1
|
Agbodzavu KM, Nanga Nanga S, Abang AF, Fotso-Kuate A, Bamba Z, Masso C, Fiaboe KKM. Impact of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on maize yield in humid tropical zones of Central Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae102. [PMID: 38768376 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, became the most important maize pest in Africa in 2016, with management based on chemical pesticides. High yield losses across the continent were predicted based on farmers' perceptions, but existing agroecological differences were not considered. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, experiments were conducted to assess fall armyworm damage and yield losses in maize farms with and without treatment. The study included 2 seasons in the Kipopo wetland in 2020 and 2021, one rainy season in Kanyameshi in 2021, 2 rainy seasons in Mulungu in 2020 and 2021, and one season in a wetland on the Bishibiru site in 2020. In addition, the research was also conducted at 4 sites in Cameroon from September to December 2020 and from March to July 2021. High levels of damage incidences were recorded, but the density of larvae per plant was low, with low to moderate levels of damage severities in different seasons and sites. Treatment significantly reduced the number of fall armyworm larvae and their damage severity. However, the high infestation levels did not significantly reduce yield. Cost-benefit ratios were either negative or, in most cases, less than 1. In the best case, the use of pesticides only allowed the recovery of the amount used for the intervention. We discussed the implications of these findings for fall armyworm management in humid tropical agroecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komi Mawufe Agbodzavu
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo, C/Gombe, 4163 Avenue, Du Haut Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Samuel Nanga Nanga
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Cameroon, P.O. Box. 2008 (Messa), IRAD Main Road, Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Albert Fomumbod Abang
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Cameroon, P.O. Box. 2008 (Messa), IRAD Main Road, Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Apollin Fotso-Kuate
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Cameroon, P.O. Box. 2008 (Messa), IRAD Main Road, Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zoumana Bamba
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo, C/Gombe, 4163 Avenue, Du Haut Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Cargele Masso
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Cameroon, P.O. Box. 2008 (Messa), IRAD Main Road, Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe
- Plant Health Department, IITA-Cameroon, P.O. Box. 2008 (Messa), IRAD Main Road, Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Odong TL, Obongo I, Ariong R, Adur SE, Adumo SA, Onen DO, Rwotonen BI, Otim MH. Farmer perceptions, knowledge, and management of fall armyworm in maize production in Uganda. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1345139. [PMID: 38828261 PMCID: PMC11140846 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1345139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), fall armyworm (FAW), a polyphagous Noctuid pest, was first reported in Uganda in 2016. Farmers were trained to identify and manage the pest, but there was a lack of information on farmer knowledge, perceptions and practices deployed to control it. Therefore, we conducted a survey to assess maize farmers' knowledge, perceptions and management of the pest during the invasion. We interviewed 1,289 maize farmers from 10 maize-growing agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of Uganda using well-structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using R version 4.2.3. The respondents faced many constraints, including pests, drought, poor soils and labor constraints. Among the pests, FAW was ranked by most (85%) of the respondents as the number one pest problem in maize, and some farmers reported having noticed it way back in 2014. By 2018, more than 90% of the farmers had seen or heard about FAW, and about 80% saw FAW in their fields. The most common FAW symptoms reported by maize farmers were windowing, near tunnel damage, and holes on the cobs. The developmental stages of FAW identified by farmers included eggs (10%), young larvae (78.7%), mature larvae (73.5%) and adult moths (6.7%). Insecticides were the major control tactic, although some farmers used plant extracts, hand-picking, sand, and ash. Farmers sourced information on FAW from various sources, including fellow farmers, radio/TV, extension agents, input dealers, print media, research and NGO extension. There is a need to package clear and uniform information for the farmers and to develop and promote a sustainable solution for FAW management, including harnessing biological control and cultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Obongo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Ariong
- National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
- Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stella E. Adur
- National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stella A. Adumo
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denish Oyaro Onen
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bob I. Rwotonen
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael H. Otim
- National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ajam AL, Karungi J, Ogwal G, Adumo SA, Paparu P, Otim MH. Population Dynamics of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize Fields in Uganda. INSECTS 2024; 15:301. [PMID: 38786857 PMCID: PMC11122130 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly known as fall armyworm, was first detected in Uganda in 2016 and has spread to all the maize-growing districts. Different methods have been deployed to control this pest. However, there is a limited understanding of the role of the environment and farmers' practices on the abundance of and damage by S. frugiperda in Uganda. This study, therefore, assessed the abundance of S. frugiperda and leaf damage levels in three different districts and explored the association between agronomic practices, crop phenology, and weather parameters on S. frugiperda damage and abundance in smallholder farmers' maize fields using a longitudinal monitoring survey in 69 farmers' fields of Kole, Kiryandongo, and Nakaseke for three seasons. The numbers of egg masses and adults were generally low. The highest numbers of adults were trapped in Kiryandongo, followed by Nakaseke, and the lowest numbers were trapped in Kole. Leaf damage and incidence of damaged plants differed significantly between districts and seasons. Leaf damage and abundance of larvae varied significantly in the districts and at different growth stages. Conservation tillage, reduced weeding frequency, increased rainfall and high maximum temperatures were associated with reduced S. frugiperda damage. No significant relationship was observed between pesticide or cropping systems with S. frugiperda leaf damage. However, the influence of fertilizer use on leaf damage was contradictory across seasons and districts. Timely and vigilant scouting, proper timing of control measures, and minimum tillage practices should be included in an IPM strategy for S. frugiperda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angella Lowra Ajam
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
- National Agriculture Research Organisation, National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda;
| | - Jeninah Karungi
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Geofrey Ogwal
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Kampala P.O. Box 24384, Uganda;
| | - Stella Aropet Adumo
- National Agriculture Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, Kampala P.O. Box 7065, Uganda;
| | - Pamela Paparu
- National Agriculture Research Organisation, National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda;
| | - Michael Hilary Otim
- National Agriculture Research Organisation, National Crops Resources Research Institute–Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
C.H. S, M B, A P, Naik HR, Naik NM, Rao SN, Moussa IM, Alsubki RA, Ullah F, Elansary HO, B K. Investigation on the insecticidal activities of cyanobacterial extracts as an alternative source for the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Heliyon 2024; 10:e29060. [PMID: 38623187 PMCID: PMC11016625 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Spodoptera frugiperda is a notorious pest with a broad host range. It severely damages crops, mainly in areas of the globewhere maize and sorghum are grown. The pest is difficult to control due to its adaptive nature and resistance to several insecticides available in the market. So, an identification of the alternative strategy is the prime important in the present context. Insecticidal activities of cyanobacterial extracts were evaluated in the laboratory as a biocomponent against S. frugiperda. The crude extracts of Nostoc muscorum and Spirulina sp. were prepared by using ethanol, methanol and petroleum ether solvents. Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction. S. frugiperda larvae in their second instar were given access to fragments of maize leaf that had been treated with various cyanobacterial extracts. The findings displayed that the petroleum ether extract of N. muscorum had the lowest LC50 value of 155.22 ppm, followed by petroleum ether extracts of Spirulina, ethanol extract of N. Muscorum, methanol extract of N. muscorum, ethanol and methanol extract of Spirulina with an LC50 values of 456.02, 710, 780, 1050 and 1070 ppm respectively. Later, the effect of LC50 values on many biological parameters like the larval duration and pupal stages, the percentage of pupation, the weight of the pupal stage, the malformation of the pupal and adult stages, adult emergence percentage, fertility and the longevity of the male and female adult stages of S. frugiperda was examined. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the crude extract to identify the bioactive components that were responsible for the insecticidal properties. The major compounds detected were diethyl phthalate (19.87 %), tetradecane (5.03%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (4.10 %), dodecane (4.03%), octadecane (3.72%), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3.40 %), ethyl oleate (3.11 %), methyl ester. octadecenoic acid (3.04 %), heptadecane (3.04 %) and phytol (3.02 %). The presence of several bioactive chemicals in the cyanobacterial extracts may be the reason for their insecticidal actions, thus it can be used as an alternative and new source to combat fall armyworm and other crop pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanappa C.H.
