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Marshall RD, Menniti FS, Tepper MA. A Novel PDE10A Inhibitor for Tourette Syndrome and Other Movement Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:1230. [PMID: 39056811 PMCID: PMC11274801 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental movement disorder involving basal ganglia dysfunction. PDE10A inhibitors modulate signaling in the striatal basal ganglia nuclei and are thus of interest as potential therapeutics in treating Tourette syndrome and other movement disorders. METHODS The preclinical pharmacology and toxicology, human safety and tolerability, and human PET striatal enzyme occupancy data for the PDE10A inhibitor EM-221 are presented. RESULTS EM-221 inhibited PDE10A with an in vitro IC50 of 9 pM and was >100,000 selective vs. other PDEs and other CNS receptors and enzymes. In rats, at doses of 0.05-0.50 mg/kg, EM-221 reduced hyperlocomotion and the disruption of prepulse inhibition induced by MK-801, attenuated conditioned avoidance, and facilitated novel object recognition, consistent with PDE10A's inhibition. EM-221 displayed no genotoxicity and was well tolerated up to 300 mg/kg in rats and 100 mg/kg in dogs. In single- and multiple-day ascending dose studies in healthy human volunteers, EM-221 was well tolerated up to 10 mg, with a maximum tolerated dose of 15 mg. PET imaging indicated that a PDE10A enzyme occupancy of up to 92.8% was achieved with a ~24 h half-life. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical and clinical data presented here support the study of EM-221 in phase 2 trials of Tourette syndrome and other movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank S. Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mark A. Tepper
- EuMentis Therapeutics Inc., 275 Grove Street, 2-400, Newton, MA 02466, USA;
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Sukhanov I, Dorotenko A, Fesenko Z, Savchenko A, Efimova EV, Mor MS, Belozertseva IV, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR. Inhibition of PDE10A in a New Rat Model of Severe Dopamine Depletion Suggests New Approach to Non-Dopamine Parkinson's Disease Therapy. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010009. [PMID: 36671394 PMCID: PMC9855999 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative pathology. Due to the limitations of existing therapeutic approaches, novel anti-parkinsonian medicines with non-dopamine mechanisms of action are clearly needed. One of the promising pharmacological targets for anti-Parkinson drug development is phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A. The stimulating motor effects of PDE10A inhibition were detected only under the conditions of partial dopamine depletion. The results raise the question of whether PDE10A inhibitors are able to restore locomotor activity when dopamine levels are very low. To address this issue, we (1) developed and validated the rat model of acute severe dopamine deficiency and (2) tested the action of PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 in this model. All experiments were performed in dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats. A tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine (αMPT), was used as an agent to cause extreme dopamine deficiency. In vivo tests included estimation of locomotor activity and catalepsy levels in the bar test. Additionally, we evaluated the tissue content of dopamine in brain samples by HPLC analysis. The acute administration of αMPT to DAT-KO rats caused severe depletion of dopamine, immobility, and catalepsy (Dopamine-Deficient DAT-KO (DDD) rats). As expected, treatment with the L-DOPA and carbidopa combination restored the motor functions of DDD rats. Strikingly, administration of MP-10 also fully reversed immobility and catalepsy in DDD rats. According to neurochemical studies, the action of MP-10, in contrast to L-DOPA + carbidopa, seems to be dopamine-independent. These observations indicate that targeting PDE10A may represent a new promising approach in the development of non-dopamine therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Sukhanov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (R.R.G.); Tel.: +7-(812)-346-39-25 (I.S.); +7-(812)-363-69-39 (R.R.G.)
| | - Artem Dorotenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem Savchenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya V. Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikael S. Mor
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Belozertseva
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana D. Sotnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (R.R.G.); Tel.: +7-(812)-346-39-25 (I.S.); +7-(812)-363-69-39 (R.R.G.)
