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Zhang YH, Xue JZ, Tariq T, Li TH, Qian HY, Cui WH, Tian H, Monticelli LS, Desneux N, Zang LS. Parasitism and Suitability of Trichogramma chilonis on Large Eggs of Two Factitious Hosts: Samia cynthia ricini and Antheraea pernyi. INSECTS 2023; 15:2. [PMID: 38276816 PMCID: PMC10817078 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Trichogramma, an effective biological control agent, demonstrates promise in environmentally sustainable pest management through its parasitic action toward insect eggs. This study evaluates the parasitism fitness and ability of T. chilonis with regard to two factitious host eggs, aiming to develop a cost-effective biological control program. While T. chilonis demonstrated the ability to parasitize both host eggs, the results indicate a preference for ES eggs over COS eggs. The parasitism and emergence rates of T. chilonis regarding ES eggs (parasitism: 89.3%; emergence: 82.6%) surpassed those for COS eggs (parasitism: 74.7%; emergence: 68.8%), with a notable increase in the number of emergence holes observed in the ES eggs compared to the COS eggs. Moreover, the developmental time of T. chilonis for ES eggs (10.8 days) was shorter than that for COS eggs (12.5 days), resulting in a lower number of dead wasps produced. Notably, no significant difference was observed in the female ratios between the two species. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, comparing the size and shell thickness of the two factitious hosts. The ES eggs exhibited smaller dimensions (length: 1721.5 μm; width: 1178.9 μm) in comparison to the COS eggs (length: 2908.8 μm; width: 2574.4 μm), with the ES eggshells being thinner (33.8 μm) compared to the COS eggshells (47.3 μm). The different host species had an effect on the body length of the reared parasitoids, with T. chilonis reared on COS hosts exhibiting a larger body length (female: 626.9 µm; male: 556.7 µm) than those reared on ES hosts (female: 578.8 µm; male: 438.4 µm). Conclusively, the results indicate that ES eggs present a viable alternative to COS eggs for the mass production of Trichogramma species in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ji-Zhi Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Talha Tariq
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tian-Hao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - He-Ying Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Wen-Hui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hao Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lucie S. Monticelli
- INRAE, UMR ISA, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France; (L.S.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRAE, UMR ISA, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France; (L.S.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Zhou JC, Liu QQ, Wang QR, Ning SF, Che WN, Dong H. Optimal clutch size for quality control of bisexual and Wolbachia-infected thelytokous lines of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) mass reared on eggs of a substitutive host, Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2635-2644. [PMID: 32112519 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichogramma dendrolimi has been widely used in augmentative biocontrol of lepidopteran pests in China. In mass production of T. dendrolimi using Antheraea pernyi eggs as substitutive hosts, which are large in size, as clutch size is a parameter of importance to produce high quality parasitoids. Here, we aimed to determine the optimal clutch size for the bisexual Wolbachia-uninfected line (TdB) and Wolbachia-infected thelytokous line (TdT) of T. dendrolimi reared on A. pernyi eggs. RESULTS A medium clutch size of 42.75 to 62.27 for TdB and 52.93 to 57.14 for TdT was optimal to maximize fitness-correlated traits of parasitoid individual. The optimal clutch sizes with maximized parameters included adult emergence rate, adult body size, adult longevity, fecundity, and sum of fecundity of all females per brood were 58.31 (86.00%), 42.75 (231.11 μm), 50.92 (2.69 days), 62.27 (150.89 eggs), and 83.25 (7926.33 eggs) for TdB and 57.14 (94.54%), 52.93 (236.97 μm), 53.64 (2.62 days), 56.80 (161.01 eggs), and 70.10 (8579.71 eggs) for TdT. The TdT had a shorter adult longevity, longer development time, and higher adult emergence rate than did its non-infected bisexual counterpart. CONCLUSION A medium brood size in a A. pernyi egg host was optimal to produce offspring parasitoids with higher fitness parameters for both bisexual Wolbachia-uninfected and thelytokous Wolbachia-infected lines of T. dendrolimi. The determination of optimal clutch size for T. dendrolimi will provide the reference for the quality control of T. dendrolimi production and improvement of the field performance of the wasps. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cheng Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Quan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ru Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Su-Fang Ning
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Nan Che
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Selectivity of deltamethrin doses on Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:12395. [PMID: 32709920 PMCID: PMC7381671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are the main method of controlling lepidopteran pests of eucalyptus plantations and those selective to natural enemies, such as the endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare et LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), are preferable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity and effects on biological parameters of the insecticide deltamethrin, registered for the control of defoliator caterpillars of eucalyptus, to the parasitoid P. elaeisis aiming the rational use of this insecticide and its compatibility with parasitoids. The experiment was in a completely randomized design. The treatments were the doses of 0.64, 1.40, 3.10, 6.83, 15.03, 33.05, 72.7 and 160 mg a.i./L of deltamethrin and the control (distilled water) with 10 replications, each with a pupae of the alternative host Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed by the immersion method. The parasitism, biological cycle, emergence, longevity, head width and metatibia length of the natural enemy were evaluated. Deltamethrin reduced parasitism and the emergence rates of P. elaeisis. The duration of the biological cycle of this parasitoid, emerged from T. molitor pupae exposed to 15.03 mg a.i./L of deltamethrin, was higher. The morphometric parameters of P. elaeisis exposed to the doses of 0.64 and 1.40 mg a.i./L of the insecticide were lower. However, the morphometric parameter values were higher with the doses above 3.10 mg a.i./L than in the control. The parasitism and emergence of P. elaeisis were also reduced by the deltamethrin doses lower than the commercially recommended one and therefore, this insecticide is not selective for this natural enemy.
