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Go S, Li HL, Chang JC, Verhoeven AJ, Elferink RPJO. Cholangiocytes express an isoform of soluble adenylyl cyclase that is N-linked glycosylated and secreted in extracellular vesicles. Traffic 2023. [PMID: 37350184 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC)-derived cAMP regulates various cellular processes; however, the regulatory landscape mediating sAC protein levels remains underexplored. We consistently observed a 85 kD (sAC85 ) or 75 kD (sAC75 ) sAC protein band under glucose-sufficient or glucose-deprived states, respectively, in H69 cholangiocytes by immunoblotting. Deglycosylation by PNGase-F demonstrated that both sAC75 and sAC85 are N-linked glycosylated proteins with the same polypeptide backbone. Deglycosylation with Endo-H further revealed that sAC75 and sAC85 carry distinct sugar chains. We observed release of N-linked glycosylated sAC (sACEV ) in extracellular vesicles under conditions that support intracellular sAC85 (glucose-sufficient) as opposed to sAC75 (glucose-deprived) conditions. Consistently, disrupting the vesicular machinery affects the maturation of intracellular sAC and inhibits the release of sACEV into extracellular vesicles. The intracellular turnover of sAC85 is extremely short (t1/2 ~30 min) and release of sACEV in the medium was detected within 3 h. Our observations support the maturation and trafficking in cholangiocytes of an N-linked glycosylated sAC isoform that is rapidly released into extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Go
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hang Lam Li
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Viña D, Seoane N, Vasquez EC, Campos-Toimil M. cAMP Compartmentalization in Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1951. [PMID: 34440720 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular hypothesis used to explain the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggests that a dysfunction of the cerebral microvasculature could be the beginning of alterations that ultimately leads to neuronal damage, and an abnormal increase of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability plays a prominent role in this process. It is generally accepted that, in physiological conditions, cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays a key role in maintaining BBB permeability by regulating the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the brain microvasculature. It is also known that intracellular cAMP signaling is highly compartmentalized into small nanodomains and localized cAMP changes are sufficient at modifying the permeability of the endothelial barrier. This spatial and temporal distribution is maintained by the enzymes involved in cAMP synthesis and degradation, by the location of its effectors, and by the existence of anchor proteins, as well as by buffers or different cytoplasm viscosities and intracellular structures limiting its diffusion. This review compiles current knowledge on the influence of cAMP compartmentalization on the endothelial barrier and, more specifically, on the BBB, laying the foundation for a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of AD.
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Erro R, Mencacci NE, Bhatia KP. The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterases in Movement Disorders. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2225-2243. [PMID: 34155691 PMCID: PMC8596847 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis and inactivation of the cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which act as intracellular second messengers for many signal transduction pathways in the central nervous system. Several classes of PDE enzymes with specific tissue distributions and cyclic nucleotide selectivity are highly expressed in brain regions involved in cognitive and motor functions, which are known to be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The indication that PDEs are intimately involved in the pathophysiology of different movement disorders further stems from recent discoveries that mutations in genes encoding different PDEs, including PDE2A, PDE8B, and PDE10A, are responsible for rare forms of monogenic parkinsonism and chorea. We here aim to provide a translational overview of the preclinical and clinical data on PDEs, the role of which is emerging in the field of movement disorders, offering a novel venue for a better understanding of their pathophysiology. Modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling, by either acting on their synthesis or on their degradation, represents a promising area for development of novel therapeutic approaches. The study of PDE mutations linked to monogenic movement disorders offers the opportunity of better understanding the role of PDEs in disease pathogenesis, a necessary step to successfully benefit the treatment of both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Niccoló E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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Henß T, Nagpal J, Gao S, Scheib U, Pieragnolo A, Hirschhäuser A, Schneider-Warme F, Hegemann P, Nagel G, Gottschalk A. Optogenetic tools for manipulation of cyclic nucleotides functionally coupled to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2519-2537. [PMID: 33733470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers regulating numerous biological processes. Malfunctional cNMP signalling is linked to diseases and thus is an important target in pharmaceutical research. The existing optogenetic toolbox in Caenorhabditis elegans is restricted to soluble adenylyl