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Matloka M, Janowska S, Pankiewicz P, Kokhanovska S, Kos T, Hołuj M, Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk I, Abramski K, Janicka M, Jakubowski P, Świątkiewicz M, Welniak-Kaminska M, Hucz-Kalitowska J, Dera P, Bojarski L, Grieb P, Popik P, Wieczorek M, Pieczykolan J. A PDE10A inhibitor CPL500036 is a novel agent modulating striatal function devoid of most neuroleptic side-effects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999685. [PMID: 36438799 PMCID: PMC9681820 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is expressed almost exclusively in the striatum and its inhibition is suggested to offer potential treatment in disorders associated with basal ganglia. We evaluated the selectivity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor, CPL500036, in vivo. Methods: The potency of CPL500036 was demonstrated by microfluidic technology, and selectivity was investigated in a radioligand binding assay against 44 targets. Cardiotoxicity in vitro was evaluated in human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG)-potassium channel-overexpressing cells by the patch-clamp method and by assessing key parameters in 3D cardiac spheroids. Cytotoxicity was determined in H1299, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The Ames test was used for genotoxicity analyses. During in vivo studies, CPL500036 was administered by oral gavage. CPL500036 exposure were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and plasma protein binding was assessed. The bar test was employed to assess catalepsy. Prolactin and glucose levels in rat blood were measured by ELISAs and glucometers, respectively. Cardiovascular safety in vivo was investigated in dogs using a telemetry method. Results: CPL500036 inhibited PDE10A at an IC50 of 1 nM, and interacted only with the muscarinic M2 receptor as a negative allosteric modulator with an IC50 of 9.2 µM. Despite inhibiting hERG tail current at an IC25 of 3.2 μM, cardiovascular adverse effects were not observed in human cardiac 3D spheroids or in vivo. Cytotoxicity in vitro was observed only at > 60 μM and genotoxicity was not recorded during the Ames test. CPL500036 presented good bioavailability and penetration into the brain. CPL500036 elicited catalepsy at 0.6 mg/kg, but hyperprolactinemia or hyperglycemic effects were not observed in doses up to 3 mg/kg. Conclusion: CPL500036 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable PDE10A inhibitor with a good safety profile distinct from marketed antipsychotics. CPL500036 may be a compelling drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Kos
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Hołuj
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Maciej Świątkiewicz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Paweł Grieb
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibition Modulates the Corticostriatal Activity and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080947. [PMID: 36015095 PMCID: PMC9415800 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The facilitation of corticostriatal transmission is modulated by the pharmacological inhibition of striatal phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A). Since L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is associated with abnormal corticostriatal transmission, we hypothesized that inhibition of PDE10A would modulate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) by regulating corticostriatal activity. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were chronically treated with L-DOPA for one week. After that, for two additional weeks, animals were treated with the PDE10A inhibitor PDM-042 (1 and 3 mg/kg) one hour before L-DOPA. Behavioral analyses were performed to quantify abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and to assess the antiparkinsonian effects of L-DOPA. Single-unit extracellular electrophysiological recordings were performed in vivo to characterize the responsiveness of MSNs to cortical stimulation. The low dose of PDM-042 had an antidyskinetic effect (i.e., attenuated peak-dose dyskinesia) and did not interfere with cortically evoked spike activity. Conversely, the high dose of PDM-042 did not affect peak-dose dyskinesia, prolonged AIMs, and increased cortically evoked spike activity. These data suggest that the facilitation of corticostriatal transmission is likely to contribute to the expression of AIMs. Therefore, cyclic nucleotide manipulation is an essential target in controlling LID.
