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Shrestha S, Goswami S, Banerjee D, Garcia V, Zhou E, Olmsted CN, Majumder ELW, Kumar D, Awasthi D, Mukhopadhyay A, Singer SW, Gladden JM, Simmons BA, Choudhary H. Perspective on Lignin Conversion Strategies That Enable Next Generation Biorefineries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301460. [PMID: 38669480 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The valorization of lignin, a currently underutilized component of lignocellulosic biomass, has attracted attention to promote a stable and circular bioeconomy. Successful approaches including thermochemical, biological, and catalytic lignin depolymerization have been demonstrated, enabling opportunities for lignino-refineries and lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although significant progress in lignin valorization has been made, this review describes unexplored opportunities in chemical and biological routes for lignin depolymerization and thereby contributes to economically and environmentally sustainable lignin-utilizing biorefineries. This review also highlights the integration of chemical and biological lignin depolymerization and identifies research gaps while also recommending future directions for scaling processes to establish a lignino-chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilva Shrestha
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Shubhasish Goswami
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Valentina Garcia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Department of Biomanufacturing and Biomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Elizabeth Zhou
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Charles N Olmsted
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Erica L-W Majumder
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Steven W Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - John M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Department of Biomanufacturing and Biomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Hemant Choudhary
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Security, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
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Das S, Kwon M, Kim JY. Enhancement of specialized metabolites using CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology in medicinal plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1279738. [PMID: 38450402 PMCID: PMC10915232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1279738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants are the richest source of specialized metabolites. The specialized metabolites offer a variety of physiological benefits and many adaptive evolutionary advantages and frequently linked to plant defense mechanisms. Medicinal plants are a vital source of nutrition and active pharmaceutical agents. The production of valuable specialized metabolites and bioactive compounds has increased with the improvement of transgenic techniques like gene silencing and gene overexpression. These techniques are beneficial for decreasing production costs and increasing nutritional value. Utilizing biotechnological applications to enhance specialized metabolites in medicinal plants needs characterization and identification of genes within an elucidated pathway. The breakthrough and advancement of CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing in improving the production of specific metabolites in medicinal plants have gained significant importance in contemporary times. This article imparts a comprehensive recapitulation of the latest advancements made in the implementation of CRISPR-gene editing techniques for the purpose of augmenting specific metabolites in medicinal plants. We also provide further insights and perspectives for improving metabolic engineering scenarios in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Das
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Anti-aging Bio Cell Factory Regional Leading Research Center (ABC-RLRC), Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy (RIMA), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Nulla Bio R&D Center, Nulla Bio Inc., Jinju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Aza P, Camarero S. Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1716. [PMID: 38136587 PMCID: PMC10741624 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Camarero
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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4
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Zaccaria M, Dawson W, Russel Kish D, Reverberi M, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Domin M, Cristiglio V, Chan B, Dellafiora L, Gabel F, Nakajima T, Genovese L, Momeni B. Experimental-theoretical study of laccase as a detoxifier of aflatoxins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:860. [PMID: 36650163 PMCID: PMC9845376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate laccase-mediated detoxification of aflatoxins, fungal carcinogenic food contaminants. Our experimental comparison between two aflatoxins with similar structures (AFB1 and AFG2) shows significant differences in laccase-mediated detoxification. A multi-scale modeling approach (Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Density Functional Theory) identifies the highly substrate-specific changes required to improve laccase detoxifying performance. We employ a large-scale density functional theory-based approach, involving more than 7000 atoms, to identify the amino acid residues that determine the affinity of laccase for aflatoxins. From this study we conclude: (1) AFB1 is more challenging to degrade, to the point of complete degradation stalling; (2) AFG2 is easier to degrade by laccase due to its lack of side products and favorable binding dynamics; and (3) ample opportunities to optimize laccase for aflatoxin degradation exist, especially via mutations leading to π-π stacking. This study identifies a way to optimize laccase for aflatoxin bioremediation and, more generally, contributes to the research efforts aimed at rational enzyme optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - William Dawson
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, 6500047, Japan
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marek Domin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Bun Chan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, 6500047, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Frank Gabel
- CEA/CNRS/IBS, University Grenoble Alpes, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Luigi Genovese
- CEA/INAC-MEM/L-Sim, University Grenoble Alpes, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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Arteaga-Castrejón AA, Trejo-Hernández MR, Mekmouche Y, Amouric A, Rousselot-Pailley P, Robert V, Tron T, Martínez-Morales F. Relevance of Surface-Exposed Lysine Residues Designed for Functionalization of Laccase. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Varriale S, Delorme AE, Andanson JM, Devemy J, Malfreyt P, Verney V, Pezzella C. Enhancing the Thermostability of Engineered Laccases in Aqueous Betaine-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:572-581. [PMID: 35036179 PMCID: PMC8753991 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have gained increasing attention as promising nontoxic solvents for biotechnological applications, due to their compatibility with enzymes and ability to enhance their activity. Betaine-based NADESs at a concentration of 25 wt % in a buffered aqueous solution were used as media to inhibit thermal inactivation of POXA1b laccase and its five variants when incubated at 70 and 90 °C. All the tested laccases showed higher residual activity when incubated in NADES solutions, with a further enhancement achieved also for the most thermostable variant. Furthermore, the residual activity of laccases in the presence of NADESs showed a clear advantage over the use of NADESs' individual components. Molecular docking simulations were performed to understand the role of NADESs in the stabilization of laccases toward thermal inactivation, evaluating the interaction between each enzyme and NADESs' individual components. A correlation within the binding energies between laccases and NADES components and the stabilization of the enzymes was demonstrated. These findings establish the possibility of preincubating enzymes in NADESs as a facile and cost-effective solution to inhibit thermal inactivation of enzymes when exposed to high temperatures. This computer-aided approach can assist the tailoring of NADES composition for every enzyme of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid E. Delorme