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bheemanna M
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhuraj A
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Harischandra R. Naik
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj M. Naik
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Saroja N. Rao
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Ihab Mohamed Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fazal Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kariyanna B
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Njeru F, Wambua A, Muge E, Haesaert G, Gettemans J, Misinzo G. Major biotic stresses affecting maize production in Kenya and their implications for food security. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15685. [PMID: 38050609 PMCID: PMC10693822 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food for many households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and also contributes to the gross domestic product (GDP). However, the maize yields reported in most SSA countries are very low and this is mainly attributed to biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses have been exacerbated by climate change which has led to long periods of drought or heavy flooding and the emergence of new biotic stresses. Few reports exist which compile the biotic stresses affecting maize production in SSA. Here, five major biotic stresses of maize in Kenya are presented which are attributed to high yield losses. They include Maize lethal necrosis, fall armyworm, gray leaf spot, turcicum leaf blight and desert locusts. Maize lethal necrosis and fall armyworm are new biotic stresses to the Kenyan maize farmer while gray leaf spot, and turcicum leaf blight are endemic to the region. The invasion by the desert locusts is speculated to be caused by climate change. The biotic stresses cause a reduction in maize yield of 30-100% threatening food security. Therefore, this review focuses on the cause, control measures employed to control these diseases and future prospective. There should be deliberate efforts from the government and researchers to control biotic stresses affecting maize yields as the effect of these stresses is being exacerbated by the changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeru
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicines and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Angeline Wambua
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Edward Muge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chipabika G, Sohati PH, Khamis FM, Chikoti PC, Copeland R, Ombura L, Kachapulula PW, Tonga TK, Niassy S, Sevgan S. Abundance, diversity and richness of natural enemies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Zambia. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1091084. [PMID: 38469517 PMCID: PMC10926438 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1091084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive pest originating from the Americas is a serious pest threatening cereal production and food security in Zambia. We studied the prevalence and abundance of natural enemies of FAW in three Agroecological regions (AERs I, II, and III) to identify those that could potentially serve as bio-control agents. Sampling of FAW parasitoids and predators was done along trunk roads at intervals of 10 km. Molecular sequence analysis and morphological characterization were used to identify natural enemies. Over 11 species of FAW natural enemies, including egg, egg-larval, and larval parasitoids, and predators, were identified in Zambia. The mean number of natural enemies and species richness was higher in AER I and IIa. Consequently, egg parasitism was highest in those two regions, at 24.5% and 12.2%, respectively. Larvae parasitism was highest in AER I (4.8%) and AER III (1.9), although no significant differences were observed. The most abundant and widely distributed parasitoid was Drino sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), while Rhynocoris segmentarius (Germar) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Belanogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) were the most prevalent predators. Our study reveals the presence of two natural enemies belonging to the genus Tiphia and Micromeriella, uncommon to FAW. Significant differences in the number of parasitoids were observed in polycropping, with the highest recovery of 12 ± 10% from maize + cowpeas + pumpkin and watermelon mixed cropping. The higher the rainfall, the lower the number of natural enemies recorded. Variations in rainfall patterns which affect FAW availability, cropping systems and the three AERs may explain natural enemies' species diversity in Zambia. The information provided in this study can aid the development of a national biological control programme for sustainable management of fall armyworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilson Chipabika
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Philemon H. Sohati
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fathiya Mbarak Khamis
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick C. Chikoti
- Plant Protection Division, Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Research Station, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Copeland
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Levi Ombura
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul W. Kachapulula
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tamara K. Tonga
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Saliou Niassy
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maphumulo N, du Plessis H, Van den Berg J. The Effect of Wood Ash and Soil Applications on the Behavior and Survival of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Maize. INSECTS 2023; 14:813. [PMID: 37887825 PMCID: PMC10607555 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cryptic feeding inside maize whorls makes it difficult to control fall armyworm (FAW). Smallholder farmers use alternative methods of control, of which the efficacy is uncertain. We determined the efficacy of wood ash and soil for the control of FAW and recorded its effect on larval preference and ballooning. Maize plants were artificially infested with larvae of different instars and treatments were either soil, wet ash, or dry ash, applied as single preventative or curative applications. Larvae exhibited non-preference for treated leaves in choice tests. The efficacy of treatments varied largely between experiments. Under laboratory conditions, ash treatments resulted in significant mortality of 1st and 5th instars. Dry and wet ash as curative applications for 1st instars resulted in 67 and 66% mortality, respectively, compared to mortality recorded in the control (22%). Under field conditions, survival of 3rd instars on treated plants was low (21-34%), compared to 70% on untreated plants. Due to the high variability in efficacy, the use of these alternative methods does not guarantee effective control. They do, however, have a place in IPM systems if applied as soon as infestations are observed and when larvae as still small. Recommendations on the use of ash and soil as spot treatments against FAW are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ullah MS, Sharmin D, Tumpa TA, Rashed MTNN, Mondal P, Akram MW, Chowdhury S, Ahmad M, Gotoh T, Chaudhary M. Invasion, Distribution, Monitoring and Farmers Perception of Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) and Farm-Level Management Practices in Bangladesh. INSECTS 2023; 14:343. [PMID: 37103164 PMCID: PMC10143613 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize that was first detected in Bangladesh in 2018 and rapidly spread throughout the maize-growing areas. The presence of FAW was monitored using sex pheromone traps. Farmers' pest management practices were assessed through a questionnaire. The damage is most apparent in the early and late whorl stages. As the crop is grown mostly from November to April, both vegetative and reproductive growth stages remain vulnerable to extensive damage. The survey results showed that 100% of the farmers used pesticides for FAW control, 40.4% handpicked and crushed egg masses, 75.8% handpicked and crushed caterpillars, and only 5.4% used other techniques like applying ash/sand in the funnel of maize. Commonly used pesticides included Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Imidacloprid, and others. Thirty-four percent of farmers applied pesticides twice in a season and 48% applied pesticides three times in a season and 54% and 39% of farmers sprayed chemicals at 7-day and 15-day intervals, respectively. FAW causes an average economic loss of 37.7% in maize production without pesticides. Increased use of pesticides to control FAW poses hazards to human health, wildlife, and the environment, and is expensive. Therefore, well-tested agroecological practices and bio-control agents are needed for sustainable FAW management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shaef Ullah
