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Caringal RT, Hickey JM, Sharma N, Jerajani K, Bewaji O, Brendle S, Christensen N, Batwal S, Mahedvi M, Rao H, Dogar V, Chandrasekharan R, Shaligram U, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. A Combined LC-MS and Immunoassay Approach to Characterize Preservative-Induced Destabilization of Human Papillomavirus Virus-like Particles Adsorbed to an Aluminum-Salt Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:580. [PMID: 38932309 PMCID: PMC11209183 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the multi-dose formulation development of recombinant vaccine candidates, protein antigens can be destabilized by antimicrobial preservatives (APs). The degradation mechanisms are often poorly understood since available analytical tools are limited due to low protein concentrations and the presence of adjuvants. In this work, we evaluate different analytical approaches to monitor the structural integrity of HPV16 VLPs adsorbed to Alhydrogel™ (AH) in the presence and absence of APs (i.e., destabilizing m-cresol, MC, or non-destabilizing chlorobutanol, CB) under accelerated conditions (pH 7.4, 50 °C). First, in vitro potency losses displayed only modest correlations with the results from two commonly used methods of protein analysis (SDS-PAGE, DSC). Next, results from two alternative analytical approaches provided a better understanding of physicochemical events occurring under these same conditions: (1) competitive ELISA immunoassays with a panel of mAbs against conformational and linear epitopes on HPV16 VLPs and (2) LC-MS peptide mapping to evaluate the accessibility/redox state of the 12 cysteine residues within each L1 protein comprising the HPV16 VLP (i.e., with 360 L1 proteins per VLP, there are 4320 Cys residues per VLP). These methods expand the limited analytical toolset currently available to characterize AH-adsorbed antigens and provide additional insights into the molecular mechanism(s) of AP-induced destabilization of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria T. Caringal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - John M. Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - Kaushal Jerajani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - Oluwadara Bewaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - Sarah Brendle
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Saurabh Batwal
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Mustafa Mahedvi
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Harish Rao
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Vikas Dogar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Rahul Chandrasekharan
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.R.); (V.D.); (R.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.C.); (J.M.H.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (O.B.); (S.B.J.)
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2
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Khan S, Ansari B, Ansari NK, Naeem A. Protective role of chlorogenic acid in preserving cytochrome-c stability against HFIP-induced molten globule state at physiological pH. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129845. [PMID: 38302016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation. The mechanism of protein aggregation is intricate, and it is very challenging to study at cellular level. Inhibition of protein aggregation by interfering with its pathway is one of the ways to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work, we have evaluated the protective effect of a polyphenol compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) on the native and molten globule state of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). A molten globule state of this heme protein was achieved in the presence of fluorinated alcohol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) at physiological pH, as studied by UV-Vis absorption, circular dichroism, intrinsic and ANS fluorescence. We found that at 50 % (v/v) HFIP, the native cyt c transformed into a molten globule state. The same techniques were also used to analyze the protective effect of CGA on the molten globule state of cyt c, and the results show that the CGA prevented the molten globular state and retained the protein close to the native state at 1:1 protein:CGA sub molar ratio. Molecular dynamics study also revealed that CGA retains the stability of cyt c in HFIP medium by preserving it in an intermediate state close to native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| | - Bushra Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Neha Kausar Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| | - Aabgeena Naeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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Li M, Falk BT, Lu X, Schroder R, Mccoy M, Xu W, Yin DH, Gindy ME, D'Addio SM, Su Y. Molecular Mechanism of Antimicrobial Excipient-Induced Aggregation in Parenteral Formulations of Peptide Therapeutics. