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Wang H, Xu C, Wen A, Du Y, Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. The adsorption-desorption behavior of chlorothalonil in the cuticles of apple and red jujube. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173195. [PMID: 38750752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The distribution fate of chlorothalonil (CHT) in the environment (soil and water) and fruits is controlled by the capacity of cuticles to adsorb and desorb CHT, which directly affects the safety of both the environment and fruits. Batch experiments were conducted to reveal the adsorption-desorption behaviors of CHT in the cuticles of apple and red jujube. The adsorption kinetics showed that both physisorption and chemisorption occurred during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the isothermal adsorption of CHT in the fruit cuticles followed the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG ≤ -26.16 kJ/mol, ΔH ≥ 31.05 kJ/mol, ΔS ≥ 0.20 kJ/(mol K) showed that the whole CHT adsorption process was spontaneous, and the hydrophobic interaction was predominant. The CHT adsorption capacity of the apple cuticle was higher than that of the red jujube cuticle, potentially due to the significantly higher alkanes content of apples than that of red jujubes. An appropriate ionic strength (0.01 moL/L) could induce a higher adsorption capacity. In addition, the desorption kinetics were shown to conform to a Quasi-first-order model, meaning that not all the adsorbed CHT could be easily desorbed. The desorption ratios in apple and red jujube cuticles were 41.38% and 35.64%, respectively. The results of Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed that CHT could be adsorbed and retained in the fruit cuticles. Investigating the adsorption-desorption behavior of CHT in the apple and red jujube cuticles allowed to determine the ratio of its final distribution in the fruits and environment, providing a theoretical basis to evaluate the risk of residue pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang Xu
- China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Aying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Tang J, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Fang H, Yang H, Wang F. Investigation of pesticide residue removal effect of gelatinized starch using surface-enhanced Raman scattering mapping. Food Chem 2021; 365:130448. [PMID: 34218109 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of gelatinized starch (GS) in the removal of surface and internalized pesticide residues from basil leaves. Surface activity of GS was confirmed by surface tension and fluorescence study. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticides over time. Results showed that gelatinized starch has better and safer pesticide removing effect compared to commercial surfactants. Simulation study showed that starch fragment can adjust its three-dimensional conformation according to the size of the guest with ~ four repeating α-1,4-d-glucopyranose residues interacting efficiently with pesticides. However, washing by small molecular weight surfactants will lead to a "secondary contamination" due to its amphilphilic nature and small molecular size, which can escort pesticide deeper into the leaf. Due to the wide availability, easy fabrication, efficient rinsing effect and bio-safety nature, GS should be highly recommended in family practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Huichao Fang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China.
| | - Feng Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China.
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Hu X, Pambou E, Gong H, Liao M, Hollowell P, Liu H, Wang W, Bawn C, Cooper J, Campana M, Ma K, Li P, Webster JRP, Padia F, Bell G, Lu JR. How does substrate hydrophobicity affect the morphological features of reconstituted wax films and their interactions with nonionic surfactant and pesticide? J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 575:245-253. [PMID: 32361410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surfactants are widely used in agri-sprays to improve pesticide efficiency, but the mechanism underlying their interactions with the surface wax film on plants remains poorly understood. To facilitate physical characterisations, we have reconstituted wheat cuticular wax films onto an optically flat silicon substrate with and without octadecyltrimethoxysilane modification to control surface hydrophobicity. EXPERIMENTS Imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unravelled morphological features of the reconstituted wax films similar to those on leaves, showing little impact from the different substrates used. Neutron reflection (NR) established that reconstituted wax films were comprised of an underlying wax film decorated with top surface wax protrusions, a common feature irrespective of substrate hydrophobicity and highly consistent with what was observed from natural wax films. NR measurements, with the help of isotopic H/D substitutions to modify the scattering contributions of the wax and solvent, revealed different wax regimes within the wax films, illustrating the impact of surface hydrophilicity on the nanostructures within the wax films. FINDINGS It was observed from both spectroscopic ellipsometry and NR measurements that wax films formed on the hydrophobic substrate were more robust and durable against attack by nonionic surfactant C12E6 solubilised with pesticide Cyprodinil (CP) than films coated on the bare hydrophilic silica. Thus, the former could be a more feasible model for studying the wax-surfactant-pesticide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elias Pambou
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter Hollowell
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Huayang Liu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Weimiao Wang
