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Li B, Ouyang X, Liu Y, Ba Z, Yang Y, Zhang J, Yang P, Yang T, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Mao W, Zhong C, Liu H, Zhang Y, Gou S, Ni J. Novel β-Hairpin Antimicrobial Peptide Containing the β-Turn Sequence of -NG- and the Tryptophan Zippers Facilitate Self-Assembly into Nanofibers, Exhibiting Excellent Antimicrobial Performance. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6365-6383. [PMID: 38436574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising agents to combat the antibiotic resistance crisis due to their rapid bactericidal activity and low propensity for drug resistance. However, AMPs face challenges in terms of balancing enhanced antimicrobial efficacy with increased toxicity during modification processes. In this study, de novo d-type β-hairpin AMPs are designed. The conformational transformation of self-assembling peptide W-4 in the environment of the bacterial membrane and the erythrocyte membrane affected its antibacterial activity and hemolytic activity and finally showed a high antibacterial effect and low toxicity. Furthermore, W-4 displays remarkable stability, minimal occurrence of drug resistance, and synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics. The in vivo studies confirm its high safety and potent wound-healing properties at the sites infected by bacteria. This study substantiates that nanostructured AMPs possess enhanced biocompatibility. These advances reveal the superiority of self-assembled AMPs and contribute to the development of nanoantibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zufang Ba
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yinyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuhuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Mao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Sanhu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jingman Ni
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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Peng Z, Wei C, Cai J, Zou Z, Chen J. Characterization of an antimicrobial peptide family from the venom gland of Heteropoda venatoria. Toxicon 2024; 241:107657. [PMID: 38428753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Spider venom boasts extensive peptide diversity, constituting a natural biochemical arsenal for defense and predation. The new family HvAMPs, including 9 homologous members, were identified from the unnormalized cDNA library of Heteropoda venatoria venom gland by Sanger sequencing. The putative mature peptide is composed of 22 aliphatic amino acid residues. The mature peptides of HvAMP1 and HvAMP5, with 3 different amino acids, were synthesized and both were shown to adopt an amphipathic α-helical structure and amphipathicity in SDS buffer by CD spectroscopy. In comparison to HvAMP1, HvAMP5 exhibits higher antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, coupled with reduced hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity. Results from SYTO 9/PI staining indicate that HvAMP5 acts by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Analysis of the relationships between structures and functions suggests that HvAMP5 enhances antibacterial activity and reduces mammalian cell toxicity by increasing positive charge and proline substitution. The three residues variation can augment the electrostatic attraction of antibacterial peptides to the bacterial phospholipid bilayer. The present study suggests that the HvAMPs may exert lytic action against cells of different origins to increase cellular and tissue barrier permeability to facilitate spider's defense or predation. Moreover, HvAMP5 holds promise as a novel antibacterial agent for treating Gram-positive bacterial infections. Simultaneously, the numerous diverse amino acid residue substitutions within the HvAMP family offer a template for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Jisen Cai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China; School of Public Health & Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China.
| | - Jinjun Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha, 418000, China.
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3
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Zhong C, Zou J, Mao W, Yang P, Zhang J, Gou S, Zhang Y, Liu H, Ni J. Structure modification of anoplin for fighting resistant bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116276. [PMID: 38452726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance has posed a significant challenge to clinical antimicrobial treatment, rendering commonly used antibiotics ineffective. The development of novel antimicrobial agents and strategies is imperative for the treatment of resistant bacterial infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered a promising class of antimicrobial agents due to their low propensity for resistance and broad-spectrum activity. Anoplin is a small linear α-helical natural antimicrobial peptide that was isolated from the venom of the solitary wasp Anplius samariensis. It exhibits rich biological activity, particularly broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. Over the past three decades, more than 40 research publications on anoplin have been made available online. This review focuses on the advancements of anoplin in antimicrobial research, encompassing its sources, characterization, antimicrobial activity, influencing factors and structural modifications. The aim is to provide assistances for the development of new antimicrobial agents that can combat bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenbo Mao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Sanhu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingman Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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4
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You Y, Liu H, Zhu Y, Zheng H. Rational design of stapled antimicrobial peptides. Amino Acids 2023; 55:421-442. [PMID: 36781451 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in antimicrobial drug resistance has dramatically reduced the effectiveness of traditional antibiotics. Structurally diverse antibiotics are urgently needed to combat multiple-resistant bacterial infections. As part of innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as the most promising candidates because they comprise diverse sequences and mechanisms of action and have a relatively low induction rate of resistance. However, because of their low chemical stability, susceptibility to proteases, and high hemolytic effect, their usage is subject to many restrictions. Chemical modifications such as D-amino acid substitution, cyclization, and unnatural amino acid modification have been used to improve the stability of antimicrobial peptides for decades. Among them, a side-chain covalent bridge modification, the so-called stapled peptide, has attracted much attention. The stapled side-chain bridge stabilizes the secondary structure, induces protease resistance, and increases cell penetration and biological activity. Recent progress in computer-aided drug design and artificial intelligence methods has also been used in the design of stapled antimicrobial peptides and has led to the successful discovery of many prospective peptides. This article reviews the possible structure-activity relationships of stapled antimicrobial peptides, the physicochemical properties that influence their activity (such as net charge, hydrophobicity, helicity, and dipole moment), and computer-aided methods of stapled peptide design. Antimicrobial peptides under clinical trial: Pexiganan (NCT01594762, 2012-05-07). Omiganan (NCT02576847, 2015-10-13).