- CNRS,
SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université
Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Andanson
- CNRS,
SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université
Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devemy
- CNRS,
SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université
Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- CNRS,
SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université
Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Verney
- CNRS,
SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université
Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cinzia Pezzella
- Biopox
srl, Viale Maria Bakunin
12, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100 Portici 80055, Italy
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7
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Dong Y, Miao R, Feng R, Wang T, Yan J, Zhao X, Han X, Gan Y, Lin J, Li Y, Gan B, Zhao J. Edible and medicinal fungi breeding techniques, a review: Current status and future prospects. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2070-2080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Recent Advances in Enzymes for the Bioremediation of Pollutants. Biochem Res Int 2021; 2021:5599204. [PMID: 34401207 PMCID: PMC8364428 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, pollution of the environment is a huge problem for humans and other organisms' health. Conventional methods of pollutant removal like membrane filtration or ion exchange are not efficient enough to lower the number of pollutants to standard levels. Biological methods, because of their higher efficiency and biocompatibility, are preferred for the remediation of pollutants. These cost-effective and environment-friendly methods of reducing pollutants are called bioremediation. In bioremediation methods, enzymes play the most crucial role. Enzymes can remedy different types of organic and inorganic pollutants, including PAHs, azo dyes, polymers, organocyanides, lead, chromium, and mercury. Different enzymes isolated from various species have been used for the bioremediation of pollutants. Discovering new enzymes and new subtypes with specific physicochemical characteristics would be a promising way to find more efficient and cost-effective tools for the remediation of pollutants.
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9
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Ardila-Leal LD, Monterey-Gutiérrez PA, Poutou-Piñales RA, Quevedo-Hidalgo BE, Galindo JF, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM. Recombinant laccase rPOXA 1B real-time, accelerated and molecular dynamics stability study. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 34088291 PMCID: PMC8178886 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper oxidoreductases with great biotechnological importance due to their high oxidative potential and utility for removing synthetic dyes, oxidizing phenolic compounds, and degrading pesticides, among others. Methods A real-time stability study (RTS) was conducted for a year, by using enzyme concentrates from 3 batches (L1, L3, and L4). For which, five temperatures 243.15, 277.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K were assayed. Using RTS data and the Arrhenius equation, we calculated the rPOXA 1B accelerated stability (AS). Molecular dynamics (MD) computational study results were very close to those obtained experimentally at four different temperatures 241, 278, 298, and 314 K. Results In the RTS, 101.16, 115.81, 75.23, 46.09, 5.81, and 4.83% of the relative enzyme activity were recovered, at respective assayed temperatures. AS study, showed that rPOXA 1B is stable at 240.98 ± 5.38, 277.40 ± 1.32 or 297.53 ± 3.88 K; with t1/2 values of 230.8, 46.2, and 12.6 months, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters supported the high stability of rPOXA 1B, with an Ed value of 41.40 KJ mol− 1, a low variation of KM and Vmax, at 240.98 ± 5.38, and 297.53 ± 3.88 K, and ∆G values showing deactivation reaction does not occur. The MD indicates that fluctuations in loop, coils or loops with hydrophilic or intermediate polarity amino acids as well as in some residues of POXA 1B 3D structure, increases with temperature; changing from three fluctuating residues at 278 K to six residues at 298 K, and nine residues at 314 K. Conclusions Laccase rPOXA 1B demonstrated experimentally and computationally to be a stable enzyme, with t1/2 of 230.8, 46.2 or 12.6 months, if it is preserved impure without preservatives at temperatures of 240.98 ± 5.38, 277.40 ± 1.32 or 297.53 ± 3.88 K respectively; this study could be of great utility for large scale producers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00698-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy D Ardila-Leal
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Pedro A Monterey-Gutiérrez
- Vicerrectoría Académica. Universidad Antonio Nariño, Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Educación Matemática, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Raúl A Poutou-Piñales
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Balkys E Quevedo-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Johan F Galindo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Aura M Pedroza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y de Suelos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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10
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Bacterial valorization of pulp and paper industry process streams and waste. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1345-1363. [PMID: 33481067 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry is a major source of lignocellulose-containing streams. The components of lignocellulose material are lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose that may be hydrolyzed into their smaller components and used as feedstocks for valorization efforts. Much of this material is contained in underutilized streams and waste products, such as black liquor, pulp and paper sludge, and wastewater. Bacterial fermentation strategies have suitable potential to upgrade lignocellulosic biomass contained in these streams to value-added chemicals. Bacterial conversion allows for a sustainable and economically feasible approach to valorizing these streams, which can bolster and expand applications of the pulp and paper industry. This review discusses the composition of pulp and paper streams, bacterial isolates from process streams that can be used for lignocellulose biotransformations, and technological approaches for improving valorization efforts. KEY POINTS: • Reviews the conversion of pulp and paper industry waste by bacterial isolates. • Metabolic pathways for the breakdown of lignocellulose components. • Methods for isolating bacteria, determining value-added products, and increasing product yields.