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Carlo Bawn
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jos Cooper
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Kun Ma
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Peixun Li
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - John R P Webster
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Faheem Padia
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Gordon Bell
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Qi X, Li X, Yao H, Huang Y, Cai X, Chen J, Zhu H. Predicting plant cuticle-water partition coefficients for organic pollutants using pp-LFER model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138455. [PMID: 32315909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting plant cuticle-water partition coefficients (Kcw) and understanding the partition mechanisms are crucial to assess environmental fate and risk of organic pollutants. Up to now, experimental Kcw values are determined for only hundreds of compounds because of high experimental cost. For this reason, computational models, which can predict Kcw values based on chemical structures, are promising approaches to evaluate new compounds. In this study, a large dataset consisting of 279 logKcw values for 125 unique compounds were collected and curated. A poly-parameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) model was developed with stepwise multiple linear regression based on this dataset. The resulted pp-LFER model has good predictability and robustness as indicated by determination coefficient (R2adj,tra) of 0.93, bootstrapping coefficient (Q2BOOT) of 0.92, external validation coefficient (Q2ext) of 0.94 and root mean square error of 0.52 log units. Contribution analysis of different interactions indicated that dispersion and hydrophobic interactions have the highest positive contribution (56%) to increase the partition of pollutants onto plant cuticles. In addition, for organic pollutions containing benzene ring (13-31%), double bond (9-17%) or nitrogen-containing heterocycles (9-17%), π/n-electron pairs interactions exhibit obvious positive contributions to logKcw. In conclusion, the proposed pp-LFER model is beneficial for predicting logKcw of potential organic pollutants directly from their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongye Yao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, NJ 08102, USA
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5
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Bigott Y, Khalaf DM, Schröder P, Schröder PM, Cruzeiro C. Uptake and Translocation of Pharmaceuticals in Plants: Principles and Data Analysis. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Hu X, Gong H, Li Z, Ruane S, Liu H, Hollowell P, Pambou E, Bawn C, King S, Rogers S, Ma K, Li P, Padia F, Bell G, Ren Lu J. How does solubilisation of plant waxes into nonionic surfactant micelles affect pesticide release? J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:650-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Hu X, Gong H, Li Z, Ruane S, Liu H, Pambou E, Bawn C, King S, Ma K, Li P, Padia F, Bell G, Lu JR. What happens when pesticides are solubilized in nonionic surfactant micelles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 541:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Yang T, Doherty J, Zhao B, Kinchla AJ, Clark JM, He L. Effectiveness of Commercial and Homemade Washing Agents in Removing Pesticide Residues on and in Apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9744-9752. [PMID: 29067814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pesticide residues from fresh produce is important to reduce pesticide exposure to humans. This study investigated the effectiveness of commercial and homemade washing agents in the removal of surface and internalized pesticide residues from apples. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were used to determine the effectiveness of different washing agents in removing pesticide residues. Surface pesticide residues were most effectively removed by sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) solution when compared to either tap water or Clorox bleach. Using a 10 mg/mL NaHCO3 washing solution, it took 12 and 15 min to completely remove thiabendazole or phosmet surface residues, respectively, following a 24 h exposure to these pesticides, which were applied at a concentration of 125 ng/cm2. LC-MS/MS results showed, however, that 20% of applied thiabendazole and 4.4% of applied phosmet had penetrated into the apples following the 24 h exposure. Thiabendazole, a systemic pesticide, penetrated 4-fold deeper into the apple peel than did phosmet, a non-systemic pesticide, which led to more thiabendazole residues inside the apples, which could not be washed away using the NaHCO3 washing solution. This study gives us the information that the standard postharvest washing method using Clorox bleach solution for 2 min is not an effective means to completely remove pesticide residues on the surface of apples. The NaHCO3 method is more effective in removing surface pesticide residues on apples. In the presence of NaHCO3, thiabendazole and phosmet can degrade, which assists the physical removal force of washing. However, the NaHCO3 method was not completely effective in removing residues that have penetrated into the apple peel. The overall effectiveness of the method to remove all pesticide residues diminished as pesticides penetrated deeper into the fruit. In practical application, washing apples with NaHCO3 solution can reduce pesticides mostly from the surface. Peeling is more effective to remove the penetrated pesticides; however, bioactive compounds in the peels will become lost too.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Doherty
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | | | - John M Clark
