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Suthaparan A, Stensvand A. Shedding the Light on Powdery Mildew: The Use of Optical Irradiation in Management of the Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:289-308. [PMID: 38876113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation below 300 nm may control powdery mildew in numerous crops. Depending on disease pressure, wavelength, and crop growth stage, one to three applications of 100-200 J/m2 per week at night are as effective or better than the best fungicides. Higher doses may harm the plants and reduce yields. Although red light alone or in combination with UV has a suppressive effect on powdery mildew, concomitant or subsequent exposure to blue light or UV-A strongly reduces the efficacy of UV treatments. To be effective, direct exposure of the pathogen/infection sites to UV/red light is important, but there are clear indications for the involvement of induced resistance in the host. Other pathogens and pests are susceptible to UV, but the effective dose may be phytotoxic. Although there are certain limitations, this technology is gradually becoming more used in both protected and open-field commercial production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruppillai Suthaparan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway;
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway;
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Wong AT, Gadoury DM, Mahaffee WF. Evaluation of Germicidal UV-C Light for Suppression of Grape Powdery Mildew and Botrytis Bunch Rot in Western Oregon. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2894-2905. [PMID: 38831592 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-24-0279-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Germicidal UV light (UV-C) has been shown to effectively suppress several plant pathogens as well as some arthropod pests. Recent reports describe the efficacy of nighttime applications of UV-C at doses from 100 to 200 J/m2 in vineyards to reduce grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). Our in vitro studies confirmed the efficacy of UV-C to inhibit germination of E. necator and Botrytis cinerea conidia, demonstrated a range of tolerances to UV-C within a collection of E. necator isolates, and showed growth stage-specific effects of UV-C on B. cinerea. Nighttime use of UV-C was evaluated at 48 to 96 J/m2 in small plot trials (<1,000 vines) from 2020 to 2023. Once- or twice-weekly UV-C applications significantly reduced the incidence of foliar powdery mildew compared with non-UV-C-treated controls (P < 0.02). Suppression of powdery mildew on fruit was less consistent, where once or twice weekly UV-C exposure reduced powdery mildew disease severity in 2020 (P = 0.04), 2021 (P = 0.02), and 2023 (P = 0.003) but less so in 2022 (P = 0.07). Bunch rot severity was not significantly reduced with UV-C treatment in any year of the study. Application of UV-C until the onset of fruit color change (veraison) also had a minimal effect on the fruit-soluble solids, pH, anthocyanins, or phenolics in harvested fruit at any UV-C dose or frequency (P > 0.10). Suppression of powdery mildew by nighttime application of UV-C at lower doses in small plots suggests that such treatments merit further evaluation in larger-scale studies in Western Oregon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thomas Wong
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - David M Gadoury
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Walter F Mahaffee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
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Liaqat W, Altaf MT, Barutçular C, Nawaz H, Ullah I, Basit A, Mohamed HI. Ultraviolet-B radiation in relation to agriculture in the context of climate change: a review. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 52:1-24. [PMID: 37361481 PMCID: PMC10099031 DOI: 10.1007/s42976-023-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the amount of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) reaching the earth's surface has been altered due to climate change and stratospheric ozone dynamics. This narrow but highly biologically active spectrum of light (280-320 nm) can affect plant growth and development. Depletion of ozone and climate change are interlinked in a very complicated manner, i.e., significantly contributing to each other. The interaction of climate change, ozone depletion, and changes in UV-B radiation negatively affects the growth, development, and yield of plants. Furthermore, this interaction will become more complex in the coming years. The ozone layer reduction is paving a path for UV-B radiation to impact the surface of the earth and interfere with the plant's normal life by negatively affecting the plant's morphology and physiology. The nature and degree of the future response of the agricultural ecosystem to the decreasing or increasing UV-B radiation in the background of climate change and ozone dynamics are still unclear. In this regard, this review aims to elucidate the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface due to the depletion of the ozone layer on plants' physiology and the performance of major cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Liaqat
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Tanveer Altaf
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Celaleddin Barutçular
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Hira Nawaz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Izhar Ullah
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 South Korea
| | - Heba I. Mohamed
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11341 Egypt