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11
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Asemoloye MD, Marchisio MA, Gupta VK, Pecoraro L. Genome-based engineering of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:20. [PMID: 33478513 PMCID: PMC7819241 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many fungi grow as saprobic organisms and obtain nutrients from a wide range of dead organic materials. Among saprobes, fungal species that grow on wood or in polluted environments have evolved prolific mechanisms for the production of degrading compounds, such as ligninolytic enzymes. These enzymes include arrays of intense redox-potential oxidoreductase, such as laccase, catalase, and peroxidases. The ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes makes a variety of fungal species suitable for application in many industries, including the production of biofuels and antibiotics, bioremediation, and biomedical application as biosensors. However, fungal ligninolytic enzymes are produced naturally in small quantities that may not meet the industrial or market demands. Over the last decade, combined synthetic biology and computational designs have yielded significant results in enhancing the synthesis of natural compounds in fungi. Main body of the abstract In this review, we gave insights into different protein engineering methods, including rational, semi-rational, and directed evolution approaches that have been employed to enhance the production of some important ligninolytic enzymes in fungi. We described the role of metabolic pathway engineering to optimize the synthesis of chemical compounds of interest in various fields. We highlighted synthetic biology novel techniques for biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) activation in fungo and heterologous reconstruction of BGC in microbial cells. We also discussed in detail some recombinant ligninolytic enzymes that have been successfully enhanced and expressed in different heterologous hosts. Finally, we described recent advance in CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) protein systems as the most promising biotechnology for large-scale production of ligninolytic enzymes. Short conclusion Aggregation, expression, and regulation of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi require very complex procedures with many interfering factors. Synthetic and computational biology strategies, as explained in this review, are powerful tools that can be combined to solve these puzzles. These integrated strategies can lead to the production of enzymes with special abilities, such as wide substrate specifications, thermo-stability, tolerance to long time storage, and stability in different substrate conditions, such as pH and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dare Asemoloye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mario Andrea Marchisio
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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12
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Zhou Z, Li Q, Xiao L, Wang Y, Feng J, Bu Q, Xiao Y, Hao K, Guo M, Chen W, Zhang L. Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of Laccase Genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza Revealed Their Roles in Growth, Development, and Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647768. [PMID: 33815454 PMCID: PMC8014014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper-containing glycoproteins related to monolignol oxidation and polymerization. These properties indicate that laccases may be involved in the formation of important medicinal phenolic acid compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza such as salvianolic acid B (SAB), which is used for cardiovascular disease treatment. To date, 29 laccases have been found in S. miltiorrhiza (SmLACs), and some of which (SmLAC7 and SmLAC20) have been reported to influence the synthesis of phenolic acids. Because of the functional redundancy of laccase genes, their roles in S. miltiorrhiza are poorly understood. In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used for targeting conserved domains to knockout multiple genes of laccase family in S. miltiorrhiza. The expressions of target laccase genes as well as the phenolic acid biosynthesis key genes decrease dramatically in editing lines. Additionally, the growth and development of hairy roots was significantly retarded in the gene-edited lines. The cross-sections examination of laccase mutant hairy roots showed that the root development was abnormal and the xylem cells in the edited lines became larger and looser than those in the wild type. Additionally, the accumulation of RA as well as SAB was decreased, and the lignin content was nearly undetectable. It suggested that SmLACs play key roles in development and lignin formation in the root of S. miltiorrhiza and they are necessary for phenolic acids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Feng
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qitao Bu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meili Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Meili Guo,
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Wansheng Chen,
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhang,
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13
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Abstract
Bacterial CotA-laccases exhibit higher activity in alkaline pH and salt concentration conditions compared to laccases from white-rot fungi. They are considered as green catalysts in decolorizing of industrial dyes. However, CotA-laccases are limited due to the low yield and catalytic efficiency as the spore-bound nature of CotA. A DNA shuffling strategy was applied to generate a random mutation library. To improve laccase activities, a mutant (T232P/Q367R 5E29) with two amino acid substitutions was identified. The catalytic efficiency of mutant 5E29 was 1.21 fold higher compared with that of the wild-type. The Km and kcat values of 5E29 for SGZ were of 20.3 ± 1.3 µM and 7.6 ± 2.7 s-1. The thermal stability was a slight enhancement. Indigo Carmine and Congo red were efficiently decolorized by using this mutant at pH 9.0. These results provide that 5E29 CotA-laccase is a good candidate for biotechnology applications under alkaline condition, with an effective decolorization capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Ouyang
- a Institute of advanced technology , Heilongjiang Academy of science , Harbin , China
| | - Min Zhao
- b Department of Microbiology , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , China
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14
