS, Kuo QT, Shun CT, Hsu HC, Yang SH, Yuan RH. High expression of stathmin protein predicts a fulminant course in medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009; 4:74-80. [PMID: 19569914 DOI: 10.3171/2009.2.peds08287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Stathmin, an important cytosolic phosphoprotein, is involved in cell proliferation and motility. This study was performed to elucidate the role of stathmin in the progression of medulloblastoma. METHODS The expression of stathmin protein was examined by immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections obtained in 17 consecutive patients with medulloblastoma who underwent resection between 1995 and 2005. Four patients were excluded because they were either lost to follow-up or underwent biopsy sampling only, leaving a total of 13 patients in the study. The stathmin expression was scored according to the immunoreactive fraction of tumor cells, and the level was correlated with various clinicopathological factors. RESULTS The expression level of stathmin protein was < or = 10% in 9 patients, 11-50% in 1, and > 50% in 3. No staining was seen in the tissues adjacent to the tumors. For comparison, the authors grouped the expression level of stathmin into high (> 50%) and low (< or = 50%). It was found that patients with high expression of stathmin had more frequent tumor dissemination at the time of resection or soon after total excision of the tumor (p = 0.0035), and hence experienced a fulminant course with lower patient survival (p < 0.0001), with an average survival period of 6.7 months (range 2-10 months). The expression level of stathmin did not correlate with patient age, sex, CSF cytological findings, use of adjuvant therapies, Ki 67 index, or risk classification of the tumors according to previously described categories in the literature. CONCLUSIONS High stathmin expression correlates with tumor dissemination, is an important prognostic factor of medulloblastoma, and may serve as a useful marker for more intensive adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fai Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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28
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Xi W, Rui W, Fang L, Ke D, Ping G, Hui-Zhong Z. Expression of stathmin/op18 as a significant prognostic factor for cervical carcinoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:837-46. [PMID: 19034510 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stathmin (Oncoprotein18), a ubiquitous and highly conserved 19-kDa cytosolic phosphoprotein, has been reported to play a critical role in mitosis and possibly other cellular processes, which is associated with tumor carcinogenesis and development. The purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of stathmin in human cervical carcinogenesis and to evaluate its prognostic significance in human cervical carcinoma. METHODS Using semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, we detected the expression of stathmin in human normal cervical epithelial cell line, immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines, and cervical carcinoma cell lines. Additionally, we also detected the expression of stathmin protein in 15 cases of cervical carcinoma tissues and adjacent non-carcinomous margin tissues. Furthermore, specimens from 148 patients with different grade and stage cervical carcinoma were investigated by immunohistochemistry for stathmin expression. Correlations between the expression of stathmin and various clinicopathological factors were studied, while statistical analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic and diagnostic associations. RESULTS The levels of stathmin mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in cervical carcinoma cells and immortalized cervical epithelial cells than in normal cervical epithelial cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, Western blotting revealed high stathmin protein expression in 73.3% (11/15) cervical carcinoma tissues, while stathmin were overexpressed in tumor tissues as compared with adjacent non-carcinomous margin samples (P = 0.017). In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed stathmin immunoreactivity in 81.1% (120/148) of cervical carcinoma tissues and high stathmin expression was significantly correlated with clinical stage (P = 0.006), T classification (P = 0.012), regional lymph node metastasis (P = 0.005) and hematogenous metastasis (P = 0.021). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high stathmin positivity was significantly associated with a shorter survival time (P < 0.001). Clinical stage (P = 0.0022), T classification (P = 0.0035), regional lymph node (P = 0.0008) or hematogenous metastasis (P = 0.0015) were also associated with survival time. Furthermore, by Cox multivariate analysis, only lymph node (P = 0.0052) or hematogenous metastasis (P = 0.0046) maintained their significance as independent prognostic factors, although stathmin was not an independent prognostic factor (risk ratio: 1.45; P = 0.0624). CONCLUSIONS Stathmin expression correlates with cervical carcinogenesis and tumor progression. This molecule is a valuable prognostic marker in patients with cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xi