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Montemayor JD, Smith HA, Peres NA, Lahiri S. Potential of UV-C for management of two-spotted spider mites and thrips in Florida strawberry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:891-898. [PMID: 36309928 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major pests of Florida strawberry (two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch; chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood; and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) are difficult to manage using only conventional chemical control. Previous research has demonstrated high mortality of T. urticae eggs after exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) light. Additionally, ultraviolet C (UV-C) light has been shown to suppress powdery mildew in strawberry at doses between 85 and 200 J m-2 with no damage to the plant. Therefore, UV-C may also have the potential to be used as an integrated pest management tool for arthropod pests of strawberry. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the effect of UV-C on T. urticae, S. dorsalis, and F. occidentalis natural populations in open-field strawberry; and (ii) determine the effect of UV-C on T. urticae egg hatch after application in open-field strawberry. Field studies were conducted during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 strawberry seasons in Florida, USA. Four treatments were compared: (i) foliar application of spinetoram in response to natural pest pressure; (ii) application of UV-C 200 J m-2 twice a week; (iii) application of UV-C 350 J m-2 twice a week; and (iv) a non-treated control. RESULTS In the field trials, suppression of T. urticae was observed at 350 J m-2 in 2020-2021. In the other field trials, no effect was observed due to low natural infestations. No negative impact on yield was observed from UV-C applications. CONCLUSION UV-C shows promise as a component of an integrated pest management program for T. urticae in strawberry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Montemayor
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Hugh A Smith
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Natalia A Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Sriyanka Lahiri
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
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Allen GR, Benner KJ, Bahnfleth WP. Inactivation of Pathogens in Air Using Ultraviolet Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 126:126052. [PMID: 38469440 PMCID: PMC10046823 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
A method is described for inactivation of pathogens, especially airborne pathogens, using ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted directly into occupied spaces and exposing occupants to a dose below the accepted actinic exposure limit (EL). This method is referred to as direct irradiation below exposure limits, or DIBEL. It is demonstrated herein that low-intensity UV radiation below exposure limits can achieve high levels of equivalent air changes per hour (ACHeq) and can be an effective component of efforts to combat airborne pathogens such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An ACHeq of 4 h-¹ is presently achievable over a continuous 8 h period for the SARS-CoV-2 virus with UV-C light-emitting diodes (LEDs) having peak wavelength at 275 nm, and future improvements in LED technology and optics are anticipated to enable improvements up to 150 h-¹ in the coming decade. For example, the actinic EL is 60 J/m² at 254 nm, and human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have a UV dose required for 90 % inactivation of about 5 J/m² at 254 nm. Irradiation by 254 nm UV-C at the EL is expected to provide 90 % inactivation of these organisms in air in about 40 min when the UV-C is delivered at a constant irradiance over 8 h, or in about 5 min if the UV-C is delivered at a constant irradiance over 1 h. Since the irradiation is continuous, the inactivation of initial contaminants accumulates to 99 % and then 99.9 %, and it also immediately begins inactivating any newly introduced (e.g., exhaled) pathogens at the same rate throughout the 8 h period. The efficacy for inactivating airborne pathogens with DIBEL may be expressed in terms of ACHeq, which may be compared with conventional ventilation-based methods for air disinfection. DIBEL may be applied in addition to other disinfection methods, such as upper room UV germicidal irradiation, and mechanical ventilation and filtration. The ACHeq of the separate methods is additive, providing enhanced cumulative disinfection rates. Conventional air disinfection technologies have typical ACHeq values of about 1 h-¹ to 5 h-¹ and maximum practical values of about 20 h-¹. UV-C DIBEL currently provides ACHeq values that are typically about 1 h-¹ to 10 h-¹, thus either complementing, or potentially substituting for, conventional technologies. UV-C DIBEL protocols are forecast herein to evolve to >100 ACHeq in a few years, potentially surpassing conventional technologies. UV-A (315 nm to 400 nm) and/or UV-C (100 nm to 280 nm) DIBEL is also efficacious at inactivating pathogens on surfaces. The relatively simple installation, low acquisition and operating costs, and unobtrusive aesthetic of DIBEL using UV LEDs contribute value in a layered, multi-agent disinfection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Allen
- Gary Allen Consulting, Inc., Euclid, OH 44119, USA
| | - Kevin J Benner
- GE Current, a Daintree company, East Cleveland, OH 44112, USA
| | - William P Bahnfleth
- Department of Architectural Engineering The Pennsylvania State University State College, PA 16801, USA
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Gala JL, Rebane O, Ambroise J, Babichenko S, Nyabi O, Hance T. Acaricidal efficacy of ultraviolet-C irradiation of Tetranychus urticae adults and eggs using a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:578. [PMID: 34789326 PMCID: PMC8596343 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed ultraviolet (UV)-C light sources, such as excimer lasers, are used in emerging non-thermal food-decontamination methods and also have high potential for use in a wide range of microbial decontamination applications. The acaricidal effect of an experimental UV-C irradiation device was assessed using female adults and eggs of a model organism, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. METHODS UV-C light was generated by a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser operating at 248-nm emission wavelength. The pulse energy and pulse repetition rate were 5 mJ and up to 100 Hz, respectively. The distance from