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Stanzione I, Pezzella C, Giardina P, Sannia G, Piscitelli A. Beyond natural laccases: extension of their potential applications by protein engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:915-924. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Novoa C, Dhoke GV, Mate DM, Martínez R, Haarmann T, Schreiter M, Eidner J, Schwerdtfeger R, Lorenz P, Davari MD, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. KnowVolution of a Fungal Laccase toward Alkaline pH. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1458-1466. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Novoa
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Gaurao V. Dhoke
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Diana M. Mate
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Present address: Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Ronny Martínez
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
- Present address: Departamento de Ingeniería en AlimentosInstituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversidad de La Serena Raúl Bitrán 1305 1720010 La Serena Chile
| | | | | | - Jasmin Eidner
- IAB Enzymes GmbH Feldbergstrasse 78 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | | | - Patrick Lorenz
- IAB Enzymes GmbH Feldbergstrasse 78 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
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16
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Díaz R, Díaz-Godínez G, Anducho-Reyes MA, Mercado-Flores Y, Herrera-Zúñiga LD. In silico Design of Laccase Thermostable Mutants From Lacc 6 of Pleurotus Ostreatus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2743. [PMID: 30487785 PMCID: PMC6247816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccase enzymes have a great biotechnological potential for bioremediation processes due to their ability to degrade compounds such as ρ-diphenol, aminophenols, polyphenols, polyamines, and aryldiamines. These enzymes have activity at different pH and temperature values, however, high temperatures can cause partial or total loss of enzymatic activity, so it is appropriate to do research to modify their secondary and/or tertiary structure to make them more resistant to extreme temperature conditions. In silico, a structure of the Lacc 6 enzyme of Pleurotus ostreatus was constructed using a laccase of Trametes versicolor as a template. From this structure, 16 mutants with possible resistance at high temperature due to ionic interactions, salt bridges and disulfide bonds were also obtained in silico. It was determined that 12 mutants called 4-DB, 3-DB, D233C-T310C, F468P, 3-SB, L132T, N79D, N372D, P203C, P203V, T147E, and W85F, presented the lowest thermodynamic energy. Based on the previous criterion and determining the least flexibility in the protein structures, three mutants (4-DB, 3-DB, and P203C) were selected, which may present high stability at high temperatures without affecting their active site. The obtained results allow the understanding of the molecular base that increase the structural stability of the enzyme Lacc 6 of Pleurotus ostreatus, achieving the in silico generation of mutants, which could have activity at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Center for Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Díaz-Godínez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Center for Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | | | | | - Leonardo David Herrera-Zúñiga
- Division of Environmental Engineering Technology of Higher Studies of East Mexico State, Mexico City, Mexico
- Area of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Wu MH, Lee CC, Hsiao AS, Yu SM, Wang AHJ, Ho THD. Kinetic analysis and structural studies of a high-efficiency laccase from Cerrena sp. RSD1. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1230-1246. [PMID: 30087829 PMCID: PMC6070645 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high‐efficiency laccase, DLac, was isolated from Cerrena sp. RSD1. The kinetic studies indicate that DLac is a diffusion‐limited enzyme. The crystal structure of DLac was determined to atomic resolution, and its overall structure shares high homology to monomeric laccases, but displays unique substrate‐binding loops from those in other laccases. The substrate‐binding residues with small side chain and the short substrate‐binding loop IV broaden the substrate‐binding cavity and may facilitate large substrate diffusion. Unlike highly glycosylated fungal laccases, the less‐glycosylated DLac contains one highly conserved glycosylation site at N432 and an unique glycosylation site at N468. The N‐glycans stabilize the substrate‐binding loops and the protein structure, and the first N‐acetylglucosamine is crucial for the catalytic efficiency. Additionally, a fivefold increase in protein yield is achieved via the submerged culture method for industrial applications. Database The atomic coordinates of the structure of DLac from Cerrena sp. RSD1 and structural factors have been deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5Z1X).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - An-Shan Hsiao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
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18
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Khodakarami A, Goodarzi N, Hoseinzadehdehkordi M, Amani F, Khodaverdian S, Khajeh K, Ghazi F, Ranjbar B, Amanlou M, Dabirmanesh B. Rational design toward developing a more efficient laccase: Catalytic efficiency and selectivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:775-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Giacobelli VG, Monza E, Fatima Lucas M, Pezzella C, Piscitelli A, Guallar V, Sannia G. Repurposing designed mutants: a valuable strategy for computer-aided laccase engineering – the case of POXA1b. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy02410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The broad specificity of laccases, a direct consequence of their shallow binding site, makes this class of enzymes a suitable template to build specificity toward putative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - M. Fatima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Cinzia Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- 80126 Naples
- Italy
| | | | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
| | - Giovanni Sannia
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- 80126 Naples
- Italy
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20