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Sharmin
- National Pest Management Expert, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Toufica Ahmed Tumpa
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tafsir Nur Nabi Rashed
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Powlomee Mondal
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Wasim Akram
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Setu Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Masum Ahmad
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tetsuo Gotoh
- Faculty of Economics, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki 301-8555, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Njeru F, Mwaura S, Kusolwa PM, Misinzo G. Maize production systems, farmers’ perception and current status of maize lethal necrosis in selected counties in Kenya. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2085815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeru
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Samuel Mwaura
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Food Crops Research Centre, Njoro
| | - Paul Mbogo Kusolwa
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van den Berg J, du Plessis H. Chemical Control and Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1761-1771. [PMID: 36515104 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides and genetically modified Bt crops are the main tools for control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Since its invasion of Africa, the Far East, and Australia where Bt crops are largely absent, insecticide use has increased and reduced susceptibility to several insecticides used for decades in its native distribution area have been reported. Poor efficacy at field-level is sometimes incorrectly ascribed to pest resistance, while numerous other factors influence efficacy at field-level. In this paper, we review the history of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda and discuss the influence that life history traits, migration ecology, and chemical control practices may have on control efficacy and resistance evolution. The indirect role that poor national policies have on pesticide use practices, and indirectly on control efficacy and selection pressure is discussed. Evidence shows that local selection for resistance drives resistance evolution. Integrated pest management, rather than reliance on a single tactic, is the best way to suppress S. frugiperda numbers and the over-use of insecticides which selects for resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- IPM program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- IPM program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harrison R, Banda J, Chipabika G, Chisonga C, Katema C, Mabote Ndalamei D, Nyirenda S, Tembo H. Low Impact of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Across Smallholder Fields in Malawi and Zambia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1783-1789. [PMID: 36515111 PMCID: PMC9748589 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith), a serious pest of cereals from the Americas, has spread across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia since 2016, threatening the food security and incomes of millions of smallholder farmers. To measure the impact of S. frugiperda under different management approaches, we established on-farm trials across 12 landscapes (615-1,379 mm mean annual rainfall) in Malawi and Zambia during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Here we present the results from our conventional tillage, monocrop maize, no pesticide treatment, which served to monitor the background S. frugiperda impact in the absence of control measures. Median plot-level S. frugiperda incidence ranged between 0.00 and 0.52 across landscapes. Considering severe leaf damage (Davis score ≥5), the proportion of affected plants varied between 0.00 and 0.30 at the plot scale, but only 3% of plots had ≥10% severely damaged plants. While incidence and damage severity varied substantially among sites and seasons, our models indicate that they were lower in high tree cover landscapes, in the late season scouting, and in the 2020/2021 season. Yield could not be predicted from S. frugiperda incidence or leaf damage. Our results suggest S. frugiperda impacts may have been overestimated at many sites across sub-Saharan Africa. S. frugiperda incidence and damage declined through the cropping season, indicating that natural mortality factors were limiting populations, and none of our plots were heavily impacted. Long-term S. frugiperda management should be based on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, including minimising the use of chemical pesticides to protect natural enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Banda
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Gilson Chipabika
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
| | | | - Christopher Katema
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Stephen Nyirenda
- Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Howard Tembo
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dhakal K, Magar ABP, Pokhrel KR, Baral BR, Beshir A, Shrestha HK, Vista SP. Zinc and Provitamin A Biofortified Maize Genotypes Exhibited Potent to Reduce Hidden-Hunger in Nepal. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2898. [PMID: 36365349 PMCID: PMC9659270 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency affects one third of the population worldwide, and vitamin A deficiency is a prevalent public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-Asia, including Nepal. Crop biofortification is the sustainable solution to these health-related problems, thus we conducted two different field trials in an alpha lattice design to identify zinc and provitamin A biofortified maize genotypes consistent and competitive in performance over the contrasting seasons (Season 1: 18 February to 6 July 2020 and Season 2: 31 August to 1 February, 2020/21). In our study, the performance of introduced maize genotypes (zinc-15 and provitamin A biofortified-24) were compared with that of the local check, focusing on the overall agro-morphology, yield attributes, yield, and kernel zinc and total carotenoid content. Zinc and total carotenoid in the tested genotypes were found in the range between 14.2 and 24.8 mg kg-1 and between 1.8 and 3.6 mg 100 g-1. Genotypes A1831-8 from zinc and EEPVAH-46 from provitamin A biofortified maize trial recorded kernel zinc and total carotenoid as high as 52.3, and 79.5%, respectively, compared to the local check (DMH849). The provitamin A genotypes EEPVAH-46 and EEPVAH-51 (total carotenoid: 3.6 and 3.3 mg 100 g-1), and zinc biofortified genotypes A1847-10 and A1803-42 (20.4 and 22.4 mg kg-1 zinc) were identified as superior genotypes based on their yield consistency over the environments and higher provitamin A and zinc content compared to the check. In addition, farmers can explore August sowing to harvest green cobs during December-January to boost up the emerging green cob business.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Dhakal
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Directorate of Agricultural Research Karnali Province, Dasharathpur, Surkhet 21702, Nepal
| | - Amar Bahadur Pun Magar
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Directorate of Agricultural Research Karnali Province, Dasharathpur, Surkhet 21702, Nepal
| | - Keshab Raj Pokhrel
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Directorate of Agricultural Research Karnali Province, Dasharathpur, Surkhet 21702, Nepal
| | - Bandhu Raj Baral
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Hill Crops Research Program, Dolakha 45500, Nepal
| | - Abdurahman Beshir
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| | - Hari Kumar Shrestha
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| | - Shree Prasad Vista