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Saldanha RG, Xu N, Molloy MP, Veal DA, Baker MS. Differential proteome expression associated with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) suppression in malignant epithelial cancer. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4792-806. [PMID: 18808175 DOI: 10.1021/pr800357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the plasminogen activation cascade is a prototypic feature in many malignant epithelial cancers. Principally, this is thought to occur through activation of overexpressed urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) concomitant with binding to its high specificity cell surface receptor urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Up-regulation of uPA and uPAR in cancer appears to potentiate the malignant phenotype, either (i) directly by triggering plasmin-mediated degradation or activation of uPA's or plasmin's proteolytic targets (e.g., extracellular matrix zymogen proteases or nascent growth factors) or indirectly by simultaneously altering a range of downstream functions including signal transduction pathways ( Romer, J. ; Nielsen, B. S. ; Ploug, M. The urokinase receptor as a potential target in cancer therapy Curr. Pharm. Des. 2004, 10 ( 19), 235976 ). Because many malignant epithelial cancers express high levels of uPAR, uPA or other components of the plasminogen activation cascade and because these are often associated with poor prognosis, characterizing how uPAR changes the downstream cellular "proteome" is fundamental to understanding any role in cancer. This study describes a carefully designed proteomic study of the effects of antisense uPAR suppression in a previously studied colon cancer cell line (HCT116). The study utilized replicate 2DE gels and two independent gel image analysis software packages to confidently identify 64 proteins whose expression levels changed (by > or =2 fold) coincident with a moderate ( approximately 40%) suppression of cell-surface uPAR. Not surprisingly, many of the altered proteins have previously been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression (e.g., p53 tumor suppressor protein and c-myc oncogene protein among many others). In addition, through a combination of proteomics and immunological methods, this study demonstrates that stathmin 1alpha, a cytoskeletal protein implicated in tumor progression, undergoes a basic isoelectric point shift (p I) following uPAR suppression, suggesting that post-translational modification of stathmin occur secondary to uPAR suppression. Overall, these results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms involved in uPAR signaling and how it may promulgate the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit G Saldanha
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Stathmin/Op18 is a novel mediator of vinblastine activity. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2484-8. [PMID: 18588888 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) dynamic instability is tightly regulated by stabilizing and destabilizing proteins, the latter being exemplified by stathmin/Op18, a protein known to destabilize MTs. Studies in cells have indicated that the level of stathmin expression modifies the cytotoxicity of antimicrotubule drugs, such as vinblastine (VLB). Using isothermal titration calorimetry and analytical ultracentrifugation, we show that VLB increases the affinity of stathmin for tubulin 50-fold (and vice versa). These results are the first biochemical evidence of the direct relationship between stathmin and an antimitotic drug, and reveal a new mechanism of action for VLB.
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Kogo H, Yoshie M, Kutsukake M, Tamura K. [Role of implantation-related factors, stathmin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in reproductive endocrinology]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:565-74. [PMID: 18379173 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful implantation and placentation require that trophoblasts adhere to the uterine epithelium and penetrate the decidualized endometrium. However, the biochemical mechanisms of the establishment of pregnancy including these phenomena have not yet to be definitively elucidated. We have found that stathmin, a cytosolic phosphoprotein that regulates microtubule dynamics, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1, now called IGF-binding protein 7) were highly expressed in the endometrium around the time of implantation and decidualization. In this article, we review our recent findings of the research regarding the functions of these implantation-associated proteins in endocrine physiology and pharmacology. Analysis of the expression of both factors in rodent and human uterus has revealed that both factors are crucial for the process of endometrial stromal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ahlborn GJ, Nelson GM, Ward WO, Knapp G, Allen JW, Ouyang M, Roop BC, Chen Y, O'Brien T, Kitchin KT, Delker DA. Dose response evaluation of gene expression profiles in the skin of K6/ODC mice exposed to sodium arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:400-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sellin ME, Holmfeldt P, Stenmark S, Gullberg M. Op18/Stathmin counteracts the activity of overexpressed tubulin-disrupting proteins in a human leukemia cell line. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1367-77. [PMID: 18262179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Op18/stathmin (Op18) is a phosphorylation-regulated and differentially expressed microtubule-destabilizing protein in animal cells. Op18 regulates tubulin monomer-polymer partitioning of the interphase microtubule system and forms complexes with tubulin heterodimers. Recent reports have shown that specific tubulin-folding cofactors and related proteins may disrupt tubulin heterodimers. We therefore investigated whether Op18 protects unpolymerized tubulin from such disruptive activities. Our approach was based on inducible overexpression of two tubulin-disrupting proteins, namely TBCE, which is required for tubulin biogenesis, and E-like, which has been proposed to regulate tubulin turnover and microtubule stability. Expression of either of these proteins was found to cause a rapid degradation of both alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin subunits of unpolymerized, but not polymeric, tubulin heterodimers. We found that depletion of Op18 by means of RNA interference increased the susceptibility of tubulin to TBCE or E-like mediated disruption, while overexpressed Op18 exerted a tubulin-protective effect. Tubulin protection was shown to depend on Op18 levels, binding affinity, and the partitioning between tubulin monomers and polymers. Hence, the present study reveals that Op18 at physiologically relevant levels functions to preserve the integrity of tubulin heterodimers, which may serve to regulate tubulin turnover rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Sadow PM, Rumilla KM, Erickson LA, Lloyd RV. Stathmin expression in pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and in other endocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol 2008; 19:97-103. [PMID: 18461287 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-008-9028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors confined to the adrenal glands, and malignant pheochromocytomas can spread to various sites including the liver, lung, and bones. Paragangliomas occur in numerous locations in the body, so assessment of metastatic disease is more challenging, as patients with familial syndromes often have multiple, possibly independent paragangliomas. The most reliable criterion for malignancy in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas is metastatic disease. Because there are few immunohistochemical markers that are useful in the diagnosis of malignancy in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas before they metastasize, more markers are needed to characterize these tumors. Stathmin is a widely expressed 17-kDa cytoplasmic, microtubule destabilizing and sequestering phosphoprotein that is important in cell motility and cancer cell metastasis. It is upregulated in various malignancies. We examined stathmin expression in tissues from patients with pheochromocytomas (n = 48), malignant pheochromocytomas (n = 28), paragangliomas (n = 42), and malignant paragangliomas (n = 21) by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays (TMA) with a polyclonal antibody against stathmin. A series of other endocrine tissues and tumors (n = 70) were also examined for stathmin expression. Stathmin was more highly expressed in pheochromocytomas compared to normal adrenals, a finding confirmed by Western blot. There was higher expression of stathmin by immunohistochemical staining in malignant pheochromocytomas compared to pheochromocytomas without metastasis when analyzed by maximal staining (p = 0.012). Stathmin was present in a wide variety of endocrine tumors and was most highly expressed in rapidly proliferating tumors including anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinomas of the skin and small cell carcinomas of the lung. These results show that stathmin is expressed at higher levels in more rapidly proliferating endocrine tumors. However, it is probably not useful as a stand-alone marker to determine malignancy in pheochromocytomas for individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wei SH, Lin F, Wang X, Gao P, Zhang HZ. Prognostic significance of stathmin expression in correlation with metastasis and clinicopathological characteristics in human ovarian carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2007; 110:59-65. [PMID: 18054374 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin, also called oncoprotein 18, is a founding member of the family of microtubule-destabilizing proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of mitosis. Stathmin is non-expressed in normal tissues, but stathmin gene is expressed at high levels in many human malignancies and the relationships between the levels of this gene expression in tumors and prognosis of the patients have been addressed. In this report, we explored the relationships between stathmin mRNA expression in ovarian carcinoma tissues and clinicopathological parameters. We collected and analyzed paraffin wax-embedded ovarian tumor biopsy tissues from 42 ovarian cancer patients in our hospital. We employed RT-PCR method and performed a densitometric analysis to determine the ratio of stathmin relative to beta-actin as an internal marker. Results showed that the stathmin mRNA expression was detected in all the ovarian carcinoma tissue samples and those samples with metastasis had higher levels of stathmin mRNA expression in initial biopsy specimens (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of stathmin mRNA expression between samples with and without metastasis showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).