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Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates during the simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. These enzymes, originally found in fungi, plants, and other natural sources, have many industrial and biotechnological applications. They are used in the food, textile, pulp, and paper industries, as well as for bioremediation purposes. Although natural hosts can provide relatively high levels of active laccases after production optimization, heterologous expression can bring, moreover, engineered enzymes with desired properties, such as different substrate specificity or improved stability. Hence, diverse hosts suitable for laccase production are reviewed here, while the greatest emphasis is placed on yeasts which are commonly used for industrial production of various proteins. Different approaches to optimize the laccase expression and activity are also discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Antošová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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21
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Nastri F, Chino M, Maglio O, Bhagi-Damodaran A, Lu Y, Lombardi A. Design and engineering of artificial oxygen-activating metalloenzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5020-54. [PMID: 27341693 PMCID: PMC5021598 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts are being made in the design and engineering of metalloenzymes with catalytic properties fulfilling the needs of practical applications. Progress in this field has recently been accelerated by advances in computational, molecular and structural biology. This review article focuses on the recent examples of oxygen-activating metalloenzymes, developed through the strategies of de novo design, miniaturization processes and protein redesign. Considerable progress in these diverse design approaches has produced many metal-containing biocatalysts able to adopt the functions of native enzymes or even novel functions beyond those found in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- IBB, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ambika Bhagi-Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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22
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Homologous and Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Genes Related to Plant Biomass Degradation. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Pardo I, Santiago G, Gentili P, Lucas F, Monza E, Medrano FJ, Galli C, Martínez AT, Guallar V, Camarero S. Re-designing the substrate binding pocket of laccase for enhanced oxidation of sinapic acid. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iterative saturation mutagenesis was performed over six residues delimiting the substrate binding pocket of a high redox potential chimeric laccase with the aim of enhancing its activity over sinapic acid, a lignin-related phenol of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - G. Santiago
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - P. Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università “La Sapienza” and IMC-CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - F. Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech
| | - E. Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - F. J. Medrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - C. Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università “La Sapienza” and IMC-CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - A. T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - V. Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- ICREA
| | - S. Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
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24
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Ufarté L, Laville É, Duquesne S, Potocki-Veronese G. Metagenomics for the discovery of pollutant degrading enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1845-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Sitarz AK, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Structure, functionality and tuning up of laccases for lignocellulose and other industrial applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:70-86. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.949617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Brissos V, Ferreira M, Grass G, Martins LO. Turning a Hyperthermostable Metallo-Oxidase into a Laccase by Directed Evolution. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brissos
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maura Ferreira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr
Institute of Microbiology, DZIF, Partner Site of German Center for Infection Research, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich DE 80937, Germany
| | - Lígia O. Martins
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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27
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Engineering the ligninolytic enzyme consortium. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:155-62. [PMID: 25600621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ligninolytic enzyme consortium is one of the most-efficient oxidative systems found in nature, playing a pivotal role during wood decay and coal formation. Typically formed by high redox-potential oxidoreductases, this array of enzymes can be used within the emerging lignocellulose biorefineries in processes that range from the production of bioenergy to that of biomaterials. To ensure that these versatile enzymes meet industry standards and needs, they have been subjected to directed evolution and hybrid approaches that surpass the limits imposed by nature. This Opinion article analyzes recent achievements in this field, including the incipient groundbreaking research into the evolution of resurrected enzymes, and the engineering of ligninolytic secretomes to create consolidated bioprocessing microbes with synthetic biology applications.
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28
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Laccase engineering by rational and evolutionary design. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:897-910. [PMID: 25586560 PMCID: PMC4323517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are considered as green catalysts of great biotechnological potential. This has attracted a great interest in designing laccases a la carte with enhanced stabilities or activities tailored to specific conditions for different fields of application. Over 20 years, numerous efforts have been taken to engineer these multicopper oxidases and to understand their reaction mechanisms by site-directed mutagenesis, and more recently, using computational calculations and directed evolution tools. In this work, we review the most relevant contributions made in the field of laccase engineering, from the comprehensive study of their structure–function relationships to the tailoring of outstanding biocatalysts.