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Lenda T, Ossowska K, Berghauzen-Maciejewska K, Matłoka M, Pieczykolan J, Wieczorek M, Konieczny J. Antiparkinsonian-like effects of CPL500036, a novel selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A, in the unilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174460. [PMID: 34469756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), the enzyme which catalyzes hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), is located almost exclusively in striatal γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)ergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Since dopaminergic deficiency in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to functional imbalance of striatal direct and indirect output pathways formed by MSNs, PDE10A seems to be of special interest as a potential therapeutic target in PD. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of 7-{5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine (CPL500036), a novel selective inhibitor of PDE10A, on sensorimotor deficits and therapeutic effects of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in hemiparkinsonian rats. Animals were unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine, and their sensorimotor deficits were examined in the stepping, cylinder, vibrissae and catalepsy tests. CPL500036 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) was administered either acutely or chronically (2 weeks), alone or in combination with L-DOPA/benserazide (6 mg/kg/6 mg/kg). Acute treatment with CPL500036 reversed the lesion-induced impairments of contralateral forelimb use in the stepping and cylinder tests but did not influence deficits in the vibrissae test and the lesion-induced catalepsy. Moreover, CPL500036 did not diminish the therapeutic effects produced by acute and chronic treatment with L-DOPA in these tests. The present study suggests a potential use of CPL500036 as a co-treatment to L-DOPA in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Klemencja Berghauzen-Maciejewska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Matłoka
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pieczykolan
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland.
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Hutny M, Hofman J, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Gorzkowska A. Current Knowledge on the Background, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia-Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194377. [PMID: 34640395 PMCID: PMC8509231 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease through the whole course, but over time, complications develop in the form of dyskinesias, which gradually become more frequent and severe. These abnormal, involuntary, hyperkinetic movements are mainly characteristic of the ON phase and are triggered by excess exogenous levodopa. They may also occur during the OFF phase, or in both phases. Over the past 10 years, the issue of levodopa-induced dyskinesia has been the subject of research into both the substrate of this pathology and potential remedial strategies. The purpose of the present study was to review the results of recent research on the background and treatment of dyskinesia. To this end, databases were reviewed using a search strategy that included both relevant keywords related to the topic and appropriate filters to limit results to English language literature published since 2010. Based on the selected papers, the current state of knowledge on the morphological, functional, genetic and clinical features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, as well as pharmacological, genetic treatment and other therapies such as deep brain stimulation, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Hutny
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jagoda Hofman
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Gorzkowska
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
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Erro R, Mencacci NE, Bhatia KP. The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterases in Movement Disorders. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2225-2243. [PMID: 34155691 PMCID: PMC8596847 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis and inactivation of the cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which act as intracellular second messengers for many signal transduction pathways in the central nervous system. Several classes of PDE enzymes with specific tissue distributions and cyclic nucleotide selectivity are highly expressed in brain regions involved in cognitive and motor functions, which are known to be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The indication that PDEs are intimately involved in the pathophysiology of different movement disorders further stems from recent discoveries that mutations in genes encoding different PDEs, including PDE2A, PDE8B, and PDE10A, are responsible for rare forms of monogenic parkinsonism and chorea. We here aim to provide a translational overview of the preclinical and clinical data on PDEs, the role of which is emerging in the field of movement disorders, offering a novel venue for a better understanding of their pathophysiology. Modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling, by either acting on their synthesis or on their degradation, represents a promising area for development of novel therapeutic approaches. The study of PDE mutations linked to monogenic movement disorders offers the opportunity of better understanding the role of PDEs in disease pathogenesis, a necessary step to successfully benefit the treatment of both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Niccoló E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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Menniti FS, Chappie TA, Schmidt CJ. PDE10A Inhibitors-Clinical Failure or Window Into Antipsychotic Drug Action? Front Neurosci 2021; 14:600178. [PMID: 33551724 PMCID: PMC7855852 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PDE10A, a phosphodiesterase that inactivates both