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Yang T, Zhao B, Kinchla AJ, Clark JM, He L. Investigation of Pesticide Penetration and Persistence on Harvested and Live Basil Leaves Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3541-3550. [PMID: 28393527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding pesticide behavior in plants is important for effectively applying pesticides and in reducing pesticide exposures from ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the penetration and persistence of pesticides applied on harvested and live basil leaves. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticides over time using gold nanoparticles as probes. The results showed that, after surface exposure of 30 min to 48 h, pesticides (10 mg/L) penetrated more rapidly and deeply into the live leaves than the harvested leaves. The systemic pesticide thiabendazole and the nonsystemic pesticide ferbam can penetrate into the live leaves with depths of 225 and 130 μm, respectively, and the harvested leaves with depths of 180 and 18 μm, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The effects of leaf integrity and age on thiabendazole penetration were also evaluated on live basil leaves after 24 h of exposure. Thiabendazole (10 mg/L) when applied onto intact leaves penetrated deeper (170 μm) than when applied onto damaged leaves (80 μm) prepared with 20 scrapes on the top surface of the leaves. Older leaves with a wet mass of 0.204 ± 0.019 g per leaf (45 days after leaf out) allowed more rapid and deeper penetration of pesticides (depth of 165 μm) than younger leaves with a wet mass of 0.053 ± 0.007 g per leaf (15 days after leaf out, depth of 95 μm). The degradation of thiabendazole on live leaves was detected after 1 week, whereas the apparent degradation of ferbam was detected after 2 weeks. In addition, the removal of pesticides from basil was more efficient when compared with other fresh produce possibly due to the specific gland structure of basil leaves. The information obtained here provides a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of pesticides on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M Clark
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Domingos M, Bulbovas P, Camargo CZS, Aguiar-Silva C, Brandão SE, Dafré-Martinelli M, Dias APL, Engela MRGS, Gagliano J, Moura BB, Alves ES, Rinaldi MCS, Gomes EPC, Furlan CM, Figueiredo AMG. Searching for native tree species and respective potential biomarkers for future assessment of pollution effects on the highly diverse Atlantic Forest in SE-Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:85-95. [PMID: 25818087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study summarizes the first effort to search for bioindicator tree species and respective potential biomarkers for future assessment of potential mixed pollution effects on the highly diverse Atlantic Forest in SE-Brazil. Leaves of the three most abundant species inventoried in a phytosociological survey (Croton floribundus, Piptadenia gonoacantha and Astronium graveolens) were collected in four forest remnants during winter and summer (2012). Their potential bioindicator attributes were highlighted using a screening of morphological, chemical and biochemical markers. The leaf surface structure and/or epicuticular wax composition pointed the accumulator properties of C. floribundus and P. gonoacantha. C. floribundus is a candidate for assessing potential accumulation of Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, S and Zn. P. gonoacantha is a candidate to monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Increased levels of secondary metabolites and decreased antioxidant capacity in leaves of A. graveolens may support its value as a bioindicator for oxidative pollutants by visible dark stipplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Bulbovas
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Z S Camargo
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Solange E Brandão
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula L Dias
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Janayne Gagliano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara B Moura
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edenise S Alves
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo P C Gomes
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Furlan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria G Figueiredo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN - SP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2242, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Ding G, Liu Y, Wang B, Punyapitak D, Guo M, Duan Y, Li J, Cao Y. Preparation and characterization of fomesafen ionic liquids for reducing the risk to the aquatic environment. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01186d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Ballmann C, De Oliveira S, Gutenberger A, Wassmann F, Schreiber L. A radioactive assay allowing the quantitative measurement of cuticular permeability of intact Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANTA 2011; 234:9-20. [PMID: 21344313 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular penetration of five different ¹⁴C-labeled chemicals (benzoic acid, bitertanole, carbaryl, epoxiconazole and 4-nitrophenol) into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was measured and permeances P (ms⁻¹) were calculated. Thus, cuticular barrier properties of A. thaliana leaves have been characterized quantitatively. Epoxiconazole permeance of A. thaliana was 2.79 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. When compared with cuticular permeances measured with intact stomatous and astomatous leaf sides of Prunus laurocerasus, frequently used in the past as a model species studying cuticular permeability, A. thaliana has a 48- to 66-fold higher permeance. When compared with epoxiconazole permeability of isolated cuticles of different species (Citrus aurantium, Hedera