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29
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Zhuo R, He F, Zhang X, Yang Y. Characterization of a yeast recombinant laccase rLAC-EN3-1 and its application in decolorizing synthetic dye with the coexistence of metal ions and organic solvents. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Prins A, Kleinsmidt L, Khan N, Kirby B, Kudanga T, Vollmer J, Pleiss J, Burton S, Le Roes-Hill M. The effect of mutations near the T1 copper site on the biochemical characteristics of the small laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 68:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Chen M, Zeng G, Lai C, Li J, Xu P, Wu H. Molecular basis of laccase bound to lignin: insight from comparative studies on the interaction of Trametes versicolor laccase with various lignin model compounds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding orientation of lignin model compounds in laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Jian Li
- Department of River
- Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute
- Wuhan 430010
- China
| | - Piao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Haipeng Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
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32
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Laccase engineering: From rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Lignocellulose degradation by the isolate of Streptomyces griseorubens JSD-1. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:163-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Zelena K, Eisele N, Berger RG. Escherichia coli as a production host for novel enzymes from basidiomycota. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1382-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Hu M, Zhou X, Shi Y, Lin J, Irfan M, Tao Y. Essential Role of the N- and C-terminals of Laccase from Pleurotus florida on the Laccase Activity and Stability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2007-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Asgher M, Shahid M, Kamal S, Iqbal HMN. Recent trends and valorization of immobilization strategies and ligninolytic enzymes by industrial biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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37
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Macellaro G, Baratto MC, Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Fabrizi de Biani F, Palmese A, Piumi F, Record E, Basosi R, Sannia G. Effective mutations in a high redox potential laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4949-61. [PMID: 24463760 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report on a laccase, there has been a notable development in the interest towards this class of enzymes, highlighted from the number of scientific papers and patents about them. At the same time, interest in exploiting laccases-mainly high redox potential-for various functions has been growing exponentially over the last 10 years. Despite decades of work, the molecular determinants of the redox potential are far to be fully understood. For this reason, interest in tuning laccase redox potential to provide more efficient catalysts has been growing since the last years. The work herein described takes advantage of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger as host for the heterologous production of the high redox potential laccase POXA1b from Pleurotus ostreatus and of one of its in vitro selected variants (1H6C). The system herein developed allowed to obtain a production level of 35,000 U/L (583.3 μkat/L) for POXA1b and 60,000 U/L (1,000 μkat/L) for 1H6C, corresponding to 13 and 20 mg/L for POXA1b and 1H6C, respectively. The characterised proteins exhibit very similar characteristics, with some exceptions regarding catalytic behaviour, stability and spectro-electrochemical properties. Remarkably, the 1H6C variant shows a higher redox potential with respect to POXA1b. Furthermore, the spectro-electrochemical results obtained for 1H6C make it tempting to claim that we spectro-electrochemically determined the redox potential of the 1H6C T2 site, which has not been studied in any detail by spectro-electrochemistry yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Macellaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Wong KS, Cheung MK, Au CH, Kwan HS. A novel Lentinula edodes laccase and its comparative enzymology suggest guaiacol-based laccase engineering for bioremediation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66426. [PMID: 23799101 PMCID: PMC3683064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are versatile biocatalysts for the bioremediation of various xenobiotics, including dyes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. However, current sources of new enzymes, simple heterologous expression hosts and enzymatic information (such as the appropriateness of common screening substrates on laccase engineering) remain scarce to support efficient engineering of laccase for better "green" applications. To address the issue, this study began with cloning the laccase family of Lentinula edodes. Three laccases perfectio sensu stricto (Lcc4A, Lcc5, and Lcc7) were then expressed from Pichia pastoris, characterized and compared with the previously reported Lcc1A and Lcc1B in terms of kinetics, stability, and degradation of dyes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Lcc7 represented a novel laccase, and it exhibited both the highest catalytic efficiency (assayed with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) [ABTS]) and thermostability. However, its performance on "green" applications surprisingly did not match the activity on the common screening substrates, namely, ABTS and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. On the other hand, correlation analyses revealed that guaiacol is much better associated with the decolorization of multiple structurally different dyes than are the two common screening substrates. Comparison of the oxidation chemistry of guaiacol and phenolic dyes, such as azo dyes, further showed that they both involve generation of phenoxyl radicals in laccase-catalyzed oxidation. In summary, this study concluded a robust expression platform of L. edodes laccases, novel laccases, and an indicative screening substrate, guaiacol, which are all essential fundamentals for appropriately driving the engineering of laccases towards more efficient "green" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Sing Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Kit Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Hang Au
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Shan Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Stability mechanisms of a thermophilic laccase probed by molecular dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61985. [PMID: 23658618 PMCID: PMC3639223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are highly stable, industrially important enzymes capable of oxidizing a large range of substrates. Causes for their stability are, as for other proteins, poorly understood. In this work, multiple-seed molecular dynamics (MD) was applied to a Trametes versicolor laccase in response to variable ionic strengths, temperatures, and glycosylation status. Near-physiological conditions provided excellent agreement with the crystal structure (average RMSD ∼0.92 Å) and residual agreement with experimental B-factors. The persistence of backbone hydrogen bonds was identified as a key descriptor of structural response to environment, whereas solvent-accessibility, radius of gyration, and fluctuations were only locally relevant. Backbone hydrogen bonds decreased systematically with temperature in all simulations (∼9 per 50 K), probing structural changes associated with enthalpy-entropy compensation. Approaching Topt (∼350 K) from 300 K, this change correlated with a beginning “unzipping” of critical β-sheets. 0 M ionic strength triggered partial denucleation of the C-terminal (known experimentally to be sensitive) at 400 K, suggesting a general salt stabilization effect. In contrast, F− (but not Cl−) specifically impaired secondary structure by formation of strong hydrogen bonds with backbone NH, providing a mechanism for experimentally observed small anion destabilization, potentially remedied by site-directed mutagenesis at critical intrusion sites. N-glycosylation was found to support structural integrity by increasing persistent backbone hydrogen bonds by ∼4 across simulations, mainly via prevention of F− intrusion. Hydrogen-bond loss in distinct loop regions and ends of critical β-sheets suggest potential strategies for laboratory optimization of these industrially important enzymes.