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Affiliation(s)
- YuHao You
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - HongYu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - YouZhuo Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Bortolotti A, Troiano C, Bobone S, Konai MM, Ghosh C, Bocchinfuso G, Acharya Y, Santucci V, Bonacorsi S, Di Stefano C, Haldar J, Stella L. Mechanism of lipid bilayer perturbation by bactericidal membrane-active small molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184079. [PMID: 36374761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-active small molecules (MASMs) are small organic molecules designed to reproduce the fundamental physicochemical properties of natural antimicrobial peptides: their cationic charge and amphiphilic character. This class of compounds has a promising broad range of antimicrobial activity and, at the same time, solves some major limitations of the peptides, such as their high production costs and low in vivo stability. Most cationic antimicrobial peptides act by accumulating on the surface of bacterial membranes and causing the formation of defects when a threshold is reached. Due to the drastically different structures of the two classes of molecules, it is not obvious that small-molecule antimicrobials act in the same way as natural peptides, and very few data are available on this aspect. Here we combined spectroscopic studies and molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the mechanism of action of two different MASMs. Our results show that, notwithstanding their simple structure, these molecules act just like antimicrobial peptides. They bind to the membrane surface, below the head-groups, and insert their apolar moieties in the core of the bilayer. Like many natural peptides, they cause the formation of defects when they reach a high coverage of the membrane surface. In addition, they cause membrane aggregation, and this property could contribute to their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C Troiano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M M Konai
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - C Ghosh
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - G Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Y Acharya
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - V Santucci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S Bonacorsi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C Di Stefano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - J Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India; School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - L Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Juretić D. Designed Multifunctional Peptides for Intracellular Targets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091196. [PMID: 36139975 PMCID: PMC9495127 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature’s way for bioactive peptides is to provide them with several related functions and the ability to cooperate in performing their job. Natural cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), such as penetratins, inspired the design of multifunctional constructs with CPP ability. This review focuses on known and novel peptides that can easily reach intracellular targets with little or no toxicity to mammalian cells. All peptide candidates were evaluated and ranked according to the predictions of low toxicity to mammalian cells and broad-spectrum activity. The final set of the 20 best peptide candidates contains the peptides optimized for cell-penetrating, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activity. Their predicted features are intrinsic disorder and the ability to acquire an amphipathic structure upon contact with membranes or nucleic acids. In conclusion, the review argues for exploring wide-spectrum multifunctionality for novel nontoxic hybrids with cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Juretić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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7
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Evolving and assembling to pierce through: Evolutionary and structural aspects of antimicrobial peptides. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2247-2258. [PMID: 35615024 PMCID: PMC9117813 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning menace of antimicrobial resistance across the globe has necessitated investigations into other chemotherapeutic strategies to combat infections. Antimicrobial peptides, or host defense peptides, are a set of promising therapeutic candidates in this regard. Most of them cause membrane permeabilization and are a key component of the innate immune response to pathogenic invasion. It has also been reported that peptide self-assembly is a driving factor governing the microbicidal activity of these peptide candidates. While efforts have been made to develop novel synthetic peptides against various microbes, many clinical trials of such peptides have failed due to toxicity and hemolytic activity to the host. A function-guided rational peptide engineering, based on evolutionary principles, physicochemical properties and activity determinants of AMP activity, is expected to help in targeting specific microbes. Furthermore, it is important to develop a unified understanding of the evolution of AMPs in order to fully appreciate their importance in host defense. This review seeks to explore the evolution of AMPs and the physicochemical determinants of AMP activity. The specific interactions driving AMP self-assembly have also been reviewed, emphasizing implications of this self-assembly on microbicidal and immunomodulatory activity.