helix and P. laurocerasus) A. thaliana permeability is between 17- to 199-fold higher. Co-permeability experiments, simultaneously measuring ¹⁴C-epoxiconazole and ³H₂O permeability of isolated cuticles of three species (C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus) showed that ³H₂O permeability was highly correlated with epoxiconazole permeability. The regression equation of this correlation can be used predicting cuticular transpiration of intact stomatous leaves of A. thaliana, where a direct measurement of cuticular permeation using ³H₂O is impossible. Water permeance estimated for A. thaliana was 4.55 × 10⁻⁸ m⁻¹, which is between 12- and 91-fold higher than water permeances measured with isolated cuticles of C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus. This indicates that cuticular water permeability of the intact stomatous leaves of the annual species A. thaliana is fairly high and in the upper range compared with most P values of perennial species published in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ballmann
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Teece MA, Zengeya T, Volk TA, Smart LB. Cuticular wax composition of Salix varieties in relation to biomass productivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:396-402. [PMID: 17900636 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The leaf cuticular waxes of six Salix clones (one Salix miyabeana, one Salix dasyclados, one Salix eriocephala, two Salix purpurea, and one interspecific hybrid of Salix eriocephala x interior) with different biomass productivities were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total wax content ranged from 6.3 to 16.8 microg cm(-2), and two distinct patterns of wax were measured. The wax from leaves of S. dasyclados 'SV1' differed from all other clones and was dominated by fatty acids (42%), high concentrations of n-alkanes (25%) and n-alcohols (28%), with low n-aldehyde content (4%). All other clones produced cuticular wax dominated by n-alcohols (32-51%), particularly 1-hexacosanol, with fatty acids (14-37%) and n-aldehydes (19-26%) present in lower abundances. Clones of Salix grown under identical environmental conditions produce noticeably different amounts of cuticular wax. In contrast to previous studies of Salix, total wax content was independent of biomass productivity, measured as basal area, suggesting that wax production is not directly linked with woody biomass production by shrub willows under these site conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Teece
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Richardson A, Wojciechowski T, Franke R, Schreiber L, Kerstiens G, Jarvis M, Fricke W. Cuticular permeance in relation to wax and cutin development along the growing barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf. PLANTA 2007; 225:1471-81. [PMID: 17171372 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The developing leaf three of barley provides an excellent model system for the direct determination of relationships between amounts of waxes and cutin and cuticular permeance. Permeance of the cuticle was assessed via the time-course of uptake of either toluidine blue or (14)C-labelled benzoic acid ([(14)C] BA) along the length of the developing leaf. Toluidine blue uptake only occurred within the region 0-25 mm from the point of leaf insertion (POLI). Resistance--the inverse of permeance--to uptake of [(14)C] BA was determined for four leaf regions and was lowest in the region 10-20 mm above POLI. At 20-30 and 50-60 mm above POLI, it increased by factors of 6 and a further 32, respectively. Above the point of emergence of leaf three from the sheath of leaf two, which was 76-80 mm above POLI, resistance was as high as at 50-60 mm above POLI. GC-FID/MS analyses of wax and cutin showed that: (1) the initial seven fold increase in cuticular resistance coincided with increase in cutin coverage and appearance of waxes; (2) the second, larger and final increase in cuticle resistance was accompanied by an increase in wax coverage, whereas cutin coverage remained unchanged; (3) cutin deposition in barley leaf epidermis occurred in parallel with cell elongation, whereas deposition of significant amounts of wax commenced as cells ceased to elongate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Richardson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Paisley, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
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Schönherr J, Baur P. Modelling penetration of plant cuticles by crop protection agents and effects of adjuvants on their rates of penetration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780420308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schreiber L, Schönherr J. Mobilities of organic compounds in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves: Determination of diffusion coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780380413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schönherr J. Effects of monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates on mobility of 2,4-D in isolated plant cuticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780380210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schönherr J. Effects of alcohols, glycols and monodisperse ethoxylated alcohols on mobility of 2,4-D in isolated plant cuticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780390308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schreiber L. A mechanistic approach towards surfactant/wax interactions: Effects of octaethyleneglycolmonododecylether on sorption and diffusion of organic chemicals in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780450102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Burghardt M, Friedmann A, Schreiber L, Riederer M. Modelling the effects of alcohol ethoxylates on diffusion of pesticides in the cuticular wax of Chenopodium album leaves. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:137-47. [PMID: 16308869 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes represent the first and, in most cases, the limiting barrier for foliar uptake of pesticides from solution. Sorption of pesticides in reconstituted cuticular wax (wax/water partition coefficients) of Chenopodium album L. and in isolated cuticular membranes (cuticle/water partition coefficients) of Prunus laurocerasus L. was determined. Diffusion coefficients of pesticides in reconstituted cuticular wax of C. album leaves were size-dependent, increasing with increasing molar volume. In the presence of alcohol ethoxylates, diffusion coefficients were enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude, and size selectivity was significantly decreased. The accelerating effect and the decrease in size selectivity were attributed to plasticisation of the cuticular wax by the alcohol ethoxylates increasing the fluidity in the wax. A free volume model adopted from polymer science was successfully applied to predict diffusion coefficients of pesticides on the basis of the transport properties of the wax (size selectivity and crystallinity), the molar volume of the diffusing compound and the accelerator concentration in the wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Burghardt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik II-Okophysiologie und Vegetationsökologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Popp C, Burghardt M, Friedmann A, Riederer M. Characterization of hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways of Hedera helix L. cuticular membranes: permeation of water and uncharged organic compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2797-806. [PMID: 16143718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of astomatous leaf cuticular membranes of Hedera helix L. was measured for uncharged hydrophilic (octanol/water partition coefficient log K(O/W) < or =0) and lipophilic compounds (log K(O/W) >0). The set of compounds included lipophilic plant protection agents, hydrophilic carbohydrates, and the volatile compounds water and ethanol. Plotting the mobility of the model compounds versus the molar volume resulted in a clear differentiation between a lipophilic and a hydrophilic pathway. The size selectivity of the lipophilic pathway was described by the free volume theory. The pronounced tortuosity of the diffusional path was caused by cuticular waxes, leading to an increase in permeance for the lipophilic compounds after wax extraction. The size selectivity of the hydrophilic pathway was described by hindered diffusion in narrow pores of molecular dimensions. A distinct increase in size selectivity was observed for hydrophilic compounds with a molar volume higher than 110 cm3 mol(-1). Correspondingly, the size distribution of passable hydrophilic pathways was interpreted as a normal distribution with a mean pore radius of 0.3 nm and a standard deviation of 0.02 nm. The increased permeance of the hydrophilic compounds by the removal of cuticular waxes was attributed to an increase in the porosity, a decrease in the tortuosity, and a widening of the pore size distribution. Cuticular transpiration resulted from the permeation of water across the hydrophilic pathway. The far-reaching implications of two parallel pathways for the establishment of correlations between cuticular structure, chemistry, and function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Popp
- Julius-von-Sachs-Insitut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik II, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Simánová E, Shi T, Schönherr J, Schreiber L. Sorption in reconstituted waxes of homologous series of alcohol ethoxylates and n-alkyl esters and their effects on the mobility of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2005; 61:383-389. [PMID: 15751010 DOI: 10.1002/ps.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sorption of n-alkyl esters (dimethyl suberate, diethyl suberate, diethyl sebacate, dibutyl suberate and dibutyl sebacate) and monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates (diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether) between the reconstituted cuticular waxes of Stephanotis floribunda Brongn (Madagascar jasmine) or Hordeum vulgare L (barley) leaves and an external aqueous receptor solution was determined. Logarithms of the wax/receptor partition coefficient (K(wax/rec)) of the n-alkyl esters increased linearly with the number of C-atoms. With alcohol ethoxylates, log K(wax/rec) decreased linearly with the number of ethylene oxide units. For both groups of compounds, K(wax/rec) increased with increasing lipophilicity. The values of K(wax/rec) in Stephanotis wax were between 5 and 16 times higher than in barley wax. It is argued that this difference was due to different chemical composition and crystallinity of the waxes. Mobility of [14C]2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) in reconstituted Stephanotis and barley wax was increased by a factor of 2-8 by both n-alkyl esters and alcohol ethoxylates. Effects on the mobility of 2,4-DB were linearly related to the internal concentrations of n-alkyl esters and alcohol ethoxylates in reconstituted Stephanotis or barley wax. At the same internal concentrations the effect of n-alkyl esters on the mobility of 2,4-DB in wax exceeded that of alcohol ethoxylates by between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude. Results are discussed in relation to formulating systemic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Simánová