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Soil Science Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jordon MW, Hackett TD, Aboagye-Antwi F, Eziah VY, Lewis OT. Effects of distance from semi-natural habitat on fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda, J. E. Smith) and its potential natural enemies in Ghana. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:343-353. [PMID: 35543298 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect crop pests are a major threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Configuration of semi-natural habitat within agricultural landscapes has the potential to enhance biological pest control, helping to maintain yields whilst minimising the negative effects of pesticide use. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, J. E. Smith) is an increasingly important pest of maize in sub-Saharan Africa, with reports of yield loss between 12 and 45%. We investigated the patterns of fall armyworm leaf damage in maize crops in Ghana, and used pitfall traps and dummy caterpillars to assess the spatial distribution of potential fall armyworm predators. Crop damage from fall armyworm at our study sites increased significantly with distance from the field edge, by up to 4% per m. We found evidence that Araneae activity, richness and diversity correspondingly decreased with distance from semi-natural habitat, although Hymenoptera richness and diversity increased. Our preliminary findings suggest that modifying field configuration to increase the proximity of maize to semi-natural habitat may reduce fall armyworm damage and increase natural enemy activity within crops. Further research is required to determine the level of fall armyworm suppression achievable through natural enemies, and how effectively this could safeguard yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Jordon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Talya D Hackett
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 67, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Y Eziah
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makale F, Mugambi I, Kansiime MK, Yuka I, Abang M, Lechina BS, Rampeba M, Rwomushana I. Fall armyworm in Botswana: impacts, farmer management practices and implications for sustainable pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1060-1070. [PMID: 34786825 PMCID: PMC9299801 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since first reported in Botswana, fall armyworm (FAW) continues to be a threat to crop production. This study aimed to estimate impacts of FAW on yield and farmers' livelihoods in Botswana, and to obtain data that could be extrapolated to national level. Further, farmer knowledge of the pest, management practices and pesticide use for FAW management were assessed. RESULTS In fact, 76% of the 220 respondents had seen FAW in their farms in the 2018/2019 cropping season, affecting almost the entire and about half of cultivated area for maize and sorghum, respectively. Thus, 51% of the respondents implemented FAW control measures, with chemical pesticides (27%) being the most common management against FAW. Only 33% of respondents in 2018/2019 were food self-sufficient, as opposed to 80% in an ordinary year, with farmers who reported not to have been affected by FAW more likely to be insufficient with food (88%) compared to 60% of the farmers who reported FAW attack. Drought was ranked the major stress experienced by the famers (35%), and also showed significant yield reducing effects on maize yield with pest and diseases reported second most important. Pesticides (20%) and training on pest management (18%) were the top ranked needs by farmers interviewed. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the impact and threat of FAW to crop production in Botswana. Chemicals remain the go-to control option by a majority of the farmers. Other low-risk technologies exist and are proposed for adoption in the management of FAW. Of note is the acknowledgement that a single control strategy will not be effective against FAW and as such integrated pest management (IPM) on an area-wide scale is needed to achieve best results. Mass awareness, training and demonstration will be required to achieve this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Idah Mugambi
- CAB International, Africa Regional CentreNairobiKenya
| | | | | | - Mathew Abang
- FAO Sub regional Office for Southern AfricaHarareZimbabwe
| | - Bonolo S Lechina
- Ministry of Agricultural Development and Food Security (MoA)GaboroneBotswana
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Makgoba MC, Tshikhudo PP, Nnzeru LR, Makhado RA. Impact of fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) on small-scale maize farmers and its control strategies in the Limpopo province, South Africa. JAMBA (POTCHEFSTROOM, SOUTH AFRICA) 2021; 13:1016. [PMID: 34858557 PMCID: PMC8603208 DOI: 10.4102/jamba.v13i1.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
South Africa experienced major outbreaks of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), causing direct damage by feeding on both vegetative and reproductive parts of host plant. The study was conducted to determine the level of impact of fall armyworm on small-scale maize famers after the outbreak of fall armyworm and their control strategies at Ga-Mashashane and Mankweng villages in the Limpopo province. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed to gather information on the damage caused by fall armyworm, economic impact on the local market and control measures on fall armyworm. Using a snowball sampling procedure, 63 small-scale maize farmers from the two villages of the Limpopo province, South Africa, were randomly selected for this study. The results showed that all participants could correctly identify the fall armyworm and reported it as the most important maize pest during 2016–2017 cropping season. The maize yield loss experienced by affected farmers in the 2016–2017 cropping season was slightly lower as compared with the 2015–2016 harvest. These farmers used pesticides as a control measure for fall armyworm. Fall armyworm has become a major pest in South Africa and the tackling of fall armyworm by small-scale farmers and averting yield losses is thus critical. This study contributes to the knowledge on fall armyworm management by small-scale farmers, which is essential to enhancing food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mankwana C Makgoba
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Rural Development, and Extension, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Phumudzo P Tshikhudo
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Directorate Plant Health, Division Pest Risk Analysis, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Livhuwani R Nnzeru
- Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Directorate Biosecurity, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rudzani A Makhado
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abro Z, Kimathi E, De Groote H, Tefera T, Sevgan S, Niassy S, Kassie M. Socioeconomic and health impacts of fall armyworm in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257736. [PMID: 34735485 PMCID: PMC8568106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, fall armyworm (FAW) has threatened sub-Saharan 'Africa's fragile food systems and economic performance. Yet, there is limited evidence on this transboundary pest's economic and food security impacts in the region. Additionally, the health and environmental consequences of the insecticides being used to control FAW have not been studied. This paper presents evidence on the impacts of FAW on maize production, food security, and human and environmental health. We use a combination of an agroecology-based community survey and nationally representative data from an agricultural household survey to achieve our objectives. The results indicate that the pest causes an average annual loss of 36% in maize production, reducing 0.67 million tonnes of maize (0.225 million tonnes per year) between 2017 and 2019. The total economic loss is US$ 200 million, or 0.08% of the gross domestic product. The lost production could have met the per capita maize consumption of 4 million people. We also find that insecticides to control FAW have more significant toxic effects on the environment than on humans. This paper highlights governments and development partners need to invest in sustainable FAW control strategies to reduce maize production loss, improve food security, and protect human and environmental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Abro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emily Kimathi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hugo De Groote
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadele Tefera
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menale Kassie
