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Crespo M, Guedes D, Paiva M, Sobral M, Helvecio E, Alves R, Tadeu G, Oliveira C, Melo-Santos MAV, Barbosa R, Ayres C. Exposure to Zika and chikungunya viruses impacts aspects of the vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0281851. [PMID: 38748732 PMCID: PMC11095752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arboviruses that cause infections in humans and can cause clinical complications, representing a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of these pathogens and Culex quinquefasciatus may be a potential ZIKV vector. This study aimed to evaluate fecundity, fertility, survival, longevity, and blood feeding activity in Ae. aegypti after exposure to ZIKV and CHIKV and, in Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed to ZIKV. Three colonies were evaluated: AeCamp (Ae. aegypti-field), RecL (Ae. aegypti-laboratory) and CqSLab (Cx. quinquefasciatus-laboratory). Seven to 10 days-old females from these colonies were exposed to artificial blood feeding with CHIKV or ZIKV. CHIKV caused reduction in fecundity and fertility in AeCamp and reduction in survival and fertility in RecL. ZIKV impacted survival in RecL, fertility in AeCamp and, fecundity and fertility in CqSLab. Both viruses had no effect on blood feeding activity. These results show that CHIKV produces a higher biological cost in Ae. aegypti, compared to ZIKV, and ZIKV differently alters the biological performance in colonies of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These results provide a better understanding over the processes of virus-vector interaction and can shed light on the complexity of arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Crespo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Duschinka Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de (UFPE), Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Mariana Sobral
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Elisama Helvecio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Rafael Alves
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - George Tadeu
- Núcleo de Estatística e Geoprocessamento, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Claudia Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Rosângela Barbosa
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Constância Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
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Krokovsky L, Lins CRB, Guedes DRD, Wallau GDL, Ayres CFJ, Paiva MHS. Dynamic of Mayaro Virus Transmission in Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes, and a Mice Model. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030799. [PMID: 36992508 PMCID: PMC10053307 DOI: 10.3390/v15030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is transmitted by Haemagogus spp. mosquitoes and has been circulating in Amazon areas in the North and Central West regions of Brazil since the 1980s, with an increase in human case notifications in the last 10 years. MAYV introduction in urban areas is a public health concern as infections can cause severe symptoms similar to other alphaviruses. Studies with Aedes aegypti have demonstrated the potential vector competence of the species and the detection of MAYV in urban populations of mosquitoes. Considering the two most abundant urban mosquito species in Brazil, we investigated the dynamics of MAYV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in a mice model. Mosquito colonies were artificially fed with blood containing MAYV and infection (IR) and dissemination rates (DR) were evaluated. On the 7th day post-infection (dpi), IFNAR BL/6 mice were made available as a blood source to both mosquito species. After the appearance of clinical signs of infection, a second blood feeding was performed with a new group of non-infected mosquitoes. RT-qPCR and plaque assays were carried out with animal and mosquito tissues to determine IR and DR. For Ae. aegypti, we found an IR of 97.5-100% and a DR reached 100% in both 7 and 14 dpi. While IR and DR for Cx. quinquefasciatus was 13.1-14.81% and 60% to 80%, respectively. A total of 18 mice were used (test = 12 and control = 6) for Ae. aegypti and 12 (test = 8 and control = 4) for Cx. quinquefasciatus to evaluate the mosquito-mice transmission rate. All mice that were bitten by infected Ae. aegypti showed clinical signs of infection while all mice exposed to infected Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes remained healthy. Viremia in the mice from Ae. aegypti group ranged from 2.5 × 108 to 5 × 109 PFU/mL. Ae. aegypti from the second blood feeding showed a 50% IR. Our study showed the applicability of an efficient model to complete arbovirus transmission cycle studies and suggests that the Ae. aegypti population evaluated is a competent vector for MAYV, while highlighting the vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti and the possible introduction into urban areas. The mice model employed here is an important tool for arthropod-vector transmission studies with laboratory and field mosquito populations, as well as with other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krokovsky
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ralph Batista Lins
- Biotério de Criação, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Rodovia BR-104, km 59-Nova Caruaru, Caruaru 55002-970, PE, Brazil