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40
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Gunne M, Urlacher VB. Characterization of the alkaline laccase Ssl1 from Streptomyces sviceus with unusual properties discovered by genome mining. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52360. [PMID: 23285009 PMCID: PMC3527528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases are well investigated enzymes with high potential in diverse applications like bleaching of waste waters and textiles, cellulose delignification, and organic synthesis. However, they are limited to acidic reaction conditions and require eukaryotic expression systems. This raises a demand for novel laccases without these constraints. We have taken advantage of the laccase engineering database LccED derived from genome mining to identify and clone the laccase Ssl1 from Streptomyces sviceus which can circumvent the limitations of fungal laccases. Ssl1 belongs to the family of small laccases that contains only few characterized enzymes. After removal of the twin-arginine signal peptide Ssl1 was readily expressed in E. coli. Ssl1 is a small laccase with 32.5 kDa, consists of only two cupredoxin-like domains, and forms trimers in solution. Ssl1 oxidizes 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and phenolic substrates like 2,6-dimethoxy phenol, guaiacol, and syringaldazine. The kcat value for ABTS oxidation was at least 20 times higher than for other substrates. The optimal pH for oxidation reactions is substrate dependent: for phenolic substrates the highest activities were detected at alkaline conditions (pH 9.0 for 2,6-dimethoxy phenol and guaiacol and pH 8.0 for syringaldazine), while the highest reaction rates with ABTS were observed at pH 4.0. Though originating from a mesophilic organism, Ssl demonstrates remarkable stability at elevated temperatures (T1/2,60°C = 88 min) and in a wide pH range (pH 5.0 to 11.0). Notably, the enzyme retained 80% residual activity after 5 days of incubation at pH 11. Detergents and organic co-solvents do not affect Ssl1 stability. The described robustness makes Ssl1 a potential candidate for industrial applications, preferably in processes that require alkaline reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gunne
- Institute for Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute for Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: .
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Bleve G, Lezzi C, Spagnolo S, Tasco G, Tufariello M, Casadio R, Mita G, Rampino P, Grieco F. Role of the C-terminus of Pleurotus eryngii Ery4 laccase in determining enzyme structure, catalytic properties and stability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 26:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gasser CA, Hommes G, Schäffer A, Corvini PFX. Multi-catalysis reactions: new prospects and challenges of biotechnology to valorize lignin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1115-34. [PMID: 22782247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been dedicated to the chemical depolymerization of lignin, a biopolymer constituting a possible renewable source for aromatic value-added chemicals. However, these efforts yielded limited success up until now. Efficient lignin conversion might necessitate novel catalysts enabling new types of reactions. The use of multiple catalysts, including a combination of biocatalysts, might be necessary. New perspectives for the combination of bio- and inorganic catalysts in one-pot reactions are emerging, thanks to green chemistry-driven advances in enzyme engineering and immobilization and new chemical catalyst design. Such combinations could offer several advantages, especially by reducing time and yield losses associated with the isolation and purification of the reaction products, but also represent a big challenge since the optimal reaction conditions of bio- and chemical catalysis reactions are often different. This mini-review gives an overview of bio- and inorganic catalysts having the potential to be used in combination for lignin depolymerization. We also discuss key aspects to consider when combining these catalysts in one-pot reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland
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Bello M, Valderrama B, Serrano-Posada H, Rudiño-Piñera E. Molecular dynamics of a thermostable multicopper oxidase from Thermus thermophilus HB27: structural differences between the apo and holo forms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40700. [PMID: 22808237 PMCID: PMC3393687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been performed on Tth-MCO, a hyperthermophilic multicopper oxidase from thermus thermophilus HB27, in the apo as well as the holo form, with the aim of exploring the structural dynamic properties common to the two conformational states. According to structural comparison between this enzyme and other MCOs, the substrate in process to electron transfer in an outer-sphere event seems to transiently occupy a shallow and overall hydrophobic cavity near the Cu type 1 (T1Cu). The linker connecting the β-strands 21 and 24 of the second domain (loop (β21–β24)D2) has the same conformation in both states, forming a flexible lid at the entrance of the electron-transfer cavity. Loop (β21–β24)D2 has been tentatively assigned a role occluding the access to the electron-transfer site. The dynamic of the loop (β21–β24)D2 has been investigated by MD simulation, and results show that the structures of both species have the same secondary and tertiary structure during almost all the MD simulations. In the simulation, loop (β21–β24)D2 of the holo form undergoes a higher mobility than in the apo form. In fact, loop (β21–β24)D2 of the holo form experiences a conformational change which enables exposure to the electron-transfer site (open conformation), while in the apo form the opposite effect takes place (closed conformation). To confirm the hypothesis that the open conformation might facilitate the transient electron-donor molecule occupation of the site, the simulation was extended another 40 ns with the electron-donor molecule docked into the protein cavity. Upon electron-donor molecule stabilization, loops near the cavity reduce their mobility. These findings show that coordination between the copper and the protein might play an important role in the general mobility of the enzyme, and that the open conformation seems to be required for the electron transfer process to T1Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiniano Bello
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail: (MB); (ERP)