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3267-3278. [PMID: 35917158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial preservatives are used as functional excipients in multidose formulations of biological therapeutics to destroy or inhibit the growth of microbial contaminants, which may be introduced by repeatedly administering doses. Antimicrobial agents can also induce the biophysical instability of proteins and peptides, which presents a challenge in optimizing the drug product formulation. Elucidating the structural basis for aggregation aids in understanding the underlying mechanism and can offer valuable knowledge and rationale for designing drug substances and drug products; however, this remains largely unexplored due to the lack of high-resolution characterization. In this work, we utilize solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as an advanced biophysical tool to study an acylated 31-residue peptide, acyl-peptide A, and its interaction with commonly used antimicrobial agents, benzyl alcohol and m-cresol. Our results suggest that acyl-peptide A forms soluble octamers in the aqueous solution, which tumble slowly due to an increased molecular weight as measured by diffusion ordered spectroscopy and 1H relaxation measurement. The addition of benzyl alcohol does not induce aggregation of acyl-peptide A and has no chemical shift perturbation in 1H-1H NOESY spectra, suggesting no detectable interaction with the peptide. In contrast, the addition of 1% (w/v) m-cresol results in insoluble aggregates composed of 25% (w/w) peptides after a 24-hour incubation at room temperature as quantified by 1H NMR. Interestingly, 1H-13C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence and 1H-1H total correlation experiment spectroscopy have identified m-cresol and peptide interactions at specific residues, including Met, Lys, Glu, and Gln, suggesting that there may be a combination of hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions with m-cresol driving this phenomenon. These site-specific interactions have promoted the formation of higher-order oligomerization such as dimers and trimers of octamers, eventually resulting in insoluble aggregates. Our study has elucidated a structural basis of m-cresol-induced self-association that can inform the optimized design of drug substances and products. Moreover, it has demonstrated solution NMR as a high-resolution tool to investigate the structure and dynamics of biological drug products and provide an understanding of excipient-induced peptide and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bradley T Falk
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ryan Schroder
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Mccoy
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel H Yin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marian E Gindy
- Small Molecule Science and Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suzanne M D'Addio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Characteristics of Soy Protein Prepared Using an Aqueous Ethanol Washing Process. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092222. [PMID: 34574332 PMCID: PMC8469348 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the predominant process for soy protein concentrate (SPC) production is aqueous ethanol washing of hexane-extracted soy meal. However, the use of hexane is less desired, which explains the increased interest in cold pressing for oil removal. In this study, cold-pressed soy meal was used as the starting material, and a range of water/ethanol ratios was applied for the washing process to produce SPCs. Washing enriched the protein content for the SPCs, regardless of the solvent used. However, we conclude that washing with water (0% ethanol) or solvents with a high water/ethanol ratio (60% and above) can be more advantageous. Washing with a high water/ethanol ratio resulted in the highest yield, and SPCs with the highest protein solubility and water holding capacity. The water-only washed SPC showed the highest viscosity, and formed gels with the highest gel strength and hardness among all the SPCs at a similar protein concentration. The variations in the functionality among the SPCs were attributed to protein changes, although the effects of non-protein constituents such as sugar and oil might also be important. Overall, the aqueous ethanol washing process combined with cold-pressed soy meal created SPCs comparable to commercial SPC in terms of composition, but with varied functionalities that are relevant for novel soy-food developments.
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Cen S, Yu W, Yang W, Lou Q, Huang T. Reversibility of the gel, rheological, and structural properties of alcohol pretreated fish gelatin: Effect of alcohol types. J Texture Stud 2021; 53:266-276. [PMID: 34426973 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reversibility of gel property of alcohol (methanol, ethanol)-pretreated fish gelatin (FG) were investigated through removing alcohol solutions by freeze drying. Results showed that the gel strength and the hardness of FG could be retained (1%, 40%) or even improved (1% methanol) using low or high concentration alcohol solutions, while decreased in medium concentration alcohol solutions. Compared with untreated FG, rheology results showed that, all alcohol solutions pretreated FG had lower apparent viscosity, while higher alcohol solutions pretreated ones decreased the gel and melt points and shorten the gelation time. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that methanol pretreated FG had the higher α contents than those of ethanol pretreated. Circular dichroism spectra results indicated that β-sheet could be decreased after removing ethanol solutions, whereas the β-sheet increased after removing the methanol solutions. Moreover, low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation test showed that pretreated FG had lower transverse relaxation times of internal water (T21 and T22 ) compared to that of the untreated FG. Overall, FG still retains higher gel properties after removing the low or high alcohol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cen
