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Zhang J, Wang L, Wu D, Zhao H, Gong L, Xu J. Regulation of SmEXPA13 expression by SmMYB1R1-L enhances salt tolerance in Salix matsudana Koidz. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132292. [PMID: 38750858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Expansins, cell wall proteins, play a significant role in plant stress resistance. Our previous study confirmed the expression of the expansin gene SmEXPA13 from Salix matsudana Koidz. enhanced salt tolerance of plants. This report presented an assay that the expression of SmEXPA13 was higher in the salt-resistant willow variety 9901 than in the salt-sensitive variety Yanjiang. In order to understand the possible reasons, a study of the regulation process was conducted. Despite being cloned from both varieties, SmEXPA13 and its promotor showed no significant differences in the structure and sequence. A transcription factor (TF), SmMYB1R1-L, identified through screening the yeast library of willow cDNA, was found to regulate SmEXPA13. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay confirmed that SmMYB1R1-L could bind to the MYB element at the -520 bp site on the SmEXPA13 promotor. A dual-luciferase reporter assay also demonstrated that SmMYB1R1-L could greatly activate SmEXPA13 expression. The willow calli with over-expression of SmMYB1R1-L exhibited better physiological performance than the wild type under salt stress. Further testing the expression of SmMYB1R1-L displayed it significantly higher in 9901 willow than that in Yanjiang under salt stress. In conclusion, the high accumulation of SmMYB1R1-L in 9901 willow under salt stress led to the high expression of SmEXPA13, resulting in variations in salt stress resistance among willow varieties. The SmMYB1R1-L/SmEXPA13 cascade module in willow offers a new perspective on plant resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longfeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Haddad Momeni M, Zitting A, Jäämuru V, Turunen R, Penttilä P, Buchko GW, Hiltunen S, Maiorova N, Koivula A, Sapkota J, Marjamaa K, Master ER. Insights into the action of phylogenetically diverse microbial expansins on the structure of cellulose microfibrils. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:56. [PMID: 38654330 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial expansins (EXLXs) are non-lytic proteins homologous to plant expansins involved in plant cell wall formation. Due to their non-lytic cell wall loosening properties and potential to disaggregate cellulosic structures, there is considerable interest in exploring the ability of microbial expansins (EXLX) to assist the processing of cellulosic biomass for broader biotechnological applications. Herein, EXLXs with different modular structure and from diverse phylogenetic origin were compared in terms of ability to bind cellulosic, xylosic, and chitinous substrates, to structurally modify cellulosic fibrils, and to boost enzymatic deconstruction of hardwood pulp. RESULTS Five heterogeneously produced EXLXs (Clavibacter michiganensis; CmiEXLX2, Dickeya aquatica; DaqEXLX1, Xanthomonas sacchari; XsaEXLX1, Nothophytophthora sp.; NspEXLX1 and Phytophthora cactorum; PcaEXLX1) were shown to bind xylan and hardwood pulp at pH 5.5 and CmiEXLX2 (harboring a family-2 carbohydrate-binding module) also bound well to crystalline cellulose. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed a 20-25% increase in interfibrillar distance between neighboring cellulose microfibrils following treatment with CmiEXLX2, DaqEXLX1, or NspEXLX1. Correspondingly, combining xylanase with CmiEXLX2 and DaqEXLX1 increased product yield from hardwood pulp by ~ 25%, while supplementing the TrAA9A LPMO from Trichoderma reesei with CmiEXLX2, DaqEXLX1, and NspEXLX1 increased total product yield by over 35%. CONCLUSION This direct comparison of diverse EXLXs revealed consistent impacts on interfibrillar spacing of cellulose microfibers and performance of carbohydrate-active enzymes predicted to act on fiber surfaces. These findings uncover new possibilities to employ EXLXs in the creation of value-added materials from cellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Haddad Momeni
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Vilma Jäämuru
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rosaliina Turunen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Salla Hiltunen
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Natalia Maiorova
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anu Koivula
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Loosenin-Like Proteins from Phanerochaete carnosa Impact Both Cellulose and Chitin Fiber Networks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0186322. [PMID: 36645281 PMCID: PMC9888185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01863-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial expansin-related proteins are ubiquitous across bacterial and fungal organisms and reportedly play a role in the modification and deconstruction of cell wall polysaccharides, including lignocellulose. So far, very few microbial expansin-related proteins, including loosenins and loosenin-like (LOOL) proteins, have been functionally characterized. Herein, four LOOLs encoded by Phanerochaete carnosa and belonging to different subfamilies (i.e., PcaLOOL7 and PcaLOOL9 from subfamily A and PcaLOOL2 and PcaLOOL12 from subfamily B) were recombinantly produced and the purified proteins were characterized using diverse cellulose and chitin substrates. The purified PcaLOOLs weakened cellulose filter paper and cellulose nanofibril networks (CNF); however, none significantly boosted cellulase activity on the selected cellulose substrates (Avicel and Whatman paper). Although fusing the family 63 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM63) of BsEXLX1 encoded by Bacillus subtilis to PcaLOOLs increased their binding to cellulose, the CBM63 fusion appeared to reduce the cellulose filter paper weakening observed using wild-type proteins. Binding of PcaLOOLs to alpha-chitin was considerably higher than that to cellulose (Avicel) and was pH dependent, with the highest binding at pH 5.0. Amendment of certain PcaLOOLs in fungal liquid cultivations also impacted the density of the cultivated mycelia. The present study reveals the potential of fungal expansin-related proteins to impact both cellulose and chitin networks and points to a possible biological role in fungal cell wall processing. IMPORTANCE The present study deepens investigations of microbial expansin-related proteins and their applied significance by (i) reporting a detailed comparison of diverse loosenins encoded by the same organism, (ii) considering both cellulosic and chitin-containing materials as targeted substrates, and (iii) investigating the impact of the C-terminal carbohydrate binding module (CBM) present in other expansin-related proteins on loosenin function. By revealing the potential of fungal loosenins to impact both cellulose and chitin-containing networks, our study reveals a possible biological and applied role of loosenins in fungal cell wall processing.