| | - Brenda Valderrama
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail: (MB); (ERP)
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Transcriptional analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:705-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Maté D, García-Ruiz E, Camarero S, Alcalde M. Directed evolution of fungal laccases. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:113-22. [PMID: 21966249 PMCID: PMC3129045 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795564322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases are generalists biocatalysts with potential applications that range from bioremediation to novel green processes. Fuelled by molecular oxygen, these enzymes can act on dozens of molecules of different chemical nature, and with the help of redox mediators, their spectrum of oxidizable substrates is further pushed towards xenobiotic compounds (pesticides, industrial dyes, PAHs), biopolymers (lignin, starch, cellulose) and other complex molecules. In recent years, extraordinary efforts have been made to engineer fungal laccases by directed evolution and semi-rational approaches to improve their functional expression or stability. All these studies have taken advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a heterologous host, not only to secrete the enzyme but also, to emulate the introduction of genetic diversity through in vivo DNA recombination. Here, we discuss all these endeavours to convert fungal laccases into valuable biomolecular platforms on which new functions can be tailored by directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Maté
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Piscitelli A, Del Vecchio C, Faraco V, Giardina P, Macellaro G, Miele A, Pezzella C, Sannia G. Fungal laccases: Versatile tools for lignocellulose transformation. C R Biol 2011; 334:789-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Santhanam N, Vivanco JM, Decker SR, Reardon KF. Expression of industrially relevant laccases: prokaryotic style. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Giardina P, Faraco V, Giovanni S. Heterologous laccase production and its role in industrial applications. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:252-62. [PMID: 21327057 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, catalyzing the oxidation of an array of aromatic substrates concomitantly with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. These enzymes are implicated in a variety of biological activities. Most of the laccases studied thus far are of fungal origin. The large range of substrates oxidized by laccases has raised interest in using them within different industrial fields, such as pulp delignification, textile dye bleaching, and bioremediation. Laccases secreted from native sources are usually not suitable for large-scale purposes, mainly due to low production yields and high cost of preparation/purification procedures. Heterologous expression may provide higher enzyme yields and may permit to produce laccases with desired properties (such as different substrate specificities, or improved stabilities) for industrial applications. This review surveys researches on heterologous laccase expression focusing on the pivotal role played by recombinant systems towards the development of robust tools for greening modern industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy.
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Strohmeier GA, Pichler H, May O, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Application of Designed Enzymes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4141-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100386u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver May
- DSM—Innovative Synthesis BV, Geleen, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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Glykys DJ, Szilvay GR, Tortosa P, Suárez Diez M, Jaramillo A, Banta S. Pushing the limits of automatic computational protein design: design, expression, and characterization of a large synthetic protein based on a fungal laccase scaffold. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2011; 5:45-58. [PMID: 22654993 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-011-9080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The de novo engineering of new proteins will allow the design of complex systems in synthetic biology. But the design of large proteins is very challenging due to the large combinatorial sequence space to be explored and the lack of a suitable selection system to guide the evolution and optimization. One way to approach this challenge is to use computational design methods based on the current crystallographic data and on molecular mechanics. We have used a laccase protein fold as a scaffold to design a new protein sequence that would adopt a 3D conformation in solution similar to a wild-type protein, the Trametes versicolor (TvL) fungal laccase. Laccases are multi-copper oxidases that find utility in a variety of industrial applications. The laccases with highest activity and redox potential are generally secreted fungal glycoproteins. Prokaryotic laccases have been identified with some desirable features, but they often exhibit low redox potentials. The designed sequence (DLac) shares a 50% sequence identity to the original TvL protein. The new DLac gene was overexpressed in E. coli and the majority of the protein was found in inclusion bodies. Both soluble protein and refolded insoluble protein were purified, and their identity was verified by mass spectrometry. Neither protein exhibited the characteristic T1 copper absorbance, neither bound copper by atomic absorption, and neither was active using a variety of laccase substrates over a range of pH values. Circular dichroism spectroscopy studies suggest that the DLac protein adopts a molten globule structure that is similar to the denatured and refolded native fungal TvL protein, which is significantly different from the natively secreted fungal protein. Taken together, these results indicate that the computationally designed DLac expressed in E. coli is unable to utilize the same folding pathway that is used in the expression of the parent TvL protein or the prokaryotic laccases. This sequence can be used going forward to help elucidate the sequence requirements needed for prokaryotic multi-copper oxidase expression. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11693-011-9080-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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