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Wenge Yang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaoming Lou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Bandi S, Singh SM, Shah DD, Upadhyay V, Mallela KM. 2D NMR Analysis of the Effect of Asparagine Deamidation Versus Methionine Oxidation on the Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Function of a Therapeutic Protein. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4621-4635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Surinder M. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dinen D. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Krishna M.G. Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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7
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Doan CD, Ghosh S. Formation and Stability of Pea Proteins Nanoparticles Using Ethanol-Induced Desolvation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E949. [PMID: 31261964 PMCID: PMC6669580 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein nanoparticles have recently found a lot of interests due to their unique physicochemical properties and structure-functionality compared to the conventional proteins. The aim of this research was to synthesize pea protein nanoparticles (PPN) using ethanol-induced desolvation, to determine the changes in secondary structures and the particle stability in an aqueous dispersion. The nanoparticles were prepared by diluting 3.0 wt% pea protein solutions in 1-5 times ethanol at pH 3 and 10 at different temperatures. Higher ratios of ethanol caused greater extent of desolvation and larger sizes of PPN. After homogenization at 5000 psi for 5 min, PPN displayed uniform size distribution with a smaller size and higher zeta potential at pH 10 compared to pH 3. PPN prepared from a preliminary thermal treatment at 95 °C revealed a smaller size than those synthesized at 25 °C. Electron microscopy showed roughly spherical shape and extensively aggregated state of the nanoparticles. Addition of ethanol caused a reduction in β-sheets and an increase in α-helices and random coil structures of the proteins. When PPN were separated from ethanol and re-dispersed in deionized water (pH 7), they were stable over four weeks, although some solubilization of proteins leading to a loss in particle size was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Diem Doan
- Laboratory of Food Nanotechnology, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Laboratory of Food Nanotechnology, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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8
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Helbing C, Deckert-Gaudig T, Firkowska-Boden I, Wei G, Deckert V, Jandt KD. Protein Handshake on the Nanoscale: How Albumin and Hemoglobin Self-Assemble into Nanohybrid Fibers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1211-1219. [PMID: 29298383 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Creating and establishing proof of hybrid protein nanofibers (hPNFs), i.e., PNFs that contain more than one protein, is a currently unsolved challenge in bioinspired materials science. Such hPNFs could serve as universal building blocks for the bottom-up preparation of functional materials with bespoke properties. Here, inspired by the protein assemblies occurring in nature, we introduce hPNFs created via a facile self-assembly route and composed of human serum albumin (HSA) and human hemoglobin (HGB) proteins. Our circular dichroism results shed light on the mechanism of the proteins' self-assembly into hybrid nanofibers, which is driven by electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions between similar amino acid sequences (protein handshake) exposed to ethanol-triggered protein denaturation. Based on nanoscale characterization with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and immunogold labeling, our results demonstrate the existence and heterogenic nature of the hPNFs and reveal the high HSA/HGB composition ratio, which is attributed to the fast self-assembling kinetics of HSA. The self-assembled hPNFs with a high aspect ratio of over 100 can potentially serve as biocompatible units to create larger bioactive structures, devices, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Helbing
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Deckert-Gaudig
- Leibnitz Institute of Photonic Technology IPHT , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Izabela Firkowska-Boden