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Wilke ABB, Mhlanga A, Kummer AG, Vasquez C, Moreno M, Petrie WD, Rodriguez A, Vitek C, Hamer GL, Mutebi JP, Ajelli M. Diel activity patterns of vector mosquito species in the urban environment: Implications for vector control strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011074. [PMID: 36701264 PMCID: PMC9879453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have been widely used to study the population dynamics of mosquitoes as well as to test and validate the effectiveness of arbovirus outbreak responses and mosquito control strategies. The objective of this study is to assess the diel activity of mosquitoes in Miami-Dade, Florida, and Brownsville, Texas, the most affected areas during the Zika outbreak in 2016-2017, and to evaluate the effectiveness of simulated adulticide treatments on local mosquito populations. To assess variations in the diel activity patterns, mosquitoes were collected hourly for 96 hours once a month from May through November 2019 in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and Brownsville, Texas. We then performed a PERMANOVA followed by a SIMPER analysis to assess whether the abundance and species richness significantly varies at different hours of the day. Finally, we used a mathematical model to simulate the population dynamics of 5 mosquito vector species and evaluate the effectiveness of the simulated adulticide applications. A total of 14,502 mosquitoes comprising 17 species were collected in Brownsville and 10,948 mosquitoes comprising 19 species were collected in Miami-Dade County. Aedes aegypti was the most common mosquito species collected every hour in both cities and peaking in abundance in the morning and the evening. Our modeling results indicate that the effectiveness of adulticide applications varied greatly depending on the hour of the treatment. In both study locations, 9 PM was the best time for adulticide applications targeting all mosquito vector species; mornings/afternoons (9 AM- 5 PM) yielded low effectiveness, especially for Culex species, while at night (12 AM- 6 AM) the effectiveness was particularly low for Aedes species. Our results indicate that the timing of adulticide spraying interventions should be carefully considered by local authorities based on the ecology of the target mosquito species in the focus area.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B. B. Wilke
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (A.B.B.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Adequate Mhlanga
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Allisandra G. Kummer
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chalmers Vasquez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maday Moreno
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - William D. Petrie
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Art Rodriguez
- Public Health Department, City of Brownsville, Brownsville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher Vitek
- Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Arboviral Diseases Branch (ADB), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marco Ajelli
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (A.B.B.W.); (M.A.)
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Hafez AM. First comprehensive report of the resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to commonly used insecticides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12709. [PMID: 36647349 PMCID: PMC9840124 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of various pathogens including West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and Western equine encephalitis virus. Insecticides are the main tools for Cx. quinquefasciatus control, but this overreliance on chemical tools has led to the development of resistance to many insecticides in this important insect vector. The resistance of eight field populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus to 10 commonly used insecticides was evaluated. Based on the resistance ratios (RRs), the adults of Cx. quinquefasciatus field populations displayed susceptibility to the organophosphates (OPs) except Al-Masanie adults which exhibited low resistance to fenitrothion (RR50 = 3.62). Conversely, the mosquitoes exhibited susceptibility, low resistance, and moderate resistance to the pyrethroids alpha-cypermethrin (RR = 0.59-2.56), bifenthrin (RR = 0.59-2.19), deltamethrin (RR = 0.60-7.07), cypermethrin (RR = 0.60-2.66), and cyfluthrin (RR = 0.58-2.39). At the larval stage, Cx. quinquefasciatus field populations displayed susceptibility to low resistance to the OPs chlorpyrifos (RR = 0.03-1.75), malathion (RR = 0.19-3.42), fenitrothion (RR = 0.11-2.78), and pirimiphos-methyl (RR = 0.08-1.15). Although these results in Cx. quinquefasciatus field populations indicated that the OPs and pyrethroids maintained high efficacy in controlling this species in the geographical area of this study, these findings should be utilized wisely to avoid any potential negative effects on human health and environmental safety attributable to the application of these broad-spectrum conventional insecticides. However, these findings provide a solid basis for decision-making for Cx. quinquefasciatus integrated vector management programs.