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McComic SE, Rault LC, Anderson TD, Swale DR. Toxicological analysis of stilbenes against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104965. [PMID: 34802515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a global pest of multiple economically important row crops and the development of resistance to commercially available insecticidal classes has inhibited FAW control. Thus, there is a need to identify chemical scaffolds that can provide inspiration for the development of novel insecticides for FAW management. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of central neurons and susceptibility of FAW to chloride channel modulators to establish a platform for repurposing existing insecticides or designing new chemicals capable of controlling FAW. Potency of select chloride channel modulators were initially studied against FAW central neuron firing rate and rank order of potency was determined to be fipronil > lindane > Z-stilbene > DIDS > GABA > E-stilbene. Toxicity bioassays identified fipronil and lindane as the two most toxic modulators studied with topical LD50's of 41 and 75 ng/mg of caterpillar, respectively. Interestingly, Z-stilbene was toxic at 300 ng/mg of caterpillar, but no toxicity was observed with DIDS or E-stilbene. The significant shift in potency between stilbene isomers indicates structure-activity relationships between stilbene chemistry and the binding site in FAW may exist. The data presented in this study defines the potency of select chloride channel modulators to FAW neural activity and survivorship to establish a platform for development of novel chemical agents to control FAW populations. Although stilbenes may hold promise for insecticide development, the low toxicity of the scaffolds tested in this study dampen enthusiasm for their development into FAW specific insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McComic
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
| | - Leslie C Rault
- University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States of America
| | - Troy D Anderson
- University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Costa DM, De Costa JM, Weerathunga MT, Prasannath K, Bulathsinhalage VN. Assessment of management practices, awareness on safe use of pesticides and perception on integrated management of pests and diseases of chilli and tomato grown by small-scale farmers in selected districts of Sri Lanka. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5001-5020. [PMID: 34227215 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we surveyed through a structured and pilot-tested questionnaire, the practices of pesticide usage by small-scale (< 1.25 ha) chilli and tomato farmers from four districts of Sri Lanka and their perceptions on the effectiveness of pesticides and willingness to adopt integrated pest management (IPM). RESULTS We found significant (P < 0.05) variation among districts in farmer responses to 37 out of 59 survey questions. A majority of farmers were dependent on pesticides with only a minority practicing IPM. A majority perceived that their current pesticide usage was increasing, but was not excessive. A majority were aware of the negative impacts of pesticides on human health and environment. Farmer perception on the effectiveness of pesticides increased with age, but was not influenced by education level. Farmers having a higher opinion of pesticides made a greater number of applications during a cropping cycle. They also maintained a longer preharvest interval and did not use pesticide mixtures. A majority expressed willingness to initiate IPM, but identified lack of knowledge and technical knowhow on specific IPM practices for their crops as barriers to adoption and requested external support. Farmer willingness to adopt IPM is higher among older, more educated farmers and among full-time farmers who are currently totally-dependent on pesticides and whose major income source was farming. CONCLUSION We conclude that a significant extension effort in terms of farmer education on IPM and external assistance to develop the technological knowhow, which is tailor-made to specific districts, is needed to facilitate adoption of IPM among these farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devika M De Costa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Janendra M De Costa
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Manasee T Weerathunga
- Board of Study in Biostatistics, Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kandeeparoopan Prasannath
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Van den Berg J, Prasanna BM, Midega CAO, Ronald PC, Carrière Y, Tabashnik BE. Managing Fall Armyworm in Africa: Can Bt Maize Sustainably Improve Control? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1934-1949. [PMID: 34505143 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent invasion of Africa by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a lepidopteran pest of maize and other crops, has heightened concerns about food security for millions of smallholder farmers. Maize genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a potentially useful tool for controlling fall armyworm and other lepidopteran pests of maize in Africa. In the Americas, however, fall armyworm rapidly evolved practical resistance to maize producing one Bt toxin (Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa). Also, aside from South Africa, Bt maize has not been approved for cultivation in Africa, where stakeholders in each nation will make decisions about its deployment. In the context of Africa, we address maize production and use; fall armyworm distribution, host range, and impact; fall armyworm control tactics other than Bt maize; and strategies to make Bt maize more sustainable and accessible to smallholders. We recommend mandated refuges of non-Bt maize or other non-Bt host plants of at least 50% of total maize hectares for single-toxin Bt maize and 20% for Bt maize producing two or more distinct toxins that are each highly effective against fall armyworm. The smallholder practices of planting more than one maize cultivar and intercropping maize with other fall armyworm host plants could facilitate compliance. We also propose creating and providing smallholder farmers access to Bt maize that produces four distinct Bt toxins encoded by linked genes in a single transgene cassette. Using this novel Bt maize as one component of integrated pest management could sustainably improve control of lepidopteran pests including fall armyworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, 00601, Kenya
| | - Charles A O Midega
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Poverty and Health Integrated Solutions, Kisumu, 40141, Kenya
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bruce E Tabashnik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Caniço A, Mexia A, Santos L. Farmers’ knowledge, perception and management practices of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) in Manica province, Mozambique. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.68.62844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to gather information about farmers’ knowledge, perception and management practices of the newly introduced insect pest, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Manica province, Mozambique. A total of 200 smallholder farmers with experience in maize cultivation were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted between May and August 2019 in four districts: Macate, Manica, Sussundenga and Vanduzi. Most farmers were unable to morphologically identify fall armyworm (FAW) (from 93.9% in Vanduzi to 98.0% in Manica). Most farmers have experienced FAW damage in their farms (from 92% in Macate to 98.0% in Manica). Maize is mostly planted in October and November (from 44.0% in Sussundenga to 60.0% of farmers in Manica), but the highest infestation period is believed to be between November and February. With the exception of Vanduzi where 65.3% of farmers apply insecticides, most farmers in other districts do not use any method to control FAW (from 60.8% in Macate to 88.0% in Manica and Sussundenga respectively). Among those applying insecticides, from 65.0% in Manica to 75.0% in Vanduzi have confidence in the efficiency of the insecticides being used against FAW. Most farmers reported an increase in the spread of FAW. The lack of financial resources is reported as the main constraint in the fight against FAW. This study is the first of its nature in the province of Manica and provides valuable information that may support extension services and researchers when designing FAW management options for local smallholder farmers.