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibnitz Institute of Photonic Technology IPHT , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Singh SM, Bandi S, Jones DNM, Mallela KMG. Effect of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 on the Higher-Order Structure of a Monoclonal Antibody and Its Fab and Fc Fragments Probed Using 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3486-3498. [PMID: 28843351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined how polysorbate 20 (PS20; Tween 20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80; Tween 80) affect the higher-order structure of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and its antigen-binding (Fab) and crystallizable (Fc) fragments, using near-UV circular dichroism and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both polysorbates bind to the mAb with submillimolar affinity. Binding causes significant changes in the tertiary structure of mAb with no changes in its secondary structure. 2D 13C-1H methyl NMR indicates that with increasing concentration of polysorbates, the Fab region showed a decrease in crosspeak volumes. In addition to volume changes, PS20 caused significant changes in the chemical shifts compared to no changes in the case of PS80. No such changes in crosspeak volumes or chemical shifts were observed in the case of Fc region, indicating that polysorbates predominantly affect the Fab region compared to the Fc region. This differential effect of polysorbates on the Fab and Fc regions was because of the lesser thermodynamic stability of the Fab compared to the Fc. These results further indicate that PS80 is the preferred polysorbate for this mAb formulation, because it offers higher protection against aggregation, causes lesser structural perturbation, and has weaker binding affinity with fewer binding sites compared to PS20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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10
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Banis GE, Winkler T, Barton P, Chocron SE, Kim E, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ben-Yoav H, Ghodssi R. The Binding Effect of Proteins on Medications and Its Impact on Electrochemical Sensing: Antipsychotic Clozapine as a Case Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E69. [PMID: 28763030 PMCID: PMC5620613 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ), a dibenzodiazepine, is demonstrated as the optimal antipsychotic for patients suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Like many other drugs, understanding the concentration of CLZ in a patient's blood is critical for managing the patients' symptoms, side effects, and overall treatment efficacy. To that end, various electrochemical techniques have been adapted due to their capabilities in concentration-dependent sensing. An open question associated with electrochemical CLZ monitoring is whether drug-protein complexes (i.e., CLZ bound to native blood proteins, such as serum albumin (SA) or alpha-1 acid-glycoprotein (AAG)) contribute to electrochemical redox signals. Here, we investigate CLZ-sensing performance using fundamental electrochemical methods with respect to the impact of protein binding. Specifically, we test the activity of bound and free fractions of a mixture of CLZ and either bovine SA or human AAG. Results suggest that bound complexes do not significantly contribute to the electrochemical signal for mixtures of CLZ with AAG or SA. Moreover, the fraction of CLZ bound to protein is relatively constant at 31% (AAG) and 73% (SA) in isolation with varying concentrations of CLZ. Thus, electrochemical sensing can enable direct monitoring of only the unbound CLZ, previously only accessible via equilibrium dialysis. The methods utilized in this work offer potential as a blueprint in developing electrochemical sensors for application to other redox-active medications with high protein binding more generally. This demonstrates that electrochemical sensing can be a new tool in accessing information not easily available previously, useful toward optimizing treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Banis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Patricia Barton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Sheryl E Chocron
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Suite 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA.
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Suite 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, 2173 A.V. Williams Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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11
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Pentanol and Benzyl Alcohol Attack Bacterial Surface Structures Differently. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:402-8. [PMID: 26519389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02515-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Methylobacterium tolerates hygiene agents like benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and infection with this organism is an important public health issue. Here, we found that the combination of BAC with particular alcohols at nonlethal concentrations in terms of their solitary uses significantly reduced bacterial viability after only 5 min of exposure. Among the alcohols, Raman spectroscopic analyses showed that pentanol (pentyl alcohol [PeA]) and benzyl alcohol (BzA) accelerated the cellular accumulation of BAC. Fluorescence spectroscopic assays and morphological assays with giant vesicles indicated that PeA rarely attacked membrane structures, while BzA increased the membrane fluidity and destabilized the structures. Other fluorescent spectroscopic assays indicated that PeA and BzA inactivate bacterial membrane proteins, including an efflux pump for BAC transportation. These findings suggested that the inactivation of membrane proteins by PeA and BzA led to the cellular accumulation but that only BzA also enhanced BAC penetration by membrane fluidization at nonlethal concentrations.