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Wild E, Dent J, Barber JL, Thomas GO, Jones KC. A novel analytical approach for visualizing and tracking organic chemicals in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4195-4199. [PMID: 15352460 DOI: 10.1021/es049915u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation plays a key role in the environmental fate of many organic chemicals, from pesticides applied to plants, to the air-vegetation exchange and global cycling of atmospheric organic contaminants. Our ability to locate such compounds in plants has traditionally relied on inferences being made from destructive chemical extraction techniques or methods with potential artifacts. Here, for the first time, two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) is coupled with plant autofluorescence to visualize and track trace levels of an organic contaminant in living plant tissue, without any form of sample modification or manipulation. Anthracene-a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-was selected for study in living maize (Zea mays) leaves. Anthracene was tracked over 96 h, where amounts as low as approximately 0.1-10 pg were visible, as it moved through the epicuticular wax and plant cuticle, and was observed reaching the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. By this stage, anthracene was identifiable in five separate locations within the leaf: (1) as a thin (approximately 5 microm) diffuse layer, in the upper surface of the epicuticular wax; (2) as thick (approximately 28 microm) diffuse bands extending from the epicuticular wax through the cuticle, to the cell walls of the epidermal cells; (3) on the external surface of epidermal cell walls; (4) on the internal surface of epidermal cell walls; and (5) within the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. This technique provides a powerful nonintrusive tool for visualizing and tracking the movement, storage locations, and degradation of organic chemicals within vegetation using only plant and compound autofluorescence. Many other applications are envisaged for TPEM, in visualizing organic chemicals within different matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wild
- Departments of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Yu JH, Lim HK, Choi GJ, Cho KY, Kim JH. A new method for assessing foliar uptake of fungicides using Congo Red as a tracer. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2001; 57:564-9. [PMID: 11407035 DOI: 10.1002/ps.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a new method for measuring foliar uptake of fungicides, Congo Red was selected as a tracer, and optimum procedures were established for washing, extracting and analyzing it and fungicides from leaf surfaces. Congo Red, a water-soluble dye, was not absorbed into cucumber or rice leaf, even in the presence of various surfactants, and was completely washable from leaf surfaces by aqueous acetonitrile solutions. Congo Red and fungicides in washings were quantified to calculate the amount of foliar uptake of the latter, by comparing the ratio to Congo Red. The optimum concentration of Congo Red in a formulation should be established in order to minimize its influence on fungicide uptake. Although Congo Red has proved to be useful with a conventional droplet application method, it will give more realistic and practical results with the spraying method used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yu
- Screening Research Division, Korea Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, 305-600, Korea
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Kömp P, McLachlan MS. The kinetics and reversibility of the partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls between air and ryegrass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 250:63-71. [PMID: 10811252 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) was contaminated with technical mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via the gas phase and the subsequent elimination of the PCBs from the vegetation was studied under field conditions. There was a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of the di- through to the pentachlorinated congeners over the 240-h elimination period. For many of the congeners the elimination was nearly complete, suggesting that the partitioning of these compounds from the gas phase into ryegrass is largely reversible. The elimination followed first order kinetics. The elimination half-lives were linearly proportional to the plant/air equilibrium partition coefficients (K(PA)) of the PCB congeners and ranged from 22 h for PCBs 8 + 5 to 87 h for PCBs 84 + 101. For the hexa- through to the octachlorinated congeners no significant decrease in the concentration of the vegetation was observed during the elimination experiment. The elimination was described well using a two-resistance model of PCB desorption which indicated that elimination of the di- and trichlorinated PCBs was limited by transport within the plant itself while elimination of the higher chlorinated congeners was limited by transport from the plant surface into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that if elimination of higher chlorinated PCBs from ryegrass via biological or photochemical degradation occurs, then it is very slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kömp
- Ecological Chemistry and Geochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Germany.
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Baur P, Grayson BT, Schönherr J. Polydisperse ethoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants as accelerators of cuticular penetration. 1. Effects of ethoxy chain length and the size of the penetrants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199710)51:2<131::aid-ps614>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schreiber L, Riederer M, Schorn K. Mobilities of Organic Compounds in Reconstituted Cuticular Wax of Barley Leaves: Effects of Monodisperse Alcohol Ethoxylates on Diffusion of Pentachlorophenol and Tetracosanoic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199610)48:2<117::aid-ps448>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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