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Subahar R, Aulia AP, Yulhasri Y, Felim RR, Susanto L, Winita R, El Bayani GF, Adugna T. Assessment of susceptible Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in Indonesia to different insecticides through metabolic enzymes and the histopathological midgut. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12234. [PMID: 36590519 PMCID: PMC9798163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis and virus diseases that are transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus are still a global health problem. Control of mosquito vectors with synthetic insecticides causes resistance to these mosquitoes to insecticides so that detection of susceptibility of the mosquito larval stage to insecticides is important for evaluating mosquito control programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of wild-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae in Jakarta, Indonesia, following exposure to temephos, malathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin; this was done by examining the detoxifying enzyme activities and histological damage to the larval midgut. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from five fields in Jakarta and exposed for 24 h to temephos (1.25, 6.25, 31.25, and 156.25 ppm), malathion (0.5 ppm), cypermethrin (0.25 ppm), and deltamethrin (0.35 ppm). The larvae were then examined for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase activities using biochemical methods. Histological damage to the larval midgut was examined using routine histopathological methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After 24 h, temephos and deltamethrin led to 100% mortality in the Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Temephos and malathion significantly inhibited the activity of AChE, while cypermethrin and deltamethrin significantly inhibited oxidase activity. Histologically, all insecticides damaged the larval midgut, as indicated by irregularities in the epithelial cell (ECs), microvilli (Mv), food boluses (FBs), peritrophic membranes (PMs), and cracked epithelial layers (Ep). The TEM findings confirmed that temephos and cypermethrin damage to the midgut ECs included damage to the cell membrane, nucleus, nucleoli, mitochondria, and other cell organelles. Overall, Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae in Jakarta were completely susceptible to temephos and deltamethrin. Synthetic insecticides may kill Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae through their actions on the metabolic enzyme activities and histopathological midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizal Subahar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Annisa Putri Aulia
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yulhasri Yulhasri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ris Raihan Felim
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Lisawati Susanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Rawina Winita
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Gulshan Fahmi El Bayani
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Peniche T, Duarte JL, Ferreira RMA, Sidônio IAP, Sarquis RSFR, Sarquis ÍR, Oliveira AEMFM, Cruz RAS, Ferreira IM, Florentino AC, Carvalho JCT, Souto RNP, Fernandes CP. Larvicidal Effect of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238433. [PMID: 36500534 PMCID: PMC9738304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes can be vectors of pathogens and transmit diseases to both animals and humans. Species of the genus Culex are part of the cycle of neglected diseases, especially Culex quinquefasciatus, which is an anthropophilic vector of lymphatic filariasis. Natural products can be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for vector control; however, the main issue is the poor water availability of some compounds from plant origin. In this context, nanoemulsions are kinetic stable delivery systems of great interest for lipophilic substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of the Hyptis suaveolens essential oil nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus. The essential oil showed a predominance of monoterpenes with retention time (RT) lower than 15 min. The average size diameter of the emulsions (sorbitan monooleate/polysorbate 20) was ≤ 200 nm. The nanoemulsion showed high larvicidal activity in concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm. CL50 values were 102.41 (77.5253−149.14) ppm and 70.8105 (44.5282−109.811) ppm after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The mortality rate in the surfactant control was lower than 9%. Scanning micrograph images showed changes in the larvae’s integument. This study achieved an active nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus through a low-energy-input technique and without using potentially toxic organic solvents. Therefore, it expands the scope of possible applications of H. suaveolens essential oil in the production of high-added-value nanosystems for tropical disease vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taires Peniche
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Jonatas L. Duarte
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. A. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Igor A. P. Sidônio
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Rosângela S. F. R. Sarquis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Ícaro R. Sarquis
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Anna E. M. F. M. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. S. Cruz
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Irlon M. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chemical Biotransformation, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Alexandro C. Florentino
- Graduate Program in Envirionmental Sciences (PPGCA), Laboratory of Ichthyology and Genotoxicity (LIGEN), Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José C. T. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Raimundo N. P. Souto
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Caio P. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Santos SA, Romão TP, Helvecio E, Barbosa RMR, Leal WS, Ayres CFJ. Elevated expression of odorant receptors and odorant-binding proteins genes detected in antennae of Culex quinquefasciatus field females. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.874727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is responsible for the transmission of filarial worms and several arboviruses. Olfaction plays a crucial role in disease transmission as it influences behaviors that are essential for the survival and reproduction of the mosquito, such as the host-seeking behavior, courtship, and oviposition. Understanding the molecular events that coordinate how mosquitoes find their host may lead to alternative methods to reduce diseases transmission. Our aim was to investigate the differential expression profile of odorant receptor (ORs) and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) genes in Cx. quinquefasciatus field females compared with CqSLab laboratory mosquito colony. Seventeen genes of interest were evaluated for their qualitative and specific expression by RT-PCR on RNAs extracted from female antennae, female legs, complete male bodies, incomplete female bodies (no head and no legs), and L4 larvae. The general expression mapping of olfactory genes revealed that all analyzed genes were expressed in antennae. Some genes showed different qualitative expression profiles, such as CquiOR2, CquiOR64, CquiOR93, CquiOBP11, and CquiOBP16, which were expressed exclusively in female antennae. On the other hand, CquiOR37, CquiOBP2, and CquiOBP43 are expressed in all sample types, and CquiOBP10 was expressed in female antennae and legs and in the complete male bodies. The expression of CquiOBP5 was detected in the female’s antennae and body, but it was absent in the legs. The quantitative differential expression analysis of six of the 17 genes by RT-qPCR was performed from RNA samples from antenna pools collected in three physiological states, post-emergence, post-mating, and post-blood feeding of the field females and CqSLab. A total of 3,600 antennae were analyzed, in pools containing 100 pairs. Most genes screened showed a higher expression level in field mosquitoes when compared with the laboratory strain CqSLab. The expression of CquiOBP5 and CquiOBP10 genes was significantly different between the post-mating and post blood-meal samples of laboratory females (p < 0.05). Our results suggest specialization of the function of the genes studied and divergence in the expression pattern of field mosquitoes compared with laboratory mosquitoes, and therefore, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of data from laboratory mosquito studies.