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Bis RL, Mallela KMG. Antimicrobial preservatives induce aggregation of interferon alpha-2a: the order in which preservatives induce protein aggregation is independent of the protein. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:356-61. [PMID: 24974985 PMCID: PMC4268133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial preservatives (APs) are included in liquid multi-dose protein formulations to combat the growth of microbes and bacteria. These compounds have been shown to cause protein aggregation, which leads to serious immunogenic and toxic side-effects in patients. Our earlier work on a model protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) demonstrated that APs cause protein aggregation in a specific manner. The aim of this study is to validate the conclusions obtained from our model protein studies on a pharmaceutical protein. Interferon α-2a (IFNA2) is available as a therapeutic treatment for numerous immune-compromised disorders including leukemia and hepatitis C, and APs have been used in its multi-dose formulation. Similar to Cyt c, APs induced IFNA2 aggregation, demonstrated by the loss of soluble monomer and increase in solution turbidity. The extent of IFNA2 aggregation increased with the increase in AP concentration. IFNA2 aggregation also depended on the nature of AP, and followed the order m-cresol>phenol>benzyl alcohol>phenoxyethanol. This specific order exactly matched with that observed for the model protein Cyt c. These and previously published results on antibodies and other recombinant proteins suggest that the general mechanism by which APs induce protein aggregation may be independent of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Bis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Bis RL, Singh SM, Cabello-Villegas J, Mallela KMG. Role of benzyl alcohol in the unfolding and aggregation of interferon α-2a. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:407-15. [PMID: 25100180 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl alcohol (BA) is the most widely used antimicrobial preservative in multidose protein formulations, and has been shown to cause protein aggregation. Our previous work on a model protein cytochrome c demonstrated that this phenomenon occurs via partial unfolding. Here, we examine the validity of these results by investigating the effect of BA on a pharmaceutically relevant protein, interferon α-2a (IFNA2). IFNA2 therapeutic formulations available on the pharmaceutical market contain BA as a preservative. Isothermal aggregation kinetics and temperature scanning demonstrated that BA induced IFNA2 aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. With increasing concentration of BA, the apparent aggregation temperature of IFNA2 linearly decreased. Denaturant melts measured using protein intrinsic fluorescence and that of the 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid dye indicated that IFNA2 stability decreased with increasing BA concentration, populating a partially unfolded intermediate. Changes in nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and hydrogen exchange rates identified the structural nature of this intermediate, which correlated with an aggregation "hot-spot" predicted by computational methods. These results indicate that BA induces IFNA2 aggregation by partial unfolding rather than global unfolding of the entire protein, and is consistent with our earlier conclusions from model protein studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Bis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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Ghosh S, Pandey NK, Banerjee P, Chaudhury K, Nagy NV, Dasgupta S. Copper(II) directs formation of toxic amorphous aggregates resulting in inhibition of hen egg white lysozyme fibrillation under alkaline salt-mediated conditions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:991-1007. [PMID: 24806136 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.921864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) adopts a molten globule-like state at high pH (~12.75) and is found to form amyloid fibrils at alkaline pH. Here, we report that Cu(II) inhibits self-association of HEWL at pH 12.75 both at 37 and 65 °C. A significant reduction in Thioflavin T fluorescence intensity, attenuation in β-sheet content and reduction in hydrophobic exposure were observed with increasing Cu(II) stoichiometry. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy suggests a 4N type of coordination pattern around Cu(II) during fibrillation. Cu(II) is also capable of altering the cytotoxicity of the proteinaceous aggregates. Fibrillar species of diverse morphology were found in the absence of Cu(II) with the generation of amorphous aggregates in the presence of Cu(II), which are more toxic compared to the fibrils alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Ghosh
- a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302 , India
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15
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Kunkel J, Asuri P. Function, structure, and stability of enzymes confined in agarose gels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86785. [PMID: 24466239 PMCID: PMC3897775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the past few decades has attempted to answer how proteins behave in molecularly confined or crowded environments when compared to dilute buffer solutions. This information is vital to understanding in vivo protein behavior, as the average spacing between macromolecules in the cell cytosol is much smaller than the size of the macromolecules themselves. In our study, we attempt to address this question using three structurally and functionally different model enzymes encapsulated in agarose gels of different porosities. Our studies reveal that under standard buffer conditions, the initial reaction rates of the agarose-encapsulated enzymes are lower than that of the solution phase enzymes. However, the encapsulated enzymes retain a higher percentage of their activity in the presence of denaturants. Moreover, the concentration of agarose used for encapsulation had a significant effect on the enzyme functional stability; enzymes encapsulated in higher percentages of agarose were more stable than the enzymes encapsulated in lower percentages of agarose. Similar results were observed through structural measurements of enzyme denaturation using an 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid fluorescence assay. Our work demonstrates the utility of hydrogels to study protein behavior in highly confined environments similar to those present in vivo; furthermore, the enhanced stability of gel-encapsulated enzymes may find use in the delivery of therapeutic proteins, as well as the design of novel strategies for biohybrid medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kunkel