cAMP and cGMP, is a unique signaling molecule in being highly and nearly exclusively expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons. These neurons dynamically integrate cortical information with dopamine-signaled value to mediate action selection among available behavioral options. Medium spiny neurons are components of either the direct or indirect striatal output pathways. Selective activation of indirect pathway medium spiny neurons by dopamine D2 receptor antagonists is putatively a key element in the mechanism of their antipsychotic efficacy. While PDE10A is expressed in all medium spiny neurons, studies in rodents indicated that PDE10A inhibition has behavioral effects in several key assays that phenocopy dopamine D2 receptor inhibition. This finding gave rise to the hypothesis that PDE10A inhibition also preferentially activates indirect pathway medium spiny neurons, a hypothesis that is consistent with electrophysiological, neurochemical, and molecular effects of PDE10A inhibitors. These data underwrote industry-wide efforts to investigate and develop PDE10A inhibitors as novel antipsychotics. Disappointingly, PDE10A inhibitors from 3 companies failed to evidence antipsychotic activity in patients with schizophrenia to the same extent as standard-of-care D2 antagonists. Given the notable similarities between PDE10A inhibitors and D2 antagonists, gaining an understanding of why only the latter class is antipsychotic affords a unique window into the basis for this therapeutic efficacy. With this in mind, we review the data on PDE10A inhibition as a step toward back-translating the limited antipsychotic efficacy of PDE10A inhibitors, hopefully to inform new efforts to develop better therapeutics to treat psychosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Menniti
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Thomas A Chappie
- Internal Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J Schmidt
- Pfizer Innovation and Research Lab Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Masilamoni GJ, Uthayathas S, Koenig G, Leventhal L, Papa SM. Effects of a novel phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor in non-human primates: A therapeutic approach for schizophrenia with improved side effect profile. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:449-457. [PMID: 27539962 PMCID: PMC5028314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia symptoms are associated with alterations in basal ganglia-cortical networks that include the cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) signaling pathways. Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors have been considered as therapeutic agents for schizophrenia because the regulation of cAMP and cGMP in the striatum by PDE10A plays an important role in the signaling mechanisms of the striatal-cortical network, and thereby in cognitive function. In the present study we assessed in non-human primates (NHPs) the effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor (FRM-6308) that has demonstrated high potency and selectivity for human recombinant PDE10A in vitro. The behavioral effects of FRM-6308 in a dose range were determined in rhesus monkeys using a standardized motor disability scale for primates, motor tasks, and the "drug effects on the nervous system" (DENS) scale. The neuronal metabolic effects of FRM-6308 were determined with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging. Results showed that FRM-6308 did not have any specific effects on the motor system at s.c. doses up to 0.32 mg/kg in NHPs, which induced a significant increase in the FDG-SUV in striatum (F 16.069, p < 0.05) and cortical (F 15.181, p < 0.05) regions. Higher doses induced sedation and occasional involuntary movements with clear development of tolerance after repeated exposures. These findings suggest that FRM-6308 has the adequate pharmacological profile to advance testing in clinical trials and demonstrate antipsychotic efficacy of PDE10A inhibition for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh J Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subramanian Uthayathas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerhard Koenig
- Research, FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Liza Leventhal
- Research, FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Dopamine D 1 signaling involvement in the effects of the phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, PDM-042 on cognitive function and extrapyramidal side effect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:204-209. [PMID: 27659554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) results in activation of a dopamine D1 receptor-mediated direct pathway in addition to a dopamine D2 receptor-mediated indirect pathway in the striatum. Therefore, PDE10A inhibitors could be novel therapeutics for schizophrenia, which differ from the currently available antipsychotics that directly block the dopamine D2 receptor. Previously, we found that a novel PDE10A inhibitor, PDM-042, had antipsychotic-like activity similar to currently available antipsychotics and minimal cataleptic effects in rats. The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacological effects of PDM-042 on cognitive function and extrapyramidal side effect. In addition, we aimed to examine whether these effects were mediated by activation of dopamine D1 signaling in rats. PDM-042 (1-3mg/kg) resulted in better discrimination of a novel object from a familiar one 48h after the acquisition trial, suggesting that PDM-042 increased object recognition memory. A dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (0.1mg/kg), significantly blocked the enhancement of the object recognition memory induced by PDM-042 (3mg/kg) without affecting the recognition index by itself. We also found that the cataleptic effect of PDM-042 (1mg/kg) was significantly enhanced by SCH23390 (0.01-0.03mg/kg). These results indicate that PDM-042 has the potential to increase object recognition memory and that the cognitive enhancing and cataleptic effects of PDM-042 are mediated at least by activation of dopamine D1 signaling.