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Mistry SJ, Bank A, Atweh GF. Synergistic antiangiogenic effects of stathmin inhibition and taxol exposure. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:773-82. [PMID: 17670914 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin is one of the key regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton and the mitotic spindle in eukaryotic cells. It is expressed at high levels in a wide variety of human cancers and may provide an attractive target for cancer therapy. We had previously shown that stathmin inhibition results in the abrogation of the malignant phenotype. The microtubule-interfering drug, taxol, has both antitumorigenic and antiangiogenic properties. We had also shown that the antitumor activities of taxol and stathmin inhibition are synergistic. We hypothesized that taxol and stathmin inhibition may also have synergistic antiangiogenic activities. A replication-deficient bicistronic adenoviral vector that coexpresses green fluorescent protein and an anti-stathmin ribozyme was used to target stathmin mRNA. Exposure of endothelial cells to anti-stathmin adenovirus alone resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation, migration, and differentiation into capillary-like structures. This inhibition was markedly enhanced by exposure of transduced endothelial cells to very low concentrations of taxol, which resulted in a virtually complete loss of proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells. In contrast, exposure of nontransduced endothelial cells to taxol alone resulted in a modest inhibition of proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our detailed analysis showed that the antiangiogenic effects of the combination of stathmin inhibition and taxol exposure are synergistic. Our studies also showed that the mechanism of this synergistic interaction is likely to be mediated through the stabilization of microtubules. Thus, this novel combination may provide an attractive therapeutic strategy that combines a synergistic antitumor activity with a synergistic antiangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita J Mistry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Box 1079, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Ghosh R, Gu G, Tillman E, Yuan J, Wang Y, Fazli L, Rennie PS, Kasper S. Increased expression and differential phosphorylation of stathmin may promote prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2007; 67:1038-52. [PMID: 17455228 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins which regulate normal development may promote tumorigenesis, tumor progression, or metastasis through dysregulation of these functions. We postulate that proteins, which regulate prostate growth also promote prostate cancer (PCa) progression. METHODS Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis was utilized to compare patterns of protein expression in 12T-7f prostates (LPB-Tag mouse model for PCa) during tumor development and progression with those of normal developing and adult wild type CD-1 prostates. Stathmin expression and phosphorylation patterns were analyzed in mouse and human PCa cell lines as well as in human PCa tissue arrays. RESULTS Stathmin was identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Stathmin levels increase early during normal mouse prostate development and again during prostate tumor development and progression. In human prostate adenocarcinoma, stathmin increases in Gleason pattern 5. Further, stathmin is differentially phosphorylated in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells compared to androgen-independent PC-3 and DU145 cells. This differential phosphorylation is modulated by androgen and anti-androgen treatment. CONCLUSION Stathmin expression is highest when the prostate is undergoing morphogenesis or tumorigenesis and these processes may be regulated through differential phosphorylation. Furthermore, modulation of stathmin phosphorylation may correlate with the development of androgen-independent PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2765, USA
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Mistry SJ, Atweh GF. Therapeutic interactions between stathmin inhibition and chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:3248-57. [PMID: 17172428 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of prostate cancer therapy may be overcome by combinations of chemotherapeutic agents with gene therapy directed against specific proteins critical for disease progression. Stathmin is overexpressed in many types of human cancer, including prostate cancer. Stathmin is one of the key regulators of the microtubule network and the mitotic spindle and provides an attractive therapeutic target in cancer therapy. We recently showed that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of anti-stathmin ribozyme could suppress the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells in vitro. In the current studies, we asked whether the therapeutic effects of stathmin inhibition could be further enhanced by exposure to different chemotherapeutic agents. Exposure of uninfected LNCaP human prostate cancer cells or cells infected with a control adenovirus to Taxol, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or Adriamycin resulted in modest decrease in proliferation and clonogenicity. Interestingly, exposure of cells infected with an anti-stathmin adenovirus to Taxol or etoposide resulted in a complete loss of proliferation and clonogenicity, whereas exposure of the same cells to 5-FU or Adriamycin potentiated the growth-inhibitory effects of the anti-stathmin ribozyme, but the cells continued to proliferate. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling analysis of uninfected cells or cells infected with a control adenovirus showed modest induction of apoptosis in the presence of different drugs. In contrast, cells infected with the anti-stathmin adenovirus showed a marked increase in apoptosis on exposure to Taxol or etoposide and a modest increase on exposure to 5-FU or Adriamycin. Overall, the effects of combinations of anti-stathmin ribozyme with Taxol or etoposide were synergistic, whereas the effects of combinations of anti-stathmin ribozyme with 5-FU or Adriamycin were additive. Moreover, triple combination of anti-stathmin ribozyme with low noninhibitory concentrations of Taxol and etoposide resulted in a profound synergistic inhibition of proliferation, clonogenicity, and marked induction of apoptosis. This synergy might be very relevant for the treatment of prostate cancer because Taxol and etoposide are two of the most effective agents in this disease. Thus, this combination may provide a novel form of prostate cancer therapy that would avoid toxicities associated with the use of multiple chemotherapeutic agents at full therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita J Mistry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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de Bont JM, den Boer ML, Kros JM, Passier MMCJ, Reddingius RE, Smitt PAES, Luider TM, Pieters R. Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Pediatric Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Ependymomas by Proteome-Wide Analysis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:505-16. [PMID: 17549010 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000240475.35414.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify aberrantly expressed proteins in pediatric primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) and ependymomas. Tumor tissue of 29 PNET and 12 ependymoma patients was subjected to 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Gel analysis resulted in 79 protein spots being differentially expressed between PNETs and ependymomas (p < 0.01, fold change difference in expression >2). Three proteins, stathmin, annexin A1, and calcyphosine, were chosen for validation by immunohistochemistry. Stathmin was expressed 2.6-fold higher in PNETs than in ependymomas, and annexin A1 and calcyphosine were expressed 2.5- and 37.6-fold higher, respectively, in ependymomas. All PNETs showed strong staining for stathmin, and all ependymomas were strongly positive for annexin A1, whereas control tissues were negative. Calcyphosine immunoreactivity was observed in 59% of the ependymomas and was most profound in ependymoma tissue showing epithelial differentiation. mRNA expression levels of stathmin, annexin A1, and calcyphosine significantly correlated (Rs = 0.65 [p < 0.0001], Rs = 0.50 [p = 0.001], and Rs = 0.72 [p < 0.0001], respectively) with protein expression levels. In conclusion, using a proteome-wide approach, stathmin, annexin A1, and calcyphosine were successfully identified as tumor-specific proteins in pediatric PNETs and ependymomas. Ongoing studies are focused on characterizing the role of these proteins as tumor markers and potential drug targets in pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Nemunaitis J, Senzer N, Khalil I, Shen Y, Kumar P, Tong A, Kuhn J, Lamont J, Nemunaitis M, Rao D, Zhang YA, Zhou Y, Vorhies J, Maples P, Hill C, Shanahan D. Proof concept for clinical justification of network mapping for personalized cancer therapeutics. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:686-95. [PMID: 17541424 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To identify signature targets associated with patient-specific cancer lesions based on tumor versus normal tissue differential protein and mRNA coexpression patterns for the purpose of synthesizing cancer-specific customized RNA interference knockdown therapeutics. Analysis of biopsied tissue involved two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analysis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry for proteomic assessment. Standard microarray techniques were utilized for mRNA analysis. Priority was assigned to overexpressed protein targets with co-overexpressed genes with a high likelihood of functional nodal centrality in the cancer network as defined by the interactive databases BIND, HPRD and ResNet. HPLC-grade small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes were utilized to assess knockdown of target proteins in expressive cell lines as measured by western blot. Seven patients with metastatic cancer underwent biopsy. One patient (RW001) had biopsies from two disease sites 10 months apart. Seven priority proteins were identified, one for each patient (RACK 1, Ras related nuclear protein, heat-shock 27 kDa protein 1, superoxide dismutase, enolase1, stathmin1 and cofilin1). Prioritized proteins in RW001 from the two disease sites over time were the same. We demonstrated >80% siRNA inhibition of RACK 1 and stathmin1 of inexpressive malignant cell lines with correlated cell kill. Identification of functionally relevant target gene fingerprints, unique to an individual's cancer, is feasible 'at the bedside' and can be utilized to synthesize siRNA knockdown therapeutics. Further animal safety testing followed by clinical study is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Alli E, Yang JM, Ford JM, Hait WN. Reversal of stathmin-mediated resistance to paclitaxel and vinblastine in human breast carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71:1233-40. [PMID: 17272681 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.029702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrotubule agents are commonly used chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of breast and other cancers. However, these agents have variable activity partly because of microtubule regulatory proteins. Stathmin, an 18-kDa phosphoprotein that promotes microtubule depolymerization, was found to be frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. We previously identified stathmin-mediated mechanisms of resistance to antimicrotubule agents, including altered drug binding and delayed transit from G(2) into M phase, where these agents are effective in disrupting microtubule dynamics. We hypothesized that by reversing stathmin-mediated depolymerization of microtubules or by promoting entry into mitosis, this could increase sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents in human breast cancer cells overexpressing stathmin. We found that targeting stathmin or wee-1 expression with RNA interference can induce microtubule polymerization and promote G(2)/M progression, respectively, and sensitize stathmin-overexpressing breast cancer cells to paclitaxel and vinblastine. Furthermore, targeting wee-1 led to the phosphorylation of stathmin, which is known to attenuate its activity. Therefore, these data suggest a novel approach to improving the efficacy of certain antimicrotubule agents against breast cancer by regulating the function of stathmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Alli
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Morgenbesser SD, McLaren RP, Richards B, Zhang M, Akmaev VR, Winter SF, Mineva ND, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Foster BA, Cook BP, Dufault MR, Cao X, Wang CJ, Teicher BA, Klinger KW, Greenberg NM, Madden SL. Identification of genes potentially involved in the acquisition of androgen-independent and metastatic tumor growth in an autochthonous genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer model. Prostate 2007; 67:83-106. [PMID: 17013881 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major focus of prostate cancer research has been to identify genes that are deregulated during tumor progression, potentially providing diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. METHODS We have employed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and microarray hybridization to identify alterations that occur during malignant transformation in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. Many of these alterations were validated by real-time PCR (rtPCR). RESULTS We identified several hundred mRNAs that were deregulated. Cluster analysis of microarray profiles with samples from various stages of the disease demonstrated that androgen-independent (AI) primary tumors are similar to metastases; 180 transcripts have expression patterns suggesting an involvement in the genesis of late-stage tumors, and our data support a role for phospholipase A2 group IIA in the acquisition of their highly aggressive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified well-characterized genes that were previously known to be involved in prostate cancer, validating our study, and also uncovered transcripts that had not previously been implicated in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Morgenbesser
- Department of Oncology Research, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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Yuan RH, Jeng YM, Chen HL, Lai PL, Pan HW, Hsieh FJ, Lin CY, Lee PH, Hsu HC. Stathmin overexpression cooperates with p53 mutation and osteopontin overexpression, and is associated with tumour progression, early recurrence, and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2006; 209:549-58. [PMID: 16739096 DOI: 10.1002/path.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin, a major microtubule-depolymerizing protein, is involved in cell cycle progression and cell motility. This study aimed to elucidate its role in the progression, early tumour recurrence (ETR), and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Stathmin mRNA was overexpressed in 88/156 (56%) resected, unifocal, primary HCCs, while p53 mutation was present in 72 (46%) and osteopontin mRNA overexpression in 79 (51%). Stathmin mRNA expression exhibited high concordance (93%) with protein expression in 107 cases examined by immunohistochemistry. Stathmin overexpression correlated with high alpha-fetoprotein (>200 ng/ml, p = 0.02), larger tumour size (>5 cm, p = 0.012), high tumour grade (p < 0.0002), high tumour stage (stage IIIA-IV) with vascular invasion and various degrees of intrahepatic metastasis (p < 1 x 10(-8)), ETR (p = 0.003), and lower 5-year survival (p = 0.0007). Stathmin protein expression was often more intense in the peripheral regions of tumour trabeculae, tumour borders, and portal vein tumour thrombi. Stathmin overexpression correlated with p53 mutation (p = 0.017) and osteopontin overexpression (p = 1 x 10(-8)), both of which were associated with vascular invasion (both p < 0.0001) and poorer prognosis (p < 0.0004 and p = 0.0004, respectively). Regardless of the status of p53 mutation or osteopontin expression, stathmin overexpression was associated with higher vascular invasion (all p < 0.0001). Approximately 90% of HCCs harbouring stathmin overexpression with concomitant p53 mutation or osteopontin overexpression exhibited vascular invasion, and hence the lowest 5-year survival, p = 0.00018 and p = 0.0009, respectively. However, we did not find that stathmin overexpression exerted prognostic impact independent of tumour stage. In conclusion, stathmin expression correlates with metastatic potential, is an important prognostic factor for HCC, and may serve as a useful marker to predict