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8
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Han Y, Zhang M, Lai R, Zhang Z. Chemical modifications to increase the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 2021; 146:170666. [PMID: 34600037 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The continued use of antibiotics has been accompanied by the rapid emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, show multiple features as an ideal antimicrobial agent, including potent, rapid, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, low promotion of antimicrobial resistance, potent anti-biofilm activity, and lethality against metabolically inactive microorganisms. However, several crucial drawbacks constrain the use of AMPs as clinical drugs, e.g., liability in vivo, toxicity when used systemically, and high production costs. Based on recent findings and our own experiences, here we summarize some chemical modifications and key design strategies to increase the therapeutic potential of AMPs, including 1) enhancing antimicrobial activities, 2) improving in vivo effectiveness, and 3) reduction in toxicity, which may facilitate the design and optimization of AMPs for the development of drug candidates. We also discuss the present challenges in the optimization of AMPs and future concerns about the resistance and cross-resistance to AMPs in the development of AMPs as therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin Province, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China.
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9
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van Eijk M, van Dijk A, van der Ent CK, Arets HGM, Breukink E, van Os N, Adrichem R, van der Water S, Lino Gómez R, Kristensen M, Hessing M, Jekhmane S, Weingarth M, Veldhuizen RAW, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. PepBiotics, novel cathelicidin-inspired antimicrobials to fight pulmonary bacterial infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129951. [PMID: 34147544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics. Here we describe the antibacterial properties of a family of novel cathelicidin-related (CR-) peptides, which we named PepBiotics, against bacteria typically present in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. METHODS Broth dilution assays were used to determine antibacterial activity of PepBiotics under physiological conditions, as well as development of bacterial resistance against these peptides. Toxicity was tested in mice and cell cultures while molecular interactions of PepBiotics with bacterial membrane components was determined using CD, ITC and LPS/LTA induced macrophage studies. RESULTS A relatively small number of PepBiotics remained highly antibacterial against CF-related respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, at high ionic strength and low pH. Interestingly, these PepBiotics also prevented LPS/LTA induced activation of macrophages and was shown to be non-toxic to primary human nasal epithelial cells. Furthermore, both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were unable to induce resistance against CR-163 and CR-172, two PepBiotics selected for their excellent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Toxicity studies in mice indicated that intratracheal administration of CR-163 was well tolerated in vivo. Finally, interaction of CR-163 with bacterial-type anionic membranes but not with mammalian-type (zwitterionic lipid) membranes was confirmed using ITC and 31P solid state NMR. CONCLUSIONS PepBiotics are a promising novel class of highly active antimicrobial peptides, of which CR-163 showed the most potential for treatment of clinically relevant (CF-) pathogens in physiological conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These observations emphasize the therapeutic potential of PepBiotics against CF-related bacterial respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin van Eijk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hubertus G M Arets
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van Os
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Roy Adrichem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sven van der Water
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Rita Lino Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje Kristensen
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Hessing
- U-Protein Express B.V., Life Science Incubator, Utrecht Science Park, Yalelaan 62, 3584CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shehrazade Jekhmane
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud A W Veldhuizen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Immunology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Section Molecular Host Defence, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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10
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Mousavi Z, Naseri M, Babaei S, Hosseini SMH, Shekarforoush SS. The effect of cross-linker type on structural, antimicrobial and controlled release properties of fish gelatin-chitosan composite films incorporated with ε-poly-l-lysine. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1743-1752. [PMID: 34051252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, active antibacterial cross-linked composite films were prepared through incorporating ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PLL) into Siberian sturgeon gelatin-chitosan mixture. Cross-linking was performed by Glutaraldehyde (G) and/or Cinnamaldehyde (C). The antimicrobial, ε-PLL release, mechanical and morphological properties were then investigated. The addition of G to the biopolymer mixture significantly resulted in lower water vapor permeability, enhanced mechanical strength, lower moisture content, and water solubility. The FTIR spectra indicated the formation of imine bonds in the composite film network. The microstructure of composite films was affected by the cross-linking agent. The films cross-linked by G and C showed smooth and rough surfaces, respectively. C induced very small pores in the cross-section of the composite film. The composite films incorporated with ε-PLL revealed higher and steady-state in vitro antimicrobial properties against food spoilage bacteria. A higher release of ε-PLL and hence higher antibacterial activity was measured in the matrices cross-linked by C than those cross-linked by G. The results showed that the ε-PLL-fortified fish gelatin/chitosan composite films can be considered as a food-packaging material. G and C, as cross-linkers, can improve the structural and antimicrobial properties of this composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Naseri