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Hafez AM, Abbas N. Insecticide resistance to insect growth regulators, avermectins, spinosyns and diamides in Culex quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:558. [PMID: 34715900 PMCID: PMC8555291 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus is not only a biting nuisance but also an important vector of fatal diseases. In Saudi Arabia, management measures to control this mosquito and thereby prevent associated disease transmission have focused on insecticides. Nevertheless, information on the resistance status of C. quinquefasciatus is insufficient, especially concerning insecticides containing novel classes of insecticides. METHODS We evaluated six insecticides belonging to four classes of insecticides (insect growth regulators [3], avermectins [1], diamides [1] and spinosyns [1]) for toxicity and resistance in eight C. quinquefasciatus populations (from Ishbiliya, Al-Masfa, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Nakhil, Irqah, Al-Suwaidi and Al-Ghanemiya) following World Health Organisation protocols. RESULTS Resistance status ranging from susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance, in comparison with the susceptible strain, was detected for cyromazine in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (resistance ratio [RR] = 3.33), Al-Masfa (RR = 4.33), Al-Masanie (RR = 3.67), Al-Washlah (RR = 2.33), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.33), Irqah (RR = 7.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 21.33) and Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 16.00). All C. quinquefasciatus populations exhibited a high level of resistance to diflubenzuron (RR = 13.33-43.33), with the exception of Al-Nakhil which exhibited moderate resistance (RR = 10.00). Susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance was observed for triflumuron in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (RR = 0.50), Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 3.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 10.00), Al-Masfa (RR = 5.00), Al-Masanie (RR = 10.00), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.00), Irqah (RR = 5.00) and Al-Washlah (RR = 15.00). Susceptibility/low resistance was assessed for abamectin, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad in all C. quinquefasciatus populations, with RR ranges of 0.25-3.50, 0.17-2.19, and 0.02-0.50, respectively. However, the population collected from Irqah showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR = 11.93). CONCLUSIONS The detection of widespread resistance to insect growth regulators in C. quinquefasciatus highlights an urgent need to establish integrated vector management strategies. Our results may facilitate the selection of potent insecticides for integrated vector management programmes for C. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab M Hafez
- Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naeem Abbas
- Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Albuquerque ALD, Araújo TAD, Melo DCTVD, Paiva MHS, Melo FLD, Oliveira CMFD, Ayres CFJ. Development of a molecular xenomonitoring protocol to assess filariasis transmission. Exp Parasitol 2020; 215:107918. [PMID: 32464220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, lymphatic filariasis (LF), a mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease (NTD), should be eliminated as a public health concern by the end of 2020. To this end, the goals of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) include interrupting transmission through mass drug administration (MDA). After two decades, several countries have implemented MDA and are now ready to confirm whether transmission has been interrupted. The method for detecting the parasites in mosquito vectors known as xenomonitoring is a non-invasive tool for assessing the current transmission status of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti (which is responsible for 90% of cases) by their vectors. There are several methods available for detection of the worm in mosquito samples, such as dissection or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, most of these techniques still produce a considerable number of false-negative results. The present study describes a new duplex PCR protocol, which is an improvement on the traditional PCR methodology, enhanced by introducing the actin gene as an endogenous control gene. After adjusting the mosquito pool size, DNA extraction, and WbCx PCR duplex design, we achieved a reliable and sensitive molecular xenomonitoring protocol. This assay was able to eliminate 5% of false negative samples and detected less than one Wb larvae. This high sensitivity is particularly valuable after MDA, when prevalence declines. This new method could reduce the number of false-negative samples, which will enable us to improve our ability to generate accurate results and aid the monitoring strategies used by LF elimination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Lopes de Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Lopes RP, Lima JBP, Martins AJ. Insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 in Brazil: a review. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:591. [PMID: 31852489 PMCID: PMC6921570 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is a successful invasive species broadly distributed in subtropical regions, including Brazil. It is an extremely annoying mosquito due to its nocturnal biting behavior, in high-density populations and it is a potential bridge between sylvatic arbovirus from birds to man in urban territories. Herein, we present a review concerning the methods of chemical control employed against Cx. quinquefasciatus in Brazil since the 1950's and insecticide resistance data registered in the literature. As there is no specific national programme for Cx. quinquefasciatus control in Brazil, the selection of insecticide resistance is likely due in part to the well-designed chemical campaigns against Aedes aegypti and the elevated employment of insecticides by households and private companies. There are very few publications about insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus from Brazil when compared to Ae. aegypti. Nevertheless, resistance to organophosphates, carbamate, DDT, pyrethroids and biolarvicides has been registered in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from distinct localities of the country. Concerning physiological mechanisms selected for resistance, distinct patterns of esterases, as well as mutations in the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) genes, have been identified in natural populations. Given environmental changes and socioeconomical issues in the cities, in recent years we have been experiencing an increase in the number of disease cases caused by arboviruses, which may involve Cx. quinquefasciatus participation as a key vector. It is urgent to better understand the efficiency and susceptibility status to insecticides, as well as the genetic background of known resistant mechanisms already present in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations for an effective and rapid chemical control when eventually required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pereira Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Araújo AP, Paiva MHS, Cabral AM, Cavalcanti AEHD, Pessoa LFF, Diniz DFA, Helvecio E, da Silva EVG, da Silva NM, Anastácio DB, Pontes C, Nunes V, de Souza MDFM, Magalhães FJR, de Melo Santos MAV, Ayres CFJ. Screening Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Pernambuco, Brazil for Resistance to Temephos, Diflubenzuron, and Cypermethrin and Characterization of Potential Resistance Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:16. [PMID: 31175834 PMCID: PMC6556078 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemical insecticides detected in Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the National Dengue Control Program (PNCD) over the last years. In order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the Pernambuco State, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. Furthermore, mechanisms that may be associated with this particular type of resistance were characterized. Bioassays with multiple temephos and diflubenzuron concentrations were performed to detect and quantify resistance. For cypermethrin, diagnostic dose assays were performed. Biochemical tests were carried out to quantify the activity of detoxification enzymes. In addition, a screening of mutations present in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaV) was performed in samples previously submitted to bioassays with cypermethrin. The populations under study were resistant to temephos and showed a positive correlation between insecticide consumption and the resistance ratio (RR) to the compound. For diflubenzuron, the biological activity ratio (BAR) ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 times, when compared to the susceptible strain. All populations showed resistance to cypermethrin. Altered enzymatic profiles of alpha, p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) esterases and glutathione-S-transferases were recorded in most of these samples. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Arcoverde was the only population that presented the mutated form 1016Ile/Ile. These findings show that the situation is critical vis-à-vis the effectiveness of mosquito control using chemical insecticides, since resistance to temephos and cypermethrin is widespread in Ae. aegypti from Pernambuco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Araújo
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria Cabral
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Freitas Pessoa
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego Felipe Araujo Diniz
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elisama Helvecio
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ellyda Vanessa Gomes da Silva
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Entomologia. s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Norma Machado da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética – BEG, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brasil. Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Claudenice Pontes
- State of Pernambuco Department of Health, Arbovirus Surveillance Manager Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nunes
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Recife, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Delannay C, Goindin D, Kellaou K, Ramdini C, Gustave J, Vega-Rúa A. Multiple insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus populations from Guadeloupe (French West Indies) and associated mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199615. [PMID: 29944713 PMCID: PMC6019780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WN) virus has been detected in Guadeloupe since 2002. Even if no WN human cases have been detected so far, mosquitoes from Culex genus especially Culex quinquefasciatus are recognized as potential WN vectors in Guadeloupe. To evaluate the impact of local vector control activities on this mosquito species we assessed the resistance levels of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from three different sites from Guadeloupe (Abymes, Saint François and Gourbeyre) to malathion, temephos and deltamethrin. In addition, the frequencies of the L1014F kdr and the G119S ace-1 mutations were established in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, as well as the constitutive expressions of five cytochrome P450 genes. Mosquito populations tested displayed high resistance to deltamethrin, moderate resistance to malathion (Abymes, Gourbeyre) and low resistance to temephos (Abymes et Gourbeyre). Molecular analyses revealed high frequencies of both L1014F kdr and G119S ace-1 mutations in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, as well as overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes CYP9J45, CYP9J40 and CYP6AA7. Finally, deltamethrin resistance and knock-down rates were strongly correlated with the frequency of the resistant kdr and ace-1 alleles, as well as with CYP9J40 overexpression. These results should be taken into account to refine the current vector control strategies to prevent the appearance of Cx. quinquefasciatus-borne diseases in Guadeloupe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Delannay