ETR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-H Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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Alli E, Yang JM, Hait WN. Silencing of stathmin induces tumor-suppressor function in breast cancer cell lines harboring mutant p53. Oncogene 2006; 26:1003-12. [PMID: 16909102 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harboring dominant-negative p53 mutations are often aggressive and difficult to treat. Direct attempts to restore wild-type p53 function have produced little clinical benefit. We investigated whether targeting a p53-target gene could induce certain tumor-suppressor characteristics. We found that inhibition of stathmin, a microtubule regulator that can be transcriptionally repressed by wild-type p53, restored certain wild-type functions to cancer cells with mutant p53. Silencing of stathmin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in mutant p53 cell lines lowered expression to that observed following activation of wild-type p53 by DNA damage in wild-type p53 cell lines. siRNA-induced repression of stathmin decreased cell proliferation, viability and clonogenicity in mutant p53 cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of stathmin partially restored cell-cycle regulation and activation of apoptosis. Therefore, targeting stathmin, a gene product that is overexpressed in the presence of mutant p53, may represent a novel approach to treating cancers with aberrant p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alli
- Department of Pharmacology, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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45
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Benlhabib H, Herrera JE. Expression of the Op18 gene is maintained by the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y. Gene 2006; 377:177-85. [PMID: 16757134 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Op18 (Oncoprotein 18, Stathmin) is a mitotic regulator that is highly expressed in many cancers. We have characterized four functional CCAAT boxes in the Op18 gene located at positions: -980, -745, -599 and -65, relative to the transcriptional start site. NF-Y is a ubiquitously expressed CCAAT-binding transcription factor that regulates a number of cell cycle controlled genes. We have used promoter-reporter assays and mobility shift assays to functionally examine these CCAAT boxes. All sites contribute to the basal expression of Op18, with the sites at -980 and -599 being repressive and the sites at -745 and -65 being stimulatory. Mobility shift assays indicate that all CCAAT box sites bind factors in nuclear extracts from Hek293. However, only the repressive site at -599 and the stimulatory site at -65 are competent to bind NF-Y, suggesting that NF-Y may play a role in promoting both activation and repression of Op18 expression. The NF-Y site at -65 accounts for greater than 60% of the Op18 gene expression. EMSA competition studies indicate that NF-Y binds with a much higher affinity to the -65 site than to the -599 site, suggesting that in asynchronously growing cells NF-Y functions only to stimulate expression through the -65 binding site. These data suggest that NF-Y is a major transcription factor promoting expression of Op18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Benlhabib
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Xiong W, Luo X, Zhang W, Li X, Fan S, Cao L, Tang K, Wu M, Li G. Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate molecular markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma using microdissection and cDNA microarray. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 133:71-81. [PMID: 16941191 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microarray analysis was used to bring a comprehensive insight into underlying molecular mechanisms and obtain a whole assessment of aberrant gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS Combined with microdissection, gene expression profiles in 23 NPCs and 10 nontumor nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue samples were analyzed. RESULTS Gene expression patterns suggested the dysregulation of the GTP/GDP-bound Ras cycle and an abnormal hyperactivity of cell cycle in NPC. Alterations in the WNT pathway suggest that this pathway may be activated in NPC. A 6-feature weighted-voting model was chosen because it represented the main characteristics of NPCs and predicted NPCs most accurately from the nontumor tissues (33 of 34 correct calls; 97.1% accuracy, Fisher's exact test, P value = 8.389 x 10(-8)). CONCLUSIONS The data generated in this study represent a comprehensive list of genes aberrantly regulated in NPC. The 6-feature weighted-voting model may provide an extensive list of potential molecular markers for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The pivotal role of kinases in signal transduction and cellular regulation has lent them considerable appeal as pharmacological targets across a broad spectrum of cancers. p21-activated kinases (Paks) are serine/threonine kinases that function as downstream nodes for various oncogenic signalling pathways. Paks are well-known regulators of cytoskeletal remodelling and cell motility, but have recently also been shown to promote cell proliferation, regulate apoptosis and accelerate mitotic abnormalities, which results in tumour formation and cell invasiveness. Alterations in Pak expression have been detected in human tumours, which makes them an attractive new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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Holmfeldt P, Brännström K, Stenmark S, Gullberg M. Aneugenic activity of Op18/stathmin is potentiated by the somatic Q18-->e mutation in leukemic cells. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:2921-30. [PMID: 16624860 PMCID: PMC1483029 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-02-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Op18/stathmin (Op18) is a phosphorylation-regulated microtubule destabilizer that is frequently overexpressed in tumors. The importance of Op18 in malignancy was recently suggested by identification of a somatic Q18-->E mutation of Op18 in an adenocarcinoma. We addressed the functional consequences of aberrant Op18 expression in leukemias by analyzing the cell cycle of K562 cells either depleted of Op18 by expression of interfering hairpin RNA or induced to express wild-type or Q18E substituted Op18. We show here that although Op18 depletion increases microtubule density during interphase, the density of mitotic spindles is essentially unaltered and cells divide normally. This is consistent with phosphorylation-inactivation of Op18 during mitosis. Overexpression of wild-type Op18 results in aneugenic activities, manifest as aberrant mitosis, polyploidization, and chromosome loss. One particularly significant finding was that the aneugenic activity of Op18 was dramatically increased by the Q18-->E mutation. The hyperactivity of mutant Op18 is apparent in its unphosphorylated state, and this mutation also suppresses phosphorylation-inactivation of the microtubule-destabilizing activity of Op18 without any apparent effect on its phosphorylation status. Thus, although Op18 is dispensable for mitosis, the hyperactive Q18-->E mutant, or overexpressed wild-type Op18, exerts aneugenic effects that are likely to contribute to chromosomal instability in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Holmfeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sonja Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Gullberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Kouzu Y, Uzawa K, Koike H, Saito K, Nakashima D, Higo M, Endo Y, Kasamatsu A, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H. Overexpression of stathmin in oral squamous-cell carcinoma: correlation with tumour progression and poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:717-23. [PMID: 16495930 PMCID: PMC2361217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stathmin is an intracellular phosphoprotein that is overexpressed in a number of human malignancies. Our previous study using proteomic profiling showed that significant upregulation of stathmin occurs in oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived cell lines. In the current study, to determine the potential involvement of stathmin in OSCC, we evaluated the state of stathmin protein and mRNA expression in OSCC-derived cell lines and human primary OSCCs. A significant increase in stathmin expression was observed in all OSCC-derived cell lines examined compared to human normal oral keratinocytes. In immunohistochemistry, 65% of the OSCCs were positive for stathmin, and no immunoreaction was observed in corresponding normal tissues. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction data were consistent with the protein expression status. Moreover, stathmin expression status was correlated with the TNM stage grading. Furthermore, we found a statistical correlation between the protein expression status and disease-free survival (P=0.029). These results suggest that expression of stathmin could contribute to cancer progression/prognosis, and that stathmin may have potential as a biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kouzu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. E-mail:
| | - H Koike
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Higo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Endo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - A Kasamatsu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Shiiba
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Bukawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Yokoe
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Center of Excellence (COE) Program in The 21st Century, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Abstract
Stathmin is the founding member of a family of microtubule-destabilizing proteins that regulate the dynamics of microtubule polymerization and depolymerization. Stathmin is expressed at high levels in a variety of human cancers and provides an attractive molecule to target in cancer therapies that disrupt the mitotic apparatus. We developed replication-deficient bicistronic adenoviral vectors that coexpress green fluorescent protein and ribozymes that target stathmin mRNA. The therapeutic potential of these recombinant adenoviruses was tested in an experimental androgen-independent LNCaP prostate cancer model. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of anti-stathmin ribozymes resulted in efficient transduction and marked inhibition of stathmin expression in these cells. Cells that were transduced with the anti-stathmin adenoviruses showed a dramatic dose-dependent growth inhibition. This was associated with accumulation of LNCaP cells in the G2-M phases of the cell cycle. A similar dose-dependent inhibition of clonogenic potential was also observed in cells infected with anti-stathmin adenoviruses. Morphologic and biochemical analysis of infected cells showed a marked increase in apoptosis characterized by detachment of the cells, increased chromatin condensation, activation of caspase-3, and fragmentation of internucleosomal DNA. If these findings are confirmed in vivo, it may provide an effective approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita J Mistry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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