1
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Li C, Stražar M, Mohamed AMT, Pacheco JA, Walker RL, Lebar T, Zhao S, Lockart J, Dame A, Thurimella K, Jeanfavre S, Brown EM, Ang QY, Berdy B, Sergio D, Invernizzi R, Tinoco A, Pishchany G, Vasan RS, Balskus E, Huttenhower C, Vlamakis H, Clish C, Shaw SY, Plichta DR, Xavier RJ. Gut microbiome and metabolome profiling in Framingham heart study reveals cholesterol-metabolizing bacteria. Cell 2024; 187:1834-1852.e19. [PMID: 38569543 PMCID: PMC11071153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an altered gut microbiome. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms has been hindered by lack of matched multi-omic data with diagnostic biomarkers. To comprehensively profile gut microbiome contributions to CVD, we generated stool metagenomics and metabolomics from 1,429 Framingham Heart Study participants. We identified blood lipids and cardiovascular health measurements associated with microbiome and metabolome composition. Integrated analysis revealed microbial pathways implicated in CVD, including flavonoid, γ-butyrobetaine, and cholesterol metabolism. Species from the Oscillibacter genus were associated with decreased fecal and plasma cholesterol levels. Using functional prediction and in vitro characterization of multiple representative human gut Oscillibacter isolates, we uncovered conserved cholesterol-metabolizing capabilities, including glycosylation and dehydrogenation. These findings suggest that cholesterol metabolism is a broad property of phylogenetically diverse Oscillibacter spp., with potential benefits for lipid homeostasis and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ahmed M T Mohamed
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Tina Lebar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Lockart
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Dame
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qi Yan Ang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dallis Sergio
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachele Invernizzi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; University of Texas School of Public Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Emily Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley Y Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Inhibitory and Injury-Protection Effects of O-Glycan on Gastric Epithelial Cells Infected with Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0039322. [PMID: 36190255 PMCID: PMC9584294 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00393-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important pathogen that can cause gastric cancer. Multiple adhesion molecules mediated H. pylori adherence to cells is the initial step in the infection of host cells. H. pylori cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (CGT) recognizes and extracts cholesterol from cell membranes to destroy lipid raft structure, further promotes H. pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells. O-Glycan, a substance secreted by the deep gastric mucosa, can competitively inhibit CGT activity and may serve as an important factor to prevent H. pylori colonization in the deep gastric mucosa. However, the inhibitory and injury-protection effects of O-Glycan against H. pylori infection has not been well investigated. In this study, we found that O-Glycan significantly inhibited the relative urease content in the coinfection system. In the presence of O-glycan, the injury of GES-1 cells in H. pylori persistent infection model was attenuated and the cell viability was increased. We use fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B (FITC-CTX-B) to detect lipid rafts on gastric epithelial cells and observed that O-glycan can protect H. pylori from damaging lipid raft structures on cell membranes. In addition, transcriptome data showed that O-glycan treatment significantly reduced the activation of inflammatory cancer transformation pathway caused by H. pylori infection. Our results suggest that O-Glycan is able to inhibit H. pylori persistent infection of gastric epithelial cells, reduce the damage caused by H. pylori, and could serve as a potential medicine to treat patients infected with H. pylori.