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Daniella Goindin
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Kevin Kellaou
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Cédric Ramdini
- Vector Control Service of Grande–Terre, Regional Health Agency, Airport Zone South Raizet, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Joël Gustave
- Vector Control Service of Grande–Terre, Regional Health Agency, Airport Zone South Raizet, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- * E-mail:
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Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e69. [PMID: 28790458 PMCID: PMC5583667 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has recently been associated with an increased incidence of neonatal microcephaly and other neurological disorders. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bite, although other routes of infection have been implicated in some cases. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is considered to be the main vector to humans worldwide; however, there is evidence that other mosquito species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, transmit the virus. To test the potential of Cx. quinquefasciatus to transmit ZIKV, we experimentally compared the vector competence of laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Interestingly, we were able to detect the presence of ZIKV in the midgut, salivary glands and saliva of artificially fed Cx. quinquefasciatus. In addition, we collected ZIKV-infected Cx. quinquefasciatus from urban areas with high microcephaly incidence in Recife, Brazil. Corroborating our experimental data from artificially fed mosquitoes, ZIKV was isolated from field-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus, and its genome was partially sequenced. Collectively, these findings indicate that there may be a wider range of ZIKV vectors than anticipated.
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Games PD, Alves SN, Katz BB, Tomich JM, Serrão JE. Differential protein expression in the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes induced by the insecticide temephos. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:253-263. [PMID: 27072633 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors for pathogens of malaria, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) is a known vector of lymphatic filariasis. Its control in Brazil has been managed using the organophosphate temephos. Studies examining the proteins of Cx. quinquefasciatus that are differentially expressed in response to temephos further understanding of the modes of action of the insecticide and may potentially identify resistance factors in the mosquito. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis, using 2-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify midgut proteins in Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae that were differentially expressed in response to exposure to temephos relative to those in untreated controls. A total of 91 protein spots were differentially expressed; 40 were upregulated and 51 were downregulated by temephos. A total of 22 proteins, predominantly upregulated, were identified as known to play a role in the immune response, whereas the downregulated proteins were involved in energy and protein catabolism. This is the first proteome study of the midgut of Cx. quinquefasciatus and it provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of insecticide-induced responses in the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Games
- Department of General Biology, State University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - S N Alves
- Department of Biology, State University of São João del-Rey, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - B B Katz
- Biotechnology Core Facility and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A
| | - J M Tomich
- Biotechnology Core Facility and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A
| | - J E Serrão
- Department of General Biology, State University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Chediak M, G Pimenta F, Coelho GE, Braga IA, Lima JBP, Cavalcante KRL, Sousa LCD, Melo-Santos MAVD, Macoris MDLDG, Araújo APD, Ayres CFJ, Andrighetti MTM, Gomes RGDA, Campos KB, Guedes RNC. Spatial and temporal country-wide survey of temephos resistance in Brazilian populations of Aedes aegypti. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:311-21. [PMID: 27143489 PMCID: PMC4878300 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The organophosphate temephos has been the main insecticide used against larvae of the
dengue and yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) in Brazil since the
mid-1980s. Reports of resistance date back to 1995; however, no systematic reports of
widespread temephos resistance have occurred to date. As resistance investigation is
paramount for strategic decision-making by health officials, our objective here was
to investigate the spatial and temporal spread of temephos resistance in Ae.