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hutchings RL, Singh SM, Cabello-Villegas J, Mallela KMG. Effect of antimicrobial preservatives on partial protein unfolding and aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:365-76. [PMID: 23169345 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
One-third of protein formulations are multi-dose. These require antimicrobial preservatives (APs); however, some APs have been shown to cause protein aggregation. Our previous work on a model protein cytochrome c indicated that partial protein unfolding, rather than complete unfolding, triggers aggregation. Here, we examined the relative strength of five commonly used APs on such unfolding and aggregation, and explored whether stabilizing the aggregation 'hot-spot' reduces such aggregation. All APs induced protein aggregation in the order m-cresol > phenol > benzyl alcohol > phenoxyethanol > chlorobutanol. All these enhanced the partial protein unfolding that includes a local region which was predicted to be the aggregation 'hot-spot'. The extent of destabilization correlated with the extent of aggregation. Further, we show that stabilizing the 'hot-spot' reduces aggregation induced by all five APs. These results indicate that m-cresol causes the most protein aggregation, whereas chlorobutanol causes the least protein aggregation. The same protein region acts as the 'hot-spot' for aggregation induced by different APs, implying that developing strategies to prevent protein aggregation induced by one AP will also work for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Hutchings
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Singh SM, Molas JF, Kongari N, Bandi S, Armstrong GS, Winder SJ, Mallela KM. Thermodynamic stability, unfolding kinetics, and aggregation of the N-terminal actin-binding domains of utrophin and dystrophin. Proteins 2012; 80:1377-92. [PMID: 22275054 PMCID: PMC3439503 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy (MD) is the most common genetic lethal disorder in children. Mutations in dystrophin trigger the most common form of MD, Duchenne, and its allelic variant Becker MD. Utrophin is the closest homologue and has been shown to compensate for the loss of dystrophin in human disease animal models. However, the structural and functional similarities and differences between utrophin and dystrophin are less understood. Both proteins interact with actin through their N-terminal actin-binding domain (N-ABD). In this study, we examined the thermodynamic stability and aggregation of utrophin N-ABD and compared with that of dystrophin. Our results show that utrophin N-ABD has spectroscopic properties similar to dystrophin N-ABD. However, utrophin N-ABD has decreased denaturant and thermal stability, unfolds faster, and is correspondingly more susceptible to proteolysis, which might account for its decreased in vivo half-life compared to dystrophin. In addition, utrophin N-ABD aggregates to a lesser extent compared with dystrophin N-ABD, contrary to the general behavior of proteins in which decreased stability enhances protein aggregation. Despite these differences in stability and aggregation, both proteins exhibit deleterious effects of mutations. When utrophin N-ABD mutations analogous in position to the dystrophin disease-causing mutations were generated, they behaved similarly to dystrophin mutants in terms of decreased stability and the formation of cross-β aggregates, indicating a possible role for utrophin mutations in disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Justine F. Molas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Narsimulu Kongari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Steve J. Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Krishna M.G. Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Singh SM, Hutchings RL, Mallela KMG. Mechanisms of m-cresol-induced protein aggregation studied using a model protein cytochrome c. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1679-89. [PMID: 21229618 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidose protein formulations require an effective antimicrobial preservative (AP) to inhibit microbial growth during long-term storage of unused formulations. m-cresol (CR) is one such AP, but it has been shown to cause protein aggregation. However, the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying such AP-induced protein aggregation are not understood. In this study, we used a model protein cytochrome c to identify the protein unfolding that triggers protein aggregation. CR induced cytochrome c aggregation at preservative concentrations that are commonly used to inhibit microbial growth. Addition of CR decreased the temperature at which the protein aggregated and increased the aggregation rate. However, CR did not perturb the tertiary or secondary structure of cytochrome c. Instead, it populated an "invisible" partially unfolded intermediate where a local protein region around the methionine residue at position 80 was unfolded. Stabilizing the Met80 region drastically decreased the protein aggregation, which conclusively shows that this local protein region acts as an aggregation "hotspot." On the basis of these results, we propose that APs induce protein aggregation by partial rather than global unfolding. Because of the availability of site-specific probes to monitor different levels of protein unfolding, cytochrome c provided a unique advantage in characterizing the partial protein unfolding that triggers protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Ave., C238-P15, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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