cyclases, the membrane-bound Blastocladiella emersonii CyclOp and hyperpolarizing rhodopsins; yet missing are membrane-bound photoactivatable adenylyl cyclases and hyperpolarizers based on K+ currents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For the characterization of photoactivatable nucleotidyl cyclases, we expressed the proteins alone or in combination with cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in muscle cells and cholinergic motor neurons. To investigate the extent of optogenetic cNMP production and the ability of the systems to depolarize or hyperpolarize cells, we performed behavioural analyses, measured cNMP content in vitro, and compared in vivo expression levels. KEY RESULTS We implemented Catenaria CyclOp as a new tool for cGMP production, allowing fine-control of cGMP levels. We established photoactivatable membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases, based on mutated versions ("A-2x") of Blastocladiella and Catenaria ("Be," "Ca") CyclOp, as N-terminal YFP fusions, enabling more efficient and specific cAMP signalling compared to soluble bPAC, despite lower overall cAMP production. For hyperpolarization of excitable cells by two-component optogenetics, we introduced the cAMP-gated K+ -channel SthK from Spirochaeta thermophila and combined it with bPAC, BeCyclOp(A-2x), or YFP-BeCyclOp(A-2x). As an alternative, we implemented the B. emersonii cGMP-gated K+ -channel BeCNG1 together with BeCyclOp. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We established a comprehensive suite of optogenetic tools for cNMP manipulation, applicable in many cell types, including sensory neurons, and for potent hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Henß
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scheib
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Lead Discovery, Protein Technology, NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hirschhäuser
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- University Heart Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Fan Y, Mu J, Huang M, Imani S, Wang Y, Lin S, Fan J, Wen Q. Epigenetic identification of ADCY4 as a biomarker for breast cancer: an integrated analysis of adenylate cyclases. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1561-1579. [PMID: 31584294 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and its epigenetics in cancer. Materials & methods: Adenylyl cyclase expression profiles, epigenetic alterations, prognostic value and molecular networks were assessed by use of public omics datasets. Results: ADCY4 was significantly downregulated in breast cancer. This downregulation was associated with promoter hypermethylation. High ADCY4 expression was correlated with better survival of patients with breast cancer and its different intrinsic subtypes and tumor stages. ADCY4 was shown to be strongly associated with G protein coupled receptors and the downstream cAMP signaling pathway, which was also significantly enriched in newly identified lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 and glucagon-like peptide-1. Conclusion: ADCY4 may be used as an epigenetic biomarker for breast cancer, as well as a possible target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Junhao Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Breast Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Saber Imani
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Health Examination Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Fan
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, PR China
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Voelkl J, Lang F. Adenylyl cyclase 6 in acid-base balance - adding complexity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1995-7. [PMID: 30220652 DOI: 10.1042/CS20180572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic acid-base balance is tightly controlled within a narrow range of pH. Disturbances in systemic acid-base homeostasis are associated with diverse detrimental effects. The kidney is a key regulator of acid-base balance, capable of excreting HCO3- or H+, and chronic kidney disease invariably leads to acidosis. However, the regulatory pathways underlying the fine-tuned acid-base sensing and regulatory mechanisms are still incompletely understood. In the article published recently in Clinical Science (vol 132 (16) 1779-1796), Poulson and colleagues investigated the role of adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) in acid-base homeostasis. They uncovered a complex role of AC6, specifically affecting acid-base balance during HCO3- load, which causes pronounced alkalosis in AC6-deficient mice. However, the phenotype of AC6-deficient mice appears much more complex, involving systemic effects associated with increased energy expenditure. These observations remind us that there is much to be learned about the intricate signaling pathways involved in renal control of acid-base balance and the complex ramifications of acid-base regulation.
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Makin L, Gluenz E. cAMP signalling in trypanosomatids: role in pathogenesis and as a drug target. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:373-9. [PMID: 26004537 PMCID: PMC4534343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei adenylate cyclases are implicated in modulation of host immune response and social motility. First effectors downstream of cAMP signalling were identified in Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei. Crystal structures reveal a unique pocket in trypanosomatid phosphodiesterases. Trypanosomatid phosphodiesterase inhibitors are promising drug candidates.