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Vardigan JD, Lange HS, Tye SJ, Fox SV, Smith SM, Uslaner JM. Behavioral and qEEG effects of the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in a novel rhesus model of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2441-50. [PMID: 27117142 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Much preclinical data, almost exclusively using rodent, supports the notion that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition may offer an alternative to the current standard of care in schizophrenia. However, concerns persist regarding the clinical translatability of these models for newer drug classes like PDE10A inhibitors. OBJECTIVES We therefore sought to characterize the clinical standard risperidone and the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in nonhuman primate, both alone and when used as a combination therapy. METHODS THPP-1 and risperidone were tested in a novel rhesus model of stimulant-induced motor activity (SIMA) and in rhesus electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS Consistent with rodent data, both THPP-1 and risperidone significantly attenuated the stimulant effects in SIMA when administered alone, though some differences were noted. Combination therapy with a low dose of risperidone produced significantly more robust effects. THPP-1 and risperidone also produced a marked reduction of wake cycle time and gamma frequency power in EEG. However, THPP-1 differed from risperidone by reducing spectral power of lower frequencies (delta). CONCLUSIONS SIMA results suggest that PDE10A inhibition produces antipsychotic-like effects in higher species, and that combination therapy with PDE10A inhibitors may produce more robust efficacy compared to monotherapies. EEG and qEEG results confirm that PDE10A inhibition does share some central signaling effects with clinically effective antipsychotics. The present combination therapy results may carry implications for the manner in which clinical testing of PDE10A inhibitors is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Vardigan
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Henry S Lange
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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Arakawa K, Maehara S, Yuge N, Ishikawa M, Miyazaki Y, Naba H, Kato Y, Nakao K. Pharmacological characterization of a novel potent, selective, and orally active phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, PDM-042 [( E)-4-(2-(2-(5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]pyrazin-2-yl)vinyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine] in rats: potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00241. [PMID: 28116094 PMCID: PMC5242175 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified a novel phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, PDM-042 ((E)-4-(2-(2-(5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-2-yl)vinyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine). PDM-042 showed potent inhibitory activities for human and rat PDE10A with IC 50 values of less than 1 nmol/L and more than 1000-fold selectivity against other phosphodiesterases. Tritiated PDM-042, [3H]PDM-042, had high affinity for membranes prepared from rat striatum with a Kd value of 8.5 nmol/L. The specific binding of [3H]PDM-042 was displaced in a concentration-dependent manner by PDM-042 and another structurally unrelated PDE10A inhibitor, MP-10. In rat studies, PDM-042 showed excellent brain penetration (striatum/plasma ratio = 6.3), occupancy rate (86.6% at a dose of 3 mg/kg), and good oral bioavailability (33%). These data indicate that PDM-042 is a potent, selective, orally active, and brain-penetrable PDE10A inhibitor. In behavioral studies using rat models relevant to schizophrenia, PDM-042 significantly antagonized MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity and attenuated the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) (0.3-1 mg/kg). In tests for adverse effects, PDM-042 had a minimal effect on catalepsy, even at a much higher dose (10 mg/kg) than the minimal effective dose (0.3 mg/kg) in the CAR. Furthermore, PDM-042 had no effect on prolactin release or glucose elevation up to 3 mg/kg, while risperidone increased prolactin release and olanzapine enhanced glucose levels at doses near their efficacious ones in the CAR. Our results suggest that PDM-042 is a good pharmacological tool that can be used to investigate the role of PDE10A and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Arakawa
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Shunsuke Maehara
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Natsuko Yuge
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Makoto Ishikawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyazaki
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Naba
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakao
- Head of Discovery Research Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
