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Ameyaw GA, Kouakou K, Iqbal MJ, Belé L, Wolf VLF, Keith CV, Bi BAB, Kouamé C, Livingstone D, Domfeh O, Gyamera EA, Marelli JP, Brown JK. Molecular Surveillance, Prevalence, and Distribution of Cacao Infecting Badnavirus Species in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Viruses 2024; 16:735. [PMID: 38793617 PMCID: PMC11126031 DOI: 10.3390/v16050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) caused by a complex of badnavirus species presents a major challenge for cacao production in West Africa, especially Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, CSSD species detection efficiency, diversity, and geographic distribution patterns in cacao plantations in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire were investigated through field surveillance, PCR detection assays, sequencing of positive amplicons, and phylogeographic clustering. Cumulatively, the detection efficiency of the tested CSSD primer sets that were targeting the movement protein domain of the virus ranged from 0.15% (CSSD-3 primer) to 66.91% (CSSD-1 primer) on all the symptomatic cacao leaf samples assessed. The identified CSSD species differed phylogenetically and overlapped in distribution, with the cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus (CSSTBV) (n = 588 sequences) being the most prevalent and widely distributed compared to the other CSSD species that were encountered in both countries. Geographically, the cacao swollen shoot CE virus (CSSCEV) species (n = 124 sequences) that was identified was largely restricted to the bordering regions of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. These results provide updated knowledge of the geographic distribution of the key CSSD species and their diagnostic efficiency and, thus, provide guidance in identifying locations for structured testing of cacao germplasm and optimal diagnostics for the predominant CSSD species in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Ameyaw
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, New Akim-Tafo, E/R, Ghana; (G.A.A.)
| | - Koffié Kouakou
- The Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Côte d’Ivoire Country Program, Cocody, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mohammed Javed Iqbal
- School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Luc Belé
- The Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Côte d’Ivoire Country Program, Cocody, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Valentin L. F. Wolf
- The Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Côte d’Ivoire Country Program, Cocody, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Cory V. Keith
- School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bolou A. Bolou Bi
- The Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Côte d’Ivoire Country Program, Cocody, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Christophe Kouamé
- The Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Côte d’Ivoire Country Program, Cocody, Abidjan 08 BP 2823, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Donald Livingstone
- Mars Wrigley Plant Science Laboratory, 434 G Street, Suite 200, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Owusu Domfeh
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, New Akim-Tafo, E/R, Ghana; (G.A.A.)
| | - Ebenezer A. Gyamera
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, New Akim-Tafo, E/R, Ghana; (G.A.A.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Marelli
- Mars Wrigley Plant Science Laboratory, 434 G Street, Suite 200, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110994. [PMID: 34821794 PMCID: PMC8624702 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the Badnavirus genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several species of Pseudococcidae (mealybugs). To determine which species are associated with virus-affected cacao plants in North America, and to assess their potential as vectors, mealybugs (n = 166) were collected from infected trees in Florida, and identified using COI, ITS2, and 28S markers. The species present were Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (38%; n = 63), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (34.3%; n = 57), Pseudococcus comstocki (15.7%; n = 26), and Ferrisia virgata (12%; n = 20). Virus acquisition was assessed by testing mealybug DNA (0.8 ng) using a nested PCR that amplified a 500 bp fragment of the movement protein-coat protein region of CaMMV. Virus sequences were obtained from 34.6 to 43.1% of the insects tested; however, acquisition did not differ among species, X2 (3, N = 166) = 0.56, p < 0.91. This study identified two new mealybug species, P. jackbeardsleyi and M. hirsutus, as potential vectors of CaMMV. This information is essential for understanding the infection cycle of CaMMV and developing effective management strategies.
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Wickramasuriya AM, Dunwell JM. Cacao biotechnology: current status and future prospects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:4-17. [PMID: 28985014 PMCID: PMC5785363 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao-The Food of the Gods, provides the raw material for the multibillion dollar chocolate industry and is also the main source of income for about 6 million smallholders around the world. Additionally, cocoa beans have a number of other nonfood uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Specifically, the potential health benefits of cocoa have received increasing attention as it is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. At present, the demand for cocoa and cocoa-based products in Asia is growing particularly rapidly and chocolate manufacturers are increasing investment in this region. However, in many Asian countries, cocoa production is hampered due to many reasons including technological, political and socio-economic issues. This review provides an overview of the present status of global cocoa production and recent advances in biotechnological applications for cacao improvement, with special emphasis on genetics/genomics, in vitro embryogenesis and genetic transformation. In addition, in order to obtain an insight into the latest innovations in the commercial sector, a survey was conducted on granted patents relating to T. cacao biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jim M. Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Brady C, Allainguillaume J, Denman S, Arnold D. Rapid identification of bacteria associated with Acute Oak Decline by high-resolution melt analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 63:89-95. [PMID: 27227694 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Gibbsiella quercinecans and Brenneria goodwinii, are frequently isolated from oak suffering from Acute Oak Decline. These two species are difficult to identify based on colony morphology, carbohydrate utilization or 16S rRNA gene sequence, and identification using gyrB gene sequencing is time-consuming and laborious. A rapid identification technique, based on high-resolution melt analysis of the atpD gene, was designed to efficiently process numerous isolates from an increasing number of affected woodlands and parks. Principal component analysis of the resulting melt curves from strains of G. quercinecans, B. goodwinii and their close phylogenetic relatives allowed differentiation into distinct clusters based on species or subspecies identity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Acute Oak Decline is an increasing threat to Britain's native oak population. Two novel bacterial species both belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, Gibbsiella quercinecans and Brenneria goodwinii, are thought to play an important role in symptom development. Here, we describe a rapid identification technique using high-resolution melt analysis of the atpD gene able to assign isolates to either G. quercinecans or B. goodwinii in a single assay, greatly reducing the time taken to identify if either or both of these species are present in symptomatic oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brady
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - J Allainguillaume
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - S Denman
- Forest Research, Centre for Ecosystems Society and Biosecurity, Farnham, UK
| | - D Arnold
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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