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sedigheh Babaei
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Loffredo MR, Savini F, Bobone S, Casciaro B, Franzyk H, Mangoni ML, Stella L. Inoculum effect of antimicrobial peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014364118. [PMID: 34021080 PMCID: PMC8166072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014364118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of many antibiotics depends on the initial density of cells used in bacterial growth inhibition assays. This phenomenon, termed the inoculum effect, can have important consequences for the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs, because bacterial loads vary by several orders of magnitude in clinically relevant infections. Antimicrobial peptides are a promising class of molecules in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria because they act mainly by perturbing the cell membranes rather than by inhibiting intracellular targets. Here, we report a systematic characterization of the inoculum effect for this class of antibacterial compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were measured for 13 peptides (including all-D enantiomers) and peptidomimetics, covering more than seven orders of magnitude in inoculated cell density. In most cases, the inoculum effect was significant for cell densities above the standard inoculum of 5 × 105 cells/mL, while for lower densities the active concentrations remained essentially constant, with values in the micromolar range. In the case of membrane-active peptides, these data can be rationalized by considering a simple model, taking into account peptide-cell association, and hypothesizing that a threshold number of cell-bound peptide molecules is required in order to cause bacterial killing. The observed effect questions the clinical utility of activity and selectivity determinations performed at a fixed, standardized cell density. A routine evaluation of the dependence of the activity of antimicrobial peptides and peptidomimetics on the inoculum should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Savini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Casciaro
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Bellavita R, Falanga A, Buommino E, Merlino F, Casciaro B, Cappiello F, Mangoni ML, Novellino E, Catania MR, Paolillo R, Grieco P, Galdieroa S. Novel temporin L antimicrobial peptides: promoting self-assembling by lipidic tags to tackle superbugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1751-1764. [PMID: 32957844 PMCID: PMC7534258 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1819258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance is pushing the search in the discovering of novel antimicrobial molecules to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Self-assembling antimicrobial peptides, as the lipidated peptides, are a novel and promising class of molecules capable of meeting this need. Based on previous work on Temporin L analogs, several new molecules lipidated at the N- or and the C-terminus were synthesised. Our goal is to improve membrane interactions through finely tuning self-assembly to reduce oligomerisation in aqueous solution and enhance self-assembly in bacterial membranes while reducing toxicity against human cells. The results here reported show that the length of the aliphatic moiety is a key factor to control target cell specificity and the oligomeric state of peptides either in aqueous solution or in a membrane-mimicking environment. The results of this study pave the way for the design of novel molecules with enhanced activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bellavita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Casciaro
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Cappiello
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdieroa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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13
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Kim GC, Cheon DH, Lee Y. Challenge to overcome current limitations of cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140604. [PMID: 33453413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of biological membranes is a prime obstacle for the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is an efficient vehicle that can deliver various cargos across the biological membranes. Since the discovery, CPPs have been rigorously studied to unveil the underlying penetrating mechanism as well as to exploit CPPs for various biomedical applications. This review will focus on the various strategies to overcome current limitations regarding stability, selectivity, and efficacy of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Chan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Savini F, Loffredo M, Troiano C, Bobone S, Malanovic N, Eichmann T, Caprio L, Canale V, Park Y, Mangoni M, Stella L. Binding of an antimicrobial peptide to bacterial cells: Interaction with different species, strains and cellular components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Brožek R, Kabelka I, Vácha R. Effect of Helical Kink on Peptide Translocation across Phospholipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5940-5947. [PMID: 32603116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes present a major obstacle for the delivery of therapeutic agents into cells. Some peptides have been shown to translocate across the membrane spontaneously, and they could be thus used as drug-carriers. However, the advantageous peptide properties for the translocation remain unclear. Of particular interest is the effect of a proline-induced kink in α-helical peptides, because the kink was previously reported to both increase and decrease the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of peptides could be related to their translocation across the membrane as is the case of the buforin 2 peptide investigated here. Using computer simulations with two independent models, we consistently showed that the presence of the kink has (1) no effect on the translocation barrier, (2) reduces the peptide affinity to the membrane, and (3) disfavors the transmembrane state. Moreover, we were able to determine that these effects are mainly caused by the peptide increased polarity, not the increased flexibility of the kink. The provided molecular understanding can be utilized for the design of cell-penetrating and drug-carrying peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Brožek