Despite recent research linking cAMP signalling to virulence in trypanosomatids and detailed studies of trypanosomatid adenylyl cyclases (ACs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) since their discoveries 40 years ago, downstream components of the pathway and their biological functions have remained remarkably elusive. However, in recent years, significant discoveries have been made: a role for parasite ACs has been proposed in cytokinesis, evasion of the host immune response, and social motility. cAMP phosphodiesterases PDEB1 and PDEB2 were found to be essential for survival and virulence of Trypanosoma brucei and, in Trypanosoma cruzi, PDEC2 was shown to be required for normal osmoregulation. As we discuss here, these breakthroughs have led to an ongoing surge in the development of PDE inhibitors as lead compounds for trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Makin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
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Barathy D, Mattoo R, Visweswariah S, Suguna K. New structural forms of a mycobacterial adenylyl cyclase Rv1625c. IUCrJ 2014; 1:338-48. [PMID: 25295175 PMCID: PMC4174876 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514016741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rv1625c is one of 16 adenylyl cyclases encoded in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In solution Rv1625c exists predominantly as a monomer, with a small amount of dimer. It has been shown previously that the monomer is active and the dimeric fraction is inactive. Both fractions of wild-type Rv1625c crystallized as head-to-head inactive domain-swapped dimers as opposed to the head-to-tail dimer seen in other functional adenylyl cyclases. About half of the molecule is involved in extensive domain swapping. The strain created by a serine residue located on a hinge loop and the crystallization condition might have led to this unusual domain swapping. The inactivity of the dimeric form of Rv1625c could be explained by the absence of the required catalytic site in the swapped dimer. A single mutant of the enzyme was also generated by changing a phenylalanine predicted to occur at the functional dimer interface to an arginine. This single mutant exists as a dimer in solution but crystallized as a monomer. Analysis of the structure showed that a salt bridge formed between a glutamate residue in the N-terminal segment and the mutated arginine residue hinders dimer formation by pulling the N-terminal region towards the dimer interface. Both structures reported here show a change in the dimerization-arm region which is involved in formation of the functional dimer. It is concluded that the dimerization arm along with other structural elements such as the N-terminal region and certain loops are vital for determining the oligomeric nature of the enzyme, which in turn dictates its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivanayaga Barathy
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Rohini Mattoo
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Sandhya Visweswariah
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Kaza Suguna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 012, India
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Head BP, Patel HH, Insel PA. Interaction of membrane/lipid rafts with the cytoskeleton: impact on signaling and function: membrane/lipid rafts, mediators of cytoskeletal arrangement and cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1838:532-545. [PMID: 23899502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells contains microdomains that are enriched in certain glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, and sterols (such as cholesterol) to form membrane/lipid rafts (MLR). These regions exist as caveolae, morphologically observable flask-like invaginations, or as a less easily detectable planar form. MLR are scaffolds for many molecular entities, including signaling receptors and ion channels that communicate extracellular stimuli to the intracellular milieu. Much evidence indicates that this organization and/or the clustering of MLR into more active signaling platforms depends upon interactions with and dynamic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Several cytoskeletal components and binding partners, as well as enzymes that regulate the cytoskeleton, localize to MLR and help regulate lateral diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids in response to extracellular events (e.g., receptor activation, shear stress, electrical conductance, and nutrient demand). MLR regulate cellular polarity, adherence to the extracellular matrix, signaling events (including ones that affect growth and migration), and are sites of cellular entry of certain pathogens, toxins and nanoparticles. The dynamic interaction between MLR and the underlying cytoskeleton thus regulates many facets of the function of eukaryotic cells and their adaptation to changing environments. Here, we review general features of MLR and caveolae and their role in several aspects of cellular function, including polarity of endothelial and epithelial cells, cell migration, mechanotransduction, lymphocyte activation, neuronal growth and signaling, and a variety of disease settings. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Procopio DO, Saba LM, Walter H, Lesch O, Skala K, Schlaff G, Vanderlinden L, Clapp P, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. Genetic markers of comorbid depression and alcoholism in women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:896-904. [PMID: 23278386 PMCID: PMC3620932 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is often accompanied by comorbid depression. Recent clinical evidence supports the benefit of subtype-specific pharmacotherapy in treating the population of alcohol-dependent subjects with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). However, in many alcohol-dependent subjects, depression is a reactive response to chronic alcohol use and withdrawal and abates with a period of abstinence. Genetic markers may distinguish alcohol-dependent subjects with MDD not tied chronologically and etiologically to their alcohol consumption. In this work, we investigated the association of adenylyl cyclase genes (ADCY1-9), which are implicated in both AD and mood disorders, with alcoholism and comorbid depression. METHODS Subjects from Vienna, Austria (n = 323) were genotyped, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (1,152) encompassing the genetic locations of the 9 ADCY genes were examined. The Vienna cohort contained alcohol-dependent subjects differentiated using the Lesch Alcoholism Typology. In this typology, subjects are segregated into 4 types. Type III alcoholism is distinguished by co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and by affecting predominantly females. RESULTS We identified 4 haplotypes associated with the phenotype of Type III alcoholism in females. One haplotype was in a genomic area in proximity to ADCY2, but actually within a lincRNA gene, 2 haplotypes were within ADCY5, and 1 haplotype was within the coding region of ADCY8. Three of the 4 haplotypes contributed independently to Type III alcoholism and together generated a positive predictive value of 72% and a negative predictive value of 78% for distinguishing women with a Lesch Type III diagnosis versus women designated as Type I or II alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in ADCY8 and ADCY5 and within a lincRNA are associated with an alcohol-dependent phenotype in females, which is distinguished by comorbid signs of depression. Each of these genetic locations can rationally contribute to the polygenic etiology of the alcoholism/depression phenotype, and the use of these genetic markers may aid in choosing appropriate and beneficial treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela O Procopio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Masyuk AI, Gradilone SA, Banales JM, Huang BQ, Masyuk TV, Lee SO, Splinter PL, Stroope AJ, LaRusso NF. Cholangiocyte primary cilia are chemosensory organelles that detect biliary nucleotides via P2Y12 purinergic receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G725-34. [PMID: 18687752 PMCID: PMC2575915 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90265.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, contain primary cilia, which are mechano- and osmosensory organelles detecting changes in bile flow and osmolality and transducing them into intracellular signals. Here, we asked whether cholangiocyte cilia are chemosensory organelles by testing the expression of P2Y purinergic receptors and components of the cAMP signaling cascade in cilia and their involvement in nucleotide-induced cAMP signaling in the cells. We found that P2Y(12) purinergic receptor, adenylyl cyclases (i.e., AC4, AC6, and AC8), and protein kinase A (i.e., PKA RI-beta and PKA RII-alpha regulatory subunits), exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) isoform 2, and A-kinase anchoring proteins (i.e., AKAP150) are expressed in cholangiocyte cilia. ADP, an endogenous agonist of P2Y(12) receptors, perfused through the lumen of isolated rat intrahepatic bile ducts or applied to the ciliated apical surface of normal rat cholangiocytes (NRCs) in culture induced a 1.9- and 1.5-fold decrease of forskolin-induced cAMP levels, respectively. In NRCs, the forskolin-induced cAMP increase was also lowered by 1.3-fold in response to ATP-gammaS, a nonhydrolyzed analog of ATP but was not affected by UTP. The ADP-induced changes in cAMP levels in cholangiocytes were abolished by chloral hydrate (a reagent that removes cilia) and by P2Y(12) siRNAs, suggesting that cilia and ciliary P2Y(12) are involved in nucleotide-induced cAMP signaling. In conclusion, cholangiocyte cilia are chemosensory organelles that detect biliary nucleotides through ciliary P2Y(12) receptors and transduce corresponding signals into a cAMP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I. Masyuk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Q. Huang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatyana V. Masyuk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ok Lee
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela J. Stroope
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Beltrán C, Vacquier VD, Moy G, Chen Y, Buck J, Levin LR, Darszon A. Particulate and soluble adenylyl cyclases participate in the sperm acrosome reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:1128-35. [PMID: 17524362 PMCID: PMC3644950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is important in sea urchin sperm signaling, yet the molecular nature of the adenylyl cyclases (ACs) involved remained unknown. These cells were recently shown to contain an ortholog of the mammalian soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Here, we show that sAC is present in the sperm head and as in mammals is stimulated by bicarbonate. The acrosome reaction (AR), a process essential for fertilization, is influenced by the bicarbonate concentration in seawater. By using functional assays and immunofluorescence techniques we document that sea urchin sperm also express orthologs of multiple isoforms of transmembrane ACs (tmACs). Our findings employing selective inhibitors for each class of AC indicate that both sAC and tmACs participate in the sperm acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Beltrán
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62250, Mexico.
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