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Effects of temperature and superparasitism on quality and characteristics of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) during mass rearing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18114. [PMID: 31792331 PMCID: PMC6888808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma spp. are widely used egg parasitoids against lepidopteran pests in biological control programs. Wolbachia may manipulate host wasps for superparasitism and is sensitive to temperature. To explore effects of temperature and superparasitism, we compared fitness parameters and Wolbachia-mediated phenotype of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi between those emerging from superparasitised or single-parasitised hosts at 17, 21, 25, or 29 °C. Infected mothers of T. dendrolimi showed reduced superparasitism and parasitism increased with temperature. Wolbachia titre decreased with temperature when females emerged from singly-parasitised hosts, but there was no correlation in superparasitised hosts. Females showed higher Wolbachia titres at 21, 25, or 29 °C when developing from superparasitised hosts. The daily male ratio of offspring increased with temperature, and the day-age threshold for 5%, 50%, or 95% daily male ratio decreased with temperature in both parasitism forms. Females that emerged from superparasitised hosts had a shorter life span and reduced fecundity. These results indicate that Wolbachia may affect host behaviour by increasing superparasitism to enhance its spread, but this has negative effects on thelytokous Wolbachia-infected T. dendrolimi.
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Keinan Y, Keasar T. Evidence for trans-generational effects on egg maturation schedules in a syn-ovigenic parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103910. [PMID: 31279632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime reproductive success of a female parasitoid is limited by (1) host (or time) limitation - the number of hosts available for oviposition during its lifetime; and (2) egg limitation - its egg supply. Host limitation is expected to select for increased longevity and/or foraging efficiency, while increased fecundity is predicted to evolve under egg limitation. If the limiting factor varies, phenotypic plasticity in egg maturation schedules may be advantageous, i.e. adjusting investment in egg production to host availability. In the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri, environmental conditions experienced during development indeed influence resource allocation to egg maturation. However, whether parasitoids' maternal environment also influences their daughters' egg production has hardly been studied. To address this knowledge gap, we tested whether exposure of C. koehleri females to previously parasitized hosts (signaling intraspecific exploitation competition and risk of host limitation) reduces their daughters' initial egg loads. We presented newly-emerged females with hosts that were either fresh or parasitized by conspecifics. The following day, we exposed both groups to additional fresh hosts, and reared out the daughters of these previously experienced, 24+ h old, individuals. The daughters' egg loads and body sizes were similar under both experimental conditions. Nevertheless, their egg loads were ~30% higher, and body sizes were ~10% lower, than in daughters of just-emerged parasitoids. We suggest that female experience or age, but not conditions associated with host exploitation, trigger maternal effects on the reproductive and developmental physiology of their daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Keinan
- Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Biology and the Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Israel.
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Keasar T, Wajnberg E. Evolutionary constraints on polyembryony in parasitic wasps: a simulation model. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Keasar
- Dept of Biology and Environment, Univ. of Haifa; Oranim Tivon Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, FR-06410 Sophia Antipolis Cedex; France
- INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, FR-06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex; France
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Cruz RADL, Zanuncio JC, Lacerda MC, Wilcken CF, Fernandes FL, Tavares WDS, Soares MA, Sediyama CS. Side-effects of pesticides on the generalist endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:10064. [PMID: 28855720 PMCID: PMC5577138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New plant protection strategies focus on minimizing chemical pesticide use and increasing their compatibility with biological control agents. The objective was to evaluate the side-effects of glyphosate, diflubenzuron, malathion, tebuconazole and triflumuron (at 720, 45, 400, 150 and 20 g ai ha-1, respectively), pesticides authorized for soybean crops in Brazil, on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The emergence and female numbers produced per P. elaeisis female were higher in A. gemmatalis pupae from caterpillars fed an artificial diet treated with glyphosate. However, emergence was lower than 50% when the caterpillars were fed on soybean leaves treated with glyphosate offered ad libitum (3-5 times). Palmistichus elaeisis died before parasiting A. gemmatalis pupae treated with malathion. Diflubenzuron reduced the P. elaesis sex ratio in the second generation. Tebuconazole and triflumuron did not cause side-effects on this parasitoid. A continuous exposure to glyphosate by the host may lead to side-effects on P. elaeisis emergence, but its moderate use is acceptable for this parasitoid. Diflubenzuron had severe transgenerational side-effects. Tebuconazole fungicide and triflumuron insecticide are compatible with P. elaeisis in sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) programs, while malathion can not be included in them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Mabio Chrisley Lacerda
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", 18610-307, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávio Lemes Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 391000-000, Diamantina, Brazil
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