Collapse
|
21
|
Demi SM, Sicchia SR. Agrochemicals Use Practices and Health Challenges of Smallholder Farmers in Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2021; 15:11786302211043033. [PMID: 34552335 PMCID: PMC8450680 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211043033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, Africa is one of the continents that uses the lowest quantity of agrochemicals in farming. However, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa, posing serious health and environmental consequences. This study seeks to address three questions: (1) What factors motivate/compel smallholder farmers in Ghana to use agrochemicals? (2) What safety precautions or unsafe chemical use practices can be found in the communities? (3) What are the health implications of agrochemical use among smallholder farmers in Ghana? METHODOLOGY The study used purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select 136 individuals for the survey, out of which 31 individuals were eliminated, and 105 participants were selected for in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Additionally, participants' observations were collected, workshops were facilitated, and documents analyses were conducted. Qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo software and the quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. FINDINGS The study found that environmental challenges, activities of NGOs, government policy, lack of or high cost of labor, and competition among farmers were major factors influencing farmers' decisions to use agrochemicals. Present agrochemical use in Ghana poses a risk to health and the environment. Finally, the study discovered chemical poisoning and low self-reported health quality as major health implications of agrochemical use in the communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman M Demi
- Suleyman M Demi, Department of
Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military
Trail, Office HL 208, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin S, Li S, Liu Z, Zhang L, Wu H, Cheng D, Zhang Z. Using Azadirachtin to Transform Spodoptera frugiperda from Pest to Natural Enemy. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080541. [PMID: 34437412 PMCID: PMC8402578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda and Rhopalosiphum maidis, as main pests, seriously harm the safety of maize. At present, chemical pesticides are mainly used to control these pests. However, due to residue and resistance problems, more green, environmentally benign, simple preventive control technology is needed. In this study, we reported the reason for the antifeedant activity of azadirachtin on S. frugiperda and proposed that S. frugiperda treated with azadirachtin would turn from pest into natural enemy. S. frugiperda showed an obvious antifeeding phenomenon to maize leaf treated with various azadirachtin concentrations (0.5~20 mg/L). It was found that maize leaf treated with 1 mg/L of azadirachtin has a stimulating effect on the antenna and sensillum basiconicum of S. frugiperda, and azadirachtin can affect the feeding behavior of S. frugiperda. Additionally, after treating maize leaves or maize leaves + R. maidis with 1 mg/L of azadirachtin, the predatory behavior of S. frugiperda changed from a preference for eating maize leaves to R. maidis. Moreover, the molting of R. maidis can promote the change of this predatory behavior. Our results, for the first time, propose that the combined control technology of azadirachtin insecticide and biological control could turn S. frugiperda from pest into natural enemy, which can effectively eliminate R. maidis and protect maize. This combined control technology provides a new way for pest management and has good ecological, environmental, and economic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Shengnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China;
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Plant Protection, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Agboyi LK, Layodé BFR, Fening KO, Beseh P, Clottey VA, Day R, Kenis M, Babendreier D. Assessing the Potential of Inoculative Field Releases of Telenomus remus to Control Spodoptera frugiperda in Ghana. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080665. [PMID: 34442231 PMCID: PMC8396428 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to the threat caused by the fall armyworm to African maize farmers, we conducted a series of field release studies with the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus in Ghana. Three releases of ≈15,000 individuals each were conducted in maize plots of 0.5 ha each in the major and minor rainy seasons of 2020, and compared to no-release control plots as well as to farmer-managed plots with chemical pest control. No egg mass parasitism was observed directly before the first field release. Egg mass parasitism reached 33% in the T. remus release plot in the major rainy season, while 72-100% of egg masses were parasitized in the minor rainy season, during which pest densities were much lower. However, no significant difference in egg mass parasitism was found among the T. remus release plots, the no-release control plots and the farmer-managed plots. Similarly, no significant decrease in larval numbers or plant damage was found in the T. remus release fields compared to the no-release plots, while lower leaf and tassel damage was observed in farmer-managed plots. Larval parasitism due to other parasitoids reached 18-42% in the major rainy season but was significantly lower in the minor rainy season, with no significant differences among treatments. We did not observe significant differences in cob damage or yield among the three treatments. However, the lack of any significant differences between the release and no-release plots, which may be attributed to parasitoid dispersal during the five weeks of observation, would require further studies to confirm. Interestingly, a single application of Emamectin benzoate did not significantly affect the parasitism rates of T. remus and, thus, merits further investigation in the context of developing IPM strategies against FAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakpo Koku Agboyi
- CABI, Cantonments, Accra P.O. Box CT 8630, Ghana;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-246-723-292
| | - Babatoundé Ferdinand Rodolphe Layodé
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 68, Ghana; (B.F.R.L.); (K.O.F.)
| | - Ken Okwae Fening
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 68, Ghana; (B.F.R.L.); (K.O.F.)