aegypti in Brazil for the last 12 years using discriminating temephos
concentrations and the bioassay protocols of the World Health Organization. The
mortality results obtained were subjected to spatial analysis for distance
interpolation using semi-variance models to generate maps that depict the spread of
temephos resistance in Brazil since 1999. The problem has been expanding. Since
2002-2003, approximately half the country has exhibited mosquito populations
resistant to temephos. The frequency of temephos resistance and, likely, control
failures, which start when the insecticide mortality level drops below 80%, has
increased even further since 2004. Few parts of Brazil are able to achieve the target
80% efficacy threshold by 2010/2011, resulting in a significant risk of control
failure by temephos in most of the country. The widespread resistance to temephos in
Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations greatly compromise effective
mosquito control efforts using this insecticide and indicates the urgent need to
identify alternative insecticides aided by the preventive elimination of potential
mosquito breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Chediak
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Fabiano G Pimenta
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giovanini E Coelho
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Ima A Braga
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - José Bento P Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula de Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Kauara B Campos
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Diniz DFA, de Melo-Santos MAV, Santos EMDM, Beserra EB, Helvecio E, de Carvalho-Leandro D, dos Santos BS, de Menezes Lima VL, Ayres CFJ. Fitness cost in field and laboratory Aedes aegypti populations associated with resistance to the insecticide temephos. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:662. [PMID: 26715037 PMCID: PMC4696322 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The continued use of chemical insecticides in the context of the National Program of Dengue Control in Brazil has generated a high selective pressure on the natural populations of Aedes aegypti, leading to their resistance to these compounds in the field. Fitness costs have been described as adaptive consequences of resistance. This study evaluated the biological and reproductive performance of A. aegypti strains and a field population resistant to temephos, the main larvicide used for controlling mosquitoes. Methods Comparative tests were performed with a resistant field population from the municipality of Arcoverde, Pernambuco State, Brazil, with a high rate of temephos resistance (RR = 226.6) and three isogenetic laboratory strains from the same origin (Araripina municipality, Pernambuco): RecR (RR = 283.6); RecRNEx (RR = 250.5), a strain under a process of resistance reversion; and RecRev (RR = 2.32), a reversed susceptible strain used as an experimental control. Results Our study revealed that the absence of selective pressure imposed by exposure to temephos, for five consecutive generations, led to a discrete reduction of the resistance ratio and the response of the detoxifying enzymes. Most of the 19 biological parameters were impaired in the resistant strains and field population. The analysis of the fertility life table confirmed the presence of reproductive disadvantages for the resistant individuals. Similarly, the longevity, body size, and total energetic resources were also lower for the resistant females, except for the last two parameters in the field females (Arcoverde). In contrast, the sex ratio and embryonic viability suffered no interference in all strains or population evaluated, regardless of their status of resistance to temephos. Conclusions The reproductive potential and survival of the resistant individuals were compromised. The parameters most affected were the larval development time, fecundity, net reproduction rate, and the generational doubling time. These fitness costs in the natural population and laboratory strains investigated are likely associated with maintaining the metabolic mechanism of resistance to temephos. Our results show that despite these costs, the highly temephos resistant populations can compensate for these losses and successfully overcome the control actions that are based on the use of chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Felipe Araujo Diniz
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Varjal de Melo-Santos
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Eloína Maria de Mendonça Santos
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Barbosa Beserra
- Department of Biology, State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB), Campina Grande, Brazil.
| | - Elisama Helvecio
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Danilo de Carvalho-Leandro
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Bianka Santana dos Santos
- Laboratory of Lipids, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Laboratory of Lipids, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães - CPqAM) - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
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Susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti from Santiago Island, Cabo Verde, to insecticides. Acta Trop 2015; 152:66-73. [PMID: 26307496 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, Cabo Verde diagnosed the first dengue cases, with 21,137 cases reported and Aedes aegypti was identified as the vector. Since the outbreak, chemical insecticides and source reduction were used to control the mosquito population. This study aimed to assess the susceptibility of A. aegypti populations from Santiago, Cabo Verde to insecticides and identify the mechanisms of resistance. Samples of A. aegypti eggs were obtained at two different time periods (2012 and 2014), using ovitraps in different locations in Santiago Island to establish the parental population. F1 larvae were exposed to different concentrations of insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti), diflubenzuron and temephos) to estimate the lethal concentrations (LC90) and calculate the respective rate of resistance (RR90). Semi-field tests using temephos-ABATE(®) were performed to evaluate the persistence of the product. Bottle tests using female mosquitoes were carried out to determine the susceptibility to the adulticides malathion, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Biochemical and molecular tests were performed to investigate the presence of metabolic resistance mechanisms, associated with the enzymes glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), esterases and mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and to detect mutations or alterations in the sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase genes. A. aegypti mosquitoes from Santiago exhibited resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin (mortality<80%) and temephos (RR90=4.4) but susceptibility to malathion (mortality≥98%), Bti and diflubenzuron. The low level of resistance to temephos did not affect the effectiveness of Abate(®). The enzymatic analysis conducted in 2012 revealed slight changes in the activities of GST (25%), MFO (18%), α-esterase (19%) and β-esterase (17%), but no significant changes in 2014. Target site resistance mutations were not detected. Our results suggest that the A. aegypti population from Santiago is resistant to two major insecticides used for vector control, deltamethrin and temephos. To our knowledge, this is the first report of temephos resistance in an African A. aegypti population. The low level of temephos resistance was maintained from 2012-2014, which suggested the imposition of selective pressure, although it was not possible to identify the resistance mechanisms involved. These data show that the potential failures in the local mosquito control program are not associated with insecticide resistance.