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Abstract
Iminosugars are naturally occurring carbohydrate analogues known since 1967. These natural compounds and hundreds of their synthetic derivatives prepared over five decades have been mainly exploited to inhibit the glycosidases, the enzymes catalysing the glycosidic bond cleavage, in order to find new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. However, iminosugars are also inhibitors of glycosyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. The selective inhibition of specific glycosyltransferases involved in cancer or bacterial infections could lead to innovative therapeutic agents. The synthesis and biological properties of all the iminosugars assayed to date as glycosyltransferase inhibitors are reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Conforti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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4
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Qaria MA, Qumar S, Sepe LP, Ahmed N. Cholesterol glucosylation-based survival strategy in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12777. [PMID: 33368895 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major chronic health problem, infecting more than half of the population worldwide. H. pylori infection is linked with various clinical complications ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. The resolution of gastritis and peptic ulcer appears to be linked with the eradication of H. pylori. However, resistance to antibiotics and eradication failure rates are reaching alarmingly high levels. This calls for urgent action in finding alternate methods for H. pylori eradication. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanism of H. pylori known as cholesterol glucosylation, mediated by the enzyme cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase, encoded by the gene cgt. Cholesterol glucosylation serves several functions that include promoting immune evasion, enhancing antibiotic resistance, maintaining the native helical morphology, and supporting functions of prominent virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Consequently, strategies aiming at inhibition of the cholesterol glucosylation process have the potential to attenuate the potency of H. pylori infection and abrogate H. pylori immune evasion capabilities. Knockout of H. pylori cgt results in unsuccessful colonization and elimination by the host immune responses. Moreover, blocking cholesterol glucosylation can reverse antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori. In this work, we review the main roles of cholesterol glucosylation in H. pylori and evaluate whether this mechanism can be targeted for the development of alternate methods for eradication of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ludovico P Sepe
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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5
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Pal S, Sarker N, Qaria M, Tandon K, Akhter Y, Ahmed N. Design of an inhibitor of Helicobacter pylori cholesteryl-α-glucoside transferase critical for bacterial colonization. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12720. [PMID: 32668502 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fifty percent of the world's population surves as a host for Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer causing bacteria, that colonizes the gastric region of digestive tract. It has a remarkable capacity to infect the host stomach for the entire lifetime despite an activated host immune response. METHODS In this study, we have performed the virtual screening analysis of protein-inhibitor binding between the glycosyl transferase enzymes of Helicobacter pylori (CapJ or HP0421) and a corresponding library of inhibitors in the known substrate-binding pockets. We have docked our library of ligands consisting of cholesterol backbone with CapJ protein and identified several ligands' interacting amino acid residues present in active site pocket(s) of the protein. RESULTS In most of the cases, the ligands showed an interaction with the residues of the same pocket of the enzyme. Top three (03) hits were filtered out from the whole data set, which might act as potent inhibitors of the enzyme-substrate reaction. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a new possibility by which colonization of H. pylori can be limited. The reported evidence suggests that comprehensive knowledge and wet laboratory validation of these inhibitors are needed in order to develop them as lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumiya Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Nishat Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | - Majjid Qaria
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kshitij Tandon
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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6
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Chen Z, Liu P, Li Z, Yu W, Wang Z, Yao H, Wang Y, Li Q, Deng X, He N. Identification of key genes involved in polysaccharide bioflocculant synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:645-655. [PMID: 27667128 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the sequenced genome of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876, which is composed of a 4,284,461 bp chromosome that contains 4,188 protein-coding genes, 72 tRNA genes, and 21 rRNA genes. Additional analysis revealed an eps gene cluster with 16 open reading frames. Conserved Domains Database analysis combined with qPCR experiments indicated that all genes in this cluster were involved in polysaccharide bioflocculant synthesis. Phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were supposed to be key enzymes in polysaccharide secretion in B. licheniformis. A biosynthesis pathway for the production of polysaccharide bioflocculant involving the integration of individual genes was proposed based on functional analysis. Overexpression of epsDEF from the eps gene cluster in B. licheniformis CGMCC 2876 increased the flocculating activity of the recombinant strain by 90% compared to the original strain. Similarly, the crude yield of polysaccharide bioflocculant was enhanced by 27.8%. Overexpression of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene not only increased the flocculating activity by 71% but also increased bioflocculant yield by 13.3%. Independent of UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase gene, flocculating activity, and polysaccharide yield were negatively impacted by overexpression of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase gene. Overall, epsDEF and gtaB2 were identified as key genes for polysaccharide bioflocculant synthesis in B. licheniformis. These results will be useful for further engineering of B. licheniformis for industrial bioflocculant production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 645-655. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haosheng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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7
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Chou FP, Tsai CT, Chiou YS, Chen YJ, Li ME, Guo TW, Lyu JW, Chou SH, Wu TK. An enzymatic approach to configurationally raretrans-androsteronyl-α-glucoside and Its potential anticancer application. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:61-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Tse Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Sheng Chiou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Erh Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wei Guo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jason WenJay Lyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hao Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
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8
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Huang Z, London E. Cholesterol lipids and cholesterol-containing lipid rafts in bacteria. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:11-16. [PMID: 26964703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are important components of eukaryotic membranes, but rare in bacteria. Some bacteria obtain sterols from their host or environment. In some cases, these sterols form membrane domains analogous the lipid rafts proposed to exist in eukaryotic membranes. This review describes the properties and roles of sterols in Borrelia and Helicobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215 USA
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215 USA.