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Cellulose-degrading enzymes: key players in biorefinery development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Sandozequi A, Salazar-Cortés JJ, Tapia-Vázquez I, Martínez-Anaya C. Prevalent association with the bacterial cell envelope of prokaryotic expansins revealed by bioinformatics analysis. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4315. [PMID: 35481628 PMCID: PMC9045087 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expansins are a group of proteins from diverse organisms from bacteria to plants. Although expansins show structural conservation, their biological roles seem to differ among kingdoms. In plants, these proteins remodel the cell wall during plant growth and other processes. Contrarily, determination of bacterial expansin activity has proven difficult, although genetic evidence of bacterial mutants indicates that expansins participate in bacteria-plant interactions. Nevertheless, a large proportion of expansin genes are found in the genomes of free-living bacteria, suggesting roles that are independent of the interaction with living plants. Here, we analyzed all available sequences of prokaryotic expansins for correlations between surface electric charge, extra protein modules, and sequence motifs for association with the bacteria exterior after export. Additionally, information on the fate of protein after translocation across the membrane also points to bacterial cell association of expansins through six different mechanisms, such as attachment of a lipid molecule for membrane anchoring in diderm species or covalent linking to the peptidoglycan layer in monoderms such as the Bacilliales. Our results have implications for expansin function in the context of bacteria-plant interactions and also for free-living species in which expansins might affect cell-cell or cell-substrate interaction properties and indicate the need to re-examine the roles currently considered for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés de Sandozequi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan José Salazar-Cortés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Irán Tapia-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Samalova M, Gahurova E, Hejatko J. Expansin-mediated developmental and adaptive responses: A matter of cell wall biomechanics? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e11. [PMID: 37077967 PMCID: PMC10095946 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of the cell wall (CW) are important for many developmental and adaptive responses in plants. Expansins were shown to mediate pH-dependent CW enlargement via a process called CW loosening. Here, we provide a brief overview of expansin occurrence in plant and non-plant species, their structure and mode of action including the role of hormone-regulated CW acidification in the control of expansin activity. We depict the historical as well as recent CW models, discuss the role of expansins in the CW biomechanics and address the developmental importance of expansin-regulated CW loosening in cell elongation and new primordia formation. We summarise the data published so far on the role of expansins in the abiotic stress response as well as the rather scarce evidence and hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlying expansin-mediated abiotic stress resistance. Finally, we wrap it up by highlighting possible future directions in expansin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Author for correspondence: J. Hejatko, E-mail:
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Brunecky R, Yao B, Xie X, Zheng F, Luo H. A Swollenin From Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 Enhances Cellulase Hydrolysis Toward Various Substrates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658096. [PMID: 33854492 PMCID: PMC8039133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollenins exist within some fungal species and are candidate accessory proteins for the biodegradation of cellulosic substrates. Here, we describe the identification of a swollenin gene, Tlswo, in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802. Tlswo was successfully expressed in both Trichoderma reesei and Pichia pastoris. Assay results indicate that TlSWO is capable of releasing reducing sugars from lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin. The specific activity of TlSWO toward lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin is 9.0 ± 0.100, 8.9 ± 0.100, 2.3 ± 0.002 and 0.79 ± 0.002 U/mg, respectively. Additionally, TlSWO had disruptive activity on Avicel and a synergistic effect with cellobiohydrolases, increasing the activity on pretreated corn stover by up to 72.2%. The functional diversity of TlSWO broadens its applicability in experimental settings, and indicating that it may be a promising candidate for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roman Brunecky
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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