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Paiva MHS, Lovin DD, Mori A, Melo-Santos MAV, Severson DW, Ayres CFJ. Identification of a major Quantitative Trait Locus determining resistance to the organophosphate temephos in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genomics 2015; 107:40-8. [PMID: 26576515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate insecticides (OP) have extensively been used to control mosquitoes, such as the vector Aedes aegypti. Unfortunately, OP resistance has hampered control programs worldwide. We used Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping to evaluate temephos resistance in two F1 intercross populations derived from crosses between a resistant Ae. aegypti strain (RecR) and two susceptible strains (MoyoD and Red). A single major effect QTL was identified on chromosome 2 of both segregating populations, named rtt1 (resistance to temephos 1). Bioinformatics analyses identified a cluster of carboxylesterase genes (CCE) within the rtt1 interval. qRT-PCR demonstrated that different CCEs were up-regulated in F2 resistant individuals from both crosses. However, none exceeded the 2-fold expression. Primary mechanisms for temephos resistance may vary between Ae. aegypti populations, yet also appear to support previous findings suggesting that multiple linked esterase genes may contribute to temephos resistance in the RecR strain as well as other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H S Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59, Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE 55002-970, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Diane D Lovin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Akio Mori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Maria A V Melo-Santos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil.
| | - David W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Constância F J Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil.
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Aguiar RWS, dos Santos SF, da Silva Morgado F, Ascencio SD, de Mendonça Lopes M, Viana KF, Didonet J, Ribeiro BM. Insecticidal and repellent activity of Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (Negramina) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116765. [PMID: 25646797 PMCID: PMC4315403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the toxic effects of essential oils isolated from Siparuna guianensis against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. The oviposition-deterring activity, egg viability, and repellence activity in the presence of different essential oils concentrations were determined. The essential oils showed high toxicity to all developmental stages of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Furthermore, the oils also showed high repellent activity towards the adult stage of mosquitoes (0.025 to 0.550 μg/cm2 skin conferred 100% repellence up to 120 min) and in contact with cultured insect cells (C6/36) induced death possibly by necrosis. The results presented in this work show the potential of S. guianensis essential oils for the development of an alternative and effective method for the natural control of mosquitoes in homes and urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Wagner Souza Aguiar
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Suetonio Fernandes dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Fabricio da Silva Morgado
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Universitário, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Magnólia de Mendonça Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Kelvinson Fernandes Viana
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Julcemar Didonet
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Universitário, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Wilke ABB, Vidal PO, Suesdek L, Marrelli MT. Population genetics of neotropical Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:468. [PMID: 25280576 PMCID: PMC4190383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes can be found in almost every major city of Brazil and are vectors of filariasis and several arboviruses. Microsatellite markers have been widely used to uncover the genetic structure of various groups of insect populations. The aim of this study was to glimpse the genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Brazil. Methods Nine populations were sampled across Brazil (one of them from a laboratory colony - COL) and another one from Argentina and process regarding the variability of six microsatellite loci. Results The analyzed loci revealed moderate population genetic structure (mean Fst = 0.12). Dendrograms of genetic distances evidenced two major population clusters, respectively corresponding to the northern and southern populations. The hybrid population Cx. pipiens/quinquefasciatus (from La Plata, Argentina) and the colony population fell outside the major clusters. Those clusters were substructured and there was a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances and environmental variables (r = 0.51; p > 0.001 and r = 0.46; p > 0.004). Conclusions Multilocus cluster Bayesian analysis confirmed that populations are mutually distinct, and the set of results point to genetic differences among populations. The presumable low gene flow among them may be due to the large geographic distances (>1000 km) and to the environmental heterogeneity of the sampled areas. The genetic structure observed in this study may lead to the best understanding of Cx. quinquefasciatus demographical diversity as well as their genetic variations patterns in Brazil so far unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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