- Soil and Irrigation Research Centre (SIREC), School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 68, Ghana
| | - Patrick Beseh
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), Accra P.O. Box M 37, Ghana;
| | | | - Roger Day
- CABI, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, P.O. Box 633, Nairobi 00621, Kenya;
| | - Marc Kenis
- CABI, 1 Rue des Grillons, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland; (M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dirk Babendreier
- CABI, 1 Rue des Grillons, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland; (M.K.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Occurrence of natural enemies of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254328. [PMID: 34252127 PMCID: PMC8274871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda), an exotic moth which recently invaded Africa, is a highly destructive pest of cereals especially maize a highly valued staple crop in Nigeria. The use of natural enemies such as predators or parasitoids for FAW control is more economically viable and environmentally safer than currently recommended synthetic insecticides. Natural enemies to combat the pest have not yet been reported in Nigeria. An exploration for the pests' natural enemies was undertaken by collecting FAW eggs and larvae from maize fields. These were reared in the laboratory for emergence, identification and efficacy as natural enemies. This yielded Euplectrus laphygmae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trombidium sp. (Acari.: Trombidiidae). Cotesia or Apanteles spp. were inferred to occur since Stictopisthus sp. (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a secondary parasitoid, that attacks cocoons of Microgasterinae (e.g. Cotesia, Apanteles etc.) also emerged. Species of yet-to-be identified predators were also observed in various niches of maize plants. A positive relationship was found between FAW instar and the number of E. laphygmae eggs/instar ranging, on average, from 1.5 on second instar to 5.5 on fourth instars hosts. Parasitism rate of T. remus on FAW eggs was 100%. Parasitic mite infestation resulted in increasing paleness, reduced feeding, growth and movement as well as death of FAW 1st instars. Thus, the occurrence of FAW natural enemies in Nigeria calls for advocacy campaign to incorporate their use into integrated pest management strategies that attract and allow natural enemies to thrive for FAW management.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang X, Wyckhuys KAG, Jia X, Nie F, Wu K. Fall armyworm invasion heightens pesticide expenditure among Chinese smallholder farmers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111949. [PMID: 33445138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species are a prominent feature of global change. Aside from their direct impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, invasive crop pests routinely trigger environmentally-disruptive actions e.g., unguided applications of synthetic pesticides. Since 2016, the polyphagous fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) has rapidly spread across Africa and Asia, impacting millions of hectares of agricultural crops. Upon its invasion of Yunnan (China) in late 2018, S. frugiperda attained outbreak population levels and inflicted important feeding damage in smallholder-managed maize crops. In this study, we show how local maize growers rely primarily on pesticides for FAW management and employ these products at 3-fold higher application frequencies as compared to 2018. Local reliance upon high-risk compounds (i.e., pyrethroids, organophosphates) decreased over time, with a respective 100% and 62% farmers using these compounds in 2018 versus 27% and 5% in 2020. Conversely, 71% and 95% farmers used new, selective compounds such as emamectin benzoate and chlorfenapyr by 2020. The full cost of pesticide-based crop protection increased from US $81 per hectare and season in 2018 to $276 in 2020. In farmer-managed fields, FAW infestation levels averaged 8.3 larvae per 100 plants and thus remained below economic injury levels (EILs) as established in other countries. Farmers' use of two or more pesticide sprays per season likely was not economically justified. Our work demonstrates how the FAW invasion has altered pest management regimes in Yunnan's maize crop, deepening farmers' pesticide dependency, and potentially exacerbating its burden on household budgets. Sustainable pest management schemes urgently need to be devised for smallholder maize systems in China and across the FAW invaded range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kris A G Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangping Jia
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengying Nie
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Njeru FN, Kusolwa PM. Nanobodies: their potential for applications in biotechnology, diagnosis and antiviral properties in Africa; focus on application in agriculture. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1974943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeri Njeru
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Paul Mbogo Kusolwa
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matova PM, Kamutando CN, Magorokosho C, Kutywayo D, Gutsa F, Labuschagne M. Fall-armyworm invasion, control practices and resistance breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa. CROP SCIENCE 2020; 60:2951-2970. [PMID: 33328691 PMCID: PMC7702106 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); FAW] invasion has exacerbated maize (Zea mays L.) crop yield losses in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), already threatened by other stresses, especially those that are climate-change induced. The FAW is difficult to control, manage, or eradicate, because it is polyphagous and trans-boundary, multiplies fast, has a short life cycle and migrates easily, and lacks the diapause growth phase. In this study, FAW and its impact in Africa was reviewed, as well as past and present control strategies for this pest. Pesticides, cultural practices, natural enemies, host-plant resistance, integrated pest management (IPM), and plant breeding approaches were examined as possible control strategies. It was concluded that an IPM control strategy, guided by cultural approaches already being used by farmers, and what can be adopted from the Americas, coupled with an insect-resistance management strategy, is the best option to manage this pest in Africa. These strategies will be strengthened by breeding for multi-trait host-plant resistance through stacking of genes for different modes of control of the pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince M. Matova
- Department of Research and Specialist ServicesCrop Breeding Institute5th Street ExtensionHarareZimbabwe
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement CentreHarareZimbabwe
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Dumisani Kutywayo
- Department of Research and Specialist ServicesCrop Breeding Institute5th Street ExtensionHarareZimbabwe
| | - Freeman Gutsa
- Department of Research and Specialist ServicesCrop Breeding Institute5th Street ExtensionHarareZimbabwe
| | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Constantine KL, Kansiime MK, Mugambi I, Nunda W, Chacha D, Rware H, Makale F, Mulema J, Lamontagne‐Godwin J, Williams F, Edgington S, Day R. Why don't smallholder farmers in Kenya use more biopesticides? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3615-3625. [PMID: 32400959 PMCID: PMC7586800 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Kenya has a relatively high number of registered biopesticide products, little is known about biopesticide use by smallholders. This paper documents farmers' current use and perception of chemical pesticides and biopesticides, their willingness to pay for biopesticides, and the key challenges to biopesticide uptake. RESULTS A survey found that chemical pesticides are used widely by smallholders despite awareness of the risks to human health and the environment. Almost half of respondents showed awareness of biopesticides, but current use in the survey localities was low (10%). Key reasons for the low use of biopesticides by smallholders in this study are: perceptions of effectiveness, primarily speed of action and spectrum of activity, availability and affordability. Smallholders who used biopesticides cited effectiveness, recommendation by advisory services and perception of safety as key reasons for their choice. Although farmers viewed both pesticides and biopesticides as costly, they invested in the former due to their perceived effectiveness. Average willingness to pay, above current chemical pesticide expenditures per cropping season was 9.6% (US$5.7). Willingness to pay differed significantly between counties, and was higher among farmers with more education or greater awareness of the health risks associated with pesticide use. CONCLUSION This study confirms the low use of biopesticide products in the survey areas, alongside high use of conventional chemical pesticides. In order to promote greater uptake of biopesticides, addressing farmers' awareness and their perceptions of effectiveness is important, as well as increasing the knowledge of those providing advice and ensuring registered products are available locally at competitive prices. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tambo JA, Kansiime MK, Mugambi I, Rwomushana I, Kenis M, Day RK, Lamontagne-Godwin J. Understanding smallholders' responses to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) invasion: Evidence from five African countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140015. [PMID: 32927537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW) is a new invasive pest that is causing devastating effects on maize production and threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor smallholders across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Using unique survey data from 2356 maize-growing households in Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, we examined how smallholder farmers are fighting this voracious pest. In particular, we assessed the FAW management strategies used by smallholders, socio-economic factors driving the choice of the management options, the complementarities or tradeoffs among the management options, and the (un)safe pesticide use practices of farmers. Results showed that smallholder farm households have adopted a variety of cultural, physical, chemical and local options to mitigate the effects of FAW, but the use of synthetic pesticides remains the most popular option. Results from multivariate probit regressions indicated that the extensive use of synthetic pesticides is driven by household asset wealth, and access to subsidised farm inputs and extension information. We observed that farm households are using a wide range of pesticides, including highly hazardous and banned products. Unfortunately, a majority of the households do not use personal protective equipment while handling the pesticides, resulting in reports of acute pesticide-related illness. Our findings have important implications for policies and interventions aimed at promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable ways of managing invasive pests in smallholder farming systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica K Kansiime
- CABI, Canary Bird, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, PO Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Idah Mugambi
- CABI, Canary Bird, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, PO Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ivan Rwomushana
- CABI, Canary Bird, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, PO Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marc Kenis
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland.