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Heckman PRA, van Duinen MA, Bollen EPP, Nishi A, Wennogle LP, Blokland A, Prickaerts J. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition and Regulation of Dopaminergic Frontal and Striatal Functioning: Clinical Implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw030. [PMID: 27037577 PMCID: PMC5091819 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fronto-striatal circuits are the common neurobiological basis for neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette's syndrome. Fronto-striatal circuits consist of motor circuits, associative circuits, and limbic circuits. All circuits share 2 common features. First, all fronto-striatal circuits consist of hyper direct, direct, and indirect pathways. Second, all fronto-striatal circuits are modulated by dopamine. Intracellularly, the effect of dopamine is largely mediated through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling cascade with an additional role for the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G pathway, both of which can be regulated by phosphodiesterases. Phosphodiesterases are thus a potential target for pharmacological intervention in neuropsychiatric disorders related to dopaminergic regulation of fronto-striatal circuits. METHODS Clinical studies of the effects of different phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cognition, affect, and motor function in relation to the fronto-striatal circuits are reviewed. RESULTS Several selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors have positive effects on cognition, affect, and motor function in relation to the fronto-striatal circuits. CONCLUSION Increased understanding of the subcellular localization and unraveling of the signalosome concept of phosphodiesterases including its function and dysfunction in the fronto-striatal circuits will contribute to the design of new specific inhibitors and enhance the potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapeutics in fronto-striatal circuits.
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Wilson JM, Ogden AML, Loomis S, Gilmour G, Baucum AJ, Belecky-Adams TL, Merchant KM. Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, MP-10 (PF-2545920), produces greater induction of c-Fos in dopamine D2 neurons than in D1 neurons in the neostriatum. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Verbist BMP, Verheyen GR, Vervoort L, Crabbe M, Beerens D, Bosmans C, Jaensch S, Osselaer S, Talloen W, Van den Wyngaert I, Van Hecke G, Wuyts D, Van Goethem F, Göhlmann HWH. Integrating High-Dimensional Transcriptomics and Image Analysis Tools into Early Safety Screening: Proof of Concept for a New Early Drug Development Strategy. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1914-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Wuyts
- Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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The PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 and haloperidol produce distinct gene expression profiles in the striatum and influence cataleptic behavior in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:256-63. [PMID: 26044638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia due to its prominent striatal expression and ability to modulate striatal signaling. The present study used the selective PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 and the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol to compare effects of PDE10A inhibition and dopamine D2 blockade on striatopallidal (D2) and striatonigral (D1) pathway activation. Our studies confirmed that administration of MP-10 significantly elevates expression of the immediate early genes (IEG) c-fos, egr-1, and arc in rat striatum. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MP-10 induced egr-1 expression was distributed evenly between enkephalin-containing D2-neurons and substance P-containing D1-neurons. In contrast, haloperidol (3 mg/kg) selectively activated egr-1 expression in enkephalin neurons. Co-administration of MP-10 and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) increased IEG expression to a greater extent than either compound alone. Similarly, in a rat catalepsy assay, administration of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or MP-10 (3-30 mg/kg) did not produce cataleptic behavior when dosed alone, but co-administration of haloperidol with MP-10 (3 and 10 mg/kg) induced cataleptic behaviors. Interestingly, co-administration of haloperidol with a high dose of MP-10 (30 mg/kg) failed to produce cataleptic behavior. These findings are important for understanding the neural circuits involved in catalepsy and suggest that the behavioral effects produced by PDE10A inhibitors may be influenced by concomitant medication and the level of PDE10A inhibition achieved by the dose of the inhibitor.
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