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9
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Davis RA, Fettinger JC, Gervay-Hague J. Synthesis of cholesteryl-α-D-lactoside via generation and trapping of a stable β-lactosyl iodide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3690-3694. [PMID: 26543257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of β-lactosyl iodide was carried out under non-in situ-anomerization, metal free conditions by reacting commercially available β-per-O-acetylated lactose with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI). The β-iodide was surprisingly stable as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy. Introduction of octanol or cholesterol under microwave conditions gave high yields of α-linked glycoconjugates. Careful analysis of the reaction products and mechanistic considerations suggest an acid catalyzed rearrangement that provides α-linked glycosylation products with a free C2-hydroxyl. Accessibility to these compounds may further advance glycolipidomic profiling of immune modulating bacterial derived-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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10
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Tandem glycosyl iodide glycosylation and regioselective enzymatic acylation affords 6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-d-cholesterylglycosides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8447-52. [PMID: 25093454 PMCID: PMC4156253 DOI: 10.1021/jo501371h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A generalized synthesis of α-d-cholesterylglycosides
has been achieved using one-pot per-O-trimethylsilyl
glycosyl iodide glycosidation. Both cholesteryl α-d-glucopyranoside (αCG) and cholesteryl α-d-galactopyranoside
were prepared in high yield. These compounds were further esterified
using regioselective enzymatic acylation with tetradecanoyl vinyl
ester to afford 6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-d-cholesteryl glucopyranoside (αCAG) of Helicobacter
pylori and the corresponding galactose analogue in 66–78%
overall yields from free sugars. The tandem step-economy sequence
provides novel analogues to facilitate glycolipidomic profiling.
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11
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Albesa-Jové D, Giganti D, Jackson M, Alzari PM, Guerin ME. Structure-function relationships of membrane-associated GT-B glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 2013; 24:108-24. [PMID: 24253765 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated GT-B glycosyltransferases (GTs) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. As a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. Membrane-associated GT-B enzymes display two "Rossmann-fold" domains separated by a deep cleft that includes the catalytic center. They associate permanently or temporarily to the phospholipid bilayer by a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. They have the remarkable property to access both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates that reside within chemically distinct environments catalyzing their enzymatic transformations in an efficient manner. Here, we discuss the considerable progress that has been made in recent years in understanding the molecular mechanism that governs substrate and membrane recognition, and the impact of the conformational transitions undergone by these GTs during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Albesa-Jové
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
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12
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Greenfield LK, Richards MR, Vinogradov E, Wakarchuk WW, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Domain organization of the polymerizing mannosyltransferases involved in synthesis of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9a lipopolysaccharide O-antigens. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38135-49. [PMID: 22989876 PMCID: PMC3488083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli O9a and O8 polymannose O-polysaccharides (O-PSs) serve as model systems for the biosynthesis of bacterial polysaccharides by ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways. Both O-PSs contain a conserved primer-adaptor domain at the reducing terminus and a serotype-specific repeat unit domain. The repeat unit domain is polymerized by the serotype-specific WbdA mannosyltransferase. In serotype O9a, WbdA is a bifunctional α-(1→2)-, α-(1→3)-mannosyltransferase, and its counterpart in serotype O8 is trifunctional (α-(1→2), α-(1→3), and β-(1→2)). Little is known about the detailed structures or mechanisms of action of the WbdA polymerases, and here we establish that they are multidomain enzymes. WbdA(O9a) contains two separable and functionally active domains, whereas WbdA(O8) possesses three. In WbdC(O9a) and WbdB(O9a), substitution of the first Glu of the EX(7)E motif had detrimental effects on the enzyme activity, whereas substitution of the second had no significant effect on activity in vivo. Mutation of the Glu residues in the EX(7)E motif of the N-terminal WbdA(O9a) domain resulted in WbdA variants unable to synthesize O-PS. In contrast, mutation of the Glu residues in the motif of the C-terminal WbdA(O9a) domain generated an enzyme capable of synthesizing an altered O-PS repeat unit consisting of only α-(1→2) linkages. In vitro assays with synthetic acceptors unequivocally confirmed that the N-terminal domain of WbdA(O9a) possesses α-(1→2)-mannosyltransferase activity. Together, these studies form a framework for detailed structure-function studies on individual domains and a strategy applicable for dissection and analysis of other multidomain glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Greenfield
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Michele R. Richards
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and
| | - Chris Whitfield
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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13
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Davis RA, Lin CH, Gervay-Hague J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside: a product of host cholesterol efflux promoted by Helicobacter pylori. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9083-5. [PMID: 22854787 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In a three-step protocol involving regioselective enzymatic acylation, per-O-trimethylsilylation, and a one-pot α-glycosidation-deprotection sequence, cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (α-CAG) of Helicobacter pylori is afforded starting from glucose in an overall yield of 45%. The production of CAG can be scaled to make purified quantities available to the biological community for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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