| | - Roger K Day
- CABI, Canary Bird, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, PO Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gene Pyramiding for Sustainable Crop Improvement against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production is endangered by several ecological factors, such as drought, extreme temperatures, excessive salts, parasitic ailments, and insect pest infestation. These challenging environmental factors may have adverse effects on future agriculture production in many countries. In modern agriculture, conventional crop-breeding techniques alone are inadequate for achieving the increasing population’s food demand on a sustainable basis. The advancement of molecular genetics and related technologies are promising tools for the selection of new crop species. Gene pyramiding through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and other techniques have accelerated the development of durable resistant/tolerant lines with high accuracy in the shortest period of time for agricultural sustainability. Gene stacking has not been fully utilized for biotic stress resistance development and quality improvement in most of the major cultivated crops. This review emphasizes on gene pyramiding techniques that are being successfully deployed in modern agriculture for improving crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses for sustainable crop improvement.
Collapse
|
31
|
Babendreier D, Koku Agboyi L, Beseh P, Osae M, Nboyine J, Ofori SEK, Frimpong JO, Attuquaye Clottey V, Kenis M. The Efficacy of Alternative, Environmentally Friendly Plant Protection Measures for Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda, in Maize. INSECTS 2020; 11:E240. [PMID: 32290333 PMCID: PMC7240539 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The invasive fall armyworm (FAW) is threatening maize production and the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in the newly invaded areas in Africa and Asia. To control this new key pest and to overcome health, environmental, and resistance problems related to the indiscriminate use of insecticides, effective and sustainable alternative pest control approaches are needed. Here, we report on field trials that tested maltodextrin, neem-based products, ash, and soil, as well as the locally produced alata samina soap, in the Upper West and Greater Accra regions, Ghana. Significant reductions of larval numbers and crop damage, together with increased yields, were mostly achieved by applying the insecticide emamectin benzoate, which was considered the positive control in this set of trials. However, high efficiency and cost-benefit ratios were also achieved with two neem-based products. Maltodextrin was only efficient at one of the two sites, with a clear dose-dependent effect, while the higher dosage was nearly as effective as emamectin benzoate. Due to its relatively high product cost, maltodextrin is generally less cost-efficient. Ash and soil, as well as alata samina soap treatments, did not efficiently reduce FAW larval numbers or crop damage at the dosages tested; thus, they also did not significantly increase maize yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Babendreier
- CABI Europe-Switzerland, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland;
| | - Lakpo Koku Agboyi
- CABI, P.O. Box CT 8630, Cantonments, Accra GA 0376800, Ghana; (L.K.A.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Patrick Beseh
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), P.O. Box M37, Accra 00495426, Ghana;
| | - Michael Osae
- Radiation Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (M.O.); (S.E.K.O.)
| | - Jerry Nboyine
- Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 52, Tamale NL-1252, Ghana;
| | - Selorm E. K. Ofori
- Radiation Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (M.O.); (S.E.K.O.)
| | - Justice O. Frimpong
- Soil and Environmental Sciences Research Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon, Accra, Ghana;
| | | | - Marc Kenis
- CABI Europe-Switzerland, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Agboyi LK, Goergen G, Beseh P, Mensah SA, Clottey VA, Glikpo R, Buddie A, Cafà G, Offord L, Day R, Rwomushana I, Kenis M. Parasitoid Complex of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Ghana and Benin. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020068. [PMID: 31973018 PMCID: PMC7073983 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from the American continent, has recently invaded most African countries, where it is seriously threatening food security as a pest of cereals. The current management methods rely heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides but there is a need for more sustainable control methods, including biological control. Surveys were conducted in two West African countries, Ghana and Benin, to determine the native parasitoid complex and assess parasitism rates of S. frugiperda. Samples of S. frugiperda eggs and larvae were collected in maize fields located in 56 and 90 localities of Ghana and Benin, respectively, from July 2018 to July 2019. Ten species were found parasitizing the pest, including two egg parasitoids, one egg–larval, five larval and two larval–pupal parasitoids. The two most abundant parasitoids in both countries were two Braconidae: the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus bifoveolatus and the larval parasitoid Coccygidum luteum. Parasitism rates were determined in three Ghanaian regions and averages varied from 0% to 75% between sites and from 5% to 38% between regions. These data provide an important baseline for the development of various biological control options. The two egg parasitoids, Telenomus remus and Trichogramma sp. can be used in augmentative biological control and investigations should be conducted to assess how cultural practices can enhance the action of the main parasitoids, C. luteum and Ch. bifoveolatus, in the field. Understanding the parasitoid complex of S. frugiperda in Africa is also necessary before any development of classical biological controls involving the introduction of parasitoids from the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakpo Koku Agboyi
- CABI, P.O. Box CT 8630, Cantonments, Accra GA 0376800, Ghana; (S.A.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-246-723-292
| | - Georg Goergen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin;
| | - Patrick Beseh
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), P.O. Box M37, Accra 00495426, Ghana; (P.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Samuel Adjei Mensah
- CABI, P.O. Box CT 8630, Cantonments, Accra GA 0376800, Ghana; (S.A.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | | | - Raymond Glikpo
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), P.O. Box M37, Accra 00495426, Ghana; (P.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Alan Buddie
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham TW20 9TY, UK; (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.O.)
| | - Giovanni Cafà
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham TW20 9TY, UK; (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.O.)
| | - Lisa Offord
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham TW20 9TY, UK; (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.O.)
| | - Roger Day
- CABI, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, P.O. Box 633, Nairobi 00621, Kenya; (R.D.); (I.R.)
| | - Ivan Rwomushana
- CABI, 673 Limuru Road, Muthaiga, P.O. Box 633, Nairobi 00621, Kenya; (R.D.); (I.R.)
| | - Marc Kenis
- CABI, 1 Rue des Grillons, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|