the light source to the target was 150 mm; the target surface area was 2.16 cm2. The exposure time for the mites and fresh eggs varied from 1 to 4 min at 5-300 mW, which corresponded to UV doses of 5-80 kJ/m2. Post-irradiation acaricidal effects (mite mortality) were assessed immediately and also measured at 24 h. The effects of UV-C irradiation on the hatchability of eggs were observed daily for up to 12 days post-irradiation. RESULTS The mortality of mites at 5 and 40 kJ/m2 was 26% and 92%, respectively. Mite mortality reached 98% at 80 kJ/m2. The effect of exposure duration on mortality was minimal. The effect of irradiation on egg hatchability was even more significant than that on adult mite mortality, i.e. about 100% egg mortality at an accumulated dose of as little as 5 kJ/m2 for each exposure time. CONCLUSIONS A high rate of mite mortality and lethal egg damage were observed after less than 1 min of exposure to 5 mJ UV-C pulsed irradiation at 60 Hz. Pending further developments (such as beam steering, beam shaping and miniaturisation) and feasibility studies (such as testing with mites in real-life situations), the reported results and characteristics of the UV-C generator (modulation of energy output and adaptability to varying spot sizes) open up the use of this technology for a vast field of acaricidal applications that require long-range radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Gala
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ott Rebane
- LDI Innovation OÜ, Sära 7, Peetri, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Omar Nyabi
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Onofre RB, Gadoury DM, Stensvand A, Bierman A, Rea M, Peres NA. Use of Ultraviolet Light to Suppress Powdery Mildew in Strawberry Fruit Production Fields. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2402-2409. [PMID: 33616425 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0781-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We designed and deployed an apparatus to apply UV light for suppression of powdery mildew in open field production of strawberry. The unit was evaluated in a commercial production field for one season, and for two additional seasons in open field research plots at the University of Florida Gulf Coast Research and Education Center. The apparatus contained two 180-cm-long hemicylindrical arrays of twenty 55-W low-pressure discharge UV-C lamps (operated at 30 W; peak wavelength = 254 nm) backed by polished aluminum reflectors covering two adjacent beds of the strawberry planting. The lamp arrays were suspended within a steel carriage that was tractor-drawn through the planting at 2.3, 4.6, and 5.6 km h-1. Nighttime applications of UV-C at doses ranging from 65 to 170 J⋅m-2 either once or twice weekly provided suppression of foliar and fruit disease that was consistently equal to or better than that provided by a commercial calendar-based fungicide spray program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Onofre
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - David M Gadoury
- New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Andrew Bierman
- Light and Health Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, U.S.A
| | - Mark Rea
- Light and Health Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, U.S.A
| | - Natalia A Peres
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
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UV-C irradiation as a management tool for Tetranychus urticae on strawberries. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3879. [PMID: 33002339 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Xie R, Wu B, Dou H, Liu C, Knox GW, Qin H, Gu M. Feeding Preference of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale ( Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae) on Different Species. INSECTS 2020; 11:E399. [PMID: 32605244 PMCID: PMC7412028 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS; Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae) is an exotic pest species that causes aesthetic and economic damage to crapemyrtles and poses potential threats to other horticultural crops in the United States. Although previous studies reported the infestation of CMBS on several alternative hosts across multiple families in Asia, its potential threats to other documented alternative hosts remain elusive and yet to be confirmed. In this study, feeding preference studies of CMBS were conducted on forty-nine plant species and cultivars in 2016 and 2019, in order to gain insight into the expansion of CMBS distribution in the United States, as well as other regions of the world. The infestations of CMBS were confirmed on apple (Malus domestica), Chaenomeles speciosa, Disopyros rhombifolia, Heimia salicifolia, Lagerstroemia 'Spiced Plum', M. angustifolia, and twelve out of thirty-five pomegranate cultivars. However, the levels of CMBS infestation on these test plant hosts in this study is very low compared to Lagerstroemia, and may not cause significant damage. No sign of CMBS infestation was observed on Rubus 'Arapaho', R. 'Navaho', R. idaeus 'Dorman Red', R. fruticosus, B. microphylla var. koreana × B. sempervirens, B. harlandii, or D. virginiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runshi Xie
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (R.X.); (B.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (R.X.); (B.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Haijie Dou
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (R.X.); (B.W.); (H.D.)
- Department of Science & Technology Development, Beijing Industrial Technology Research Institute, No.5, Xingguang 4th Ave, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Cuiyu Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Gary W. Knox
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL 32351, USA;
| | - Hongmin Qin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Mengmeng Gu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Inducing fungal resistance of spinach treated with preharvest hormetic doses of UV-C. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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