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Kabelka
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vácha
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Aschi M, Perini N, Bouchemal N, Luzi C, Savarin P, Migliore L, Bozzi A, Sette M. Structural characterization and biological activity of Crabrolin peptide isoforms with different positive charge. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Miao X, Zhou T, Zhang J, Xu J, Guo X, Hu H, Zhang X, Hu M, Li J, Yang W, Xie J, Xu Z, Mou L. Enhanced cell selectivity of hybrid peptides with potential antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129532. [PMID: 31953126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridization is a useful strategy to bond the advantages of different peptides into novel constructions. We designed a series of AMPs based on the structures of a synthetic AMP KFA3 and a naturally-occurred host defense peptide substance P (SP) to obtain peptides retaining the high antibacterial activity of KFA3 and the immunomodulatory activity and low cytotoxicity of SP. METHODS Two repeats of KFA and different C terminal fragments of SP were hybridized, generating a series of novel AMPs (KFSP1-8). The antibacterial activities, host cell toxicity and immunomodulation were measured. The antibacterial mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS Hybrid peptides KFSP1-4 exerted substantial antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria of standard strains and clinical drug-resistant isolates including E.coli, A.baumannii and P.aeruginosa, while showing little toxicity towards host cells. Compared with KFA3, moderate reduction in α-helix content and the interruption in α-helix continuality were indicated in CD spectra analysis and secondary-structure simulation in these peptides. Membrane permeabilization combined with time-kill studies and FITC-labeled imaging, indicated a selective membrane interaction of KFSP1 with bacteria cell membranes. By specially activating NK1 receptor, the hybrid peptides kept the ability of SP to induce intracellular calcium release and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but unable to stimulate NF-κB phosphorylation. KFSP1 facilitated the survival of mouse macrophage RAW264.7, directly interacting with LPS and inhibiting the LPS-induced NF-κB phosphorylation and TNF-α expression. CONCLUSION Hybridization is a useful strategy to bond the advantages of different peptides. KFSP1 and its analogs are worth of advanced efforts to explore their potential applications as novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tianxiong Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingjie Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hui Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Mingning Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenle Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lingyun Mou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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18
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Frederiksen N, Hansen PR, Björkling F, Franzyk H. Peptide/Peptoid Hybrid Oligomers: The Influence of Hydrophobicity and Relative Side-Chain Length on Antibacterial Activity and Cell Selectivity. Molecules 2019; 24:E4429. [PMID: 31817108 PMCID: PMC6943742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous optimisation studies of peptide/peptoid hybrids typically comprise comparison of structurally related analogues displaying different oligomer length and diverse side chains. The present work concerns a systematically constructed series of 16 closely related 12-mer oligomers with an alternating cationic/hydrophobic design, representing a wide range of hydrophobicity and differences in relative side-chain lengths. The aim was to explore and rationalise the structure-activity relationships within a subclass of oligomers displaying variation of three structural features: (i) cationic side-chain length, (ii) hydrophobic side-chain length, and (iii) type of residue that is of a flexible peptoid nature. Increased side-chain length of cationic residues led to reduced hydrophobicity till the side chains became more extended than the aromatic/hydrophobic side chains, at which point hydrophobicity increased slightly. Evaluation of antibacterial activity revealed that analogues with lowest hydrophobicity exhibited reduced activity against E. coli, while oligomers with the shortest cationic side chains were most potent against P. aeruginosa. Thus, membrane-disruptive interaction with P. aeruginosa appears to be promoted by a hydrophobic surface of the oligomers (comprised of the aromatic groups shielding the cationic side chains). Peptidomimetics with short cationic side chains exhibit increased hemolytic properties as well as give rise to decreased HepG2 (hepatoblastoma G2 cell line) cell viability. An optimal hydrophobicity window could be defined by a threshold of minimal hydrophobicity conferring activity toward E. coli and a threshold for maximal hydrophobicity, beyond which cell selectivity was lost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (N.F.); (P.R.H.); (F.B.)
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19
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Vaezi Z, Bortolotti A, Luca V, Perilli G, Mangoni ML, Khosravi-Far R, Bobone S, Stella L. Aggregation determines the selectivity of membrane-active anticancer and antimicrobial peptides: The case of killerFLIP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183107. [PMID: 31678022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides selectively kill bacterial and cancer cells (including those that are drug-resistant) by perturbing the permeability of their membranes, without being significantly toxic to the host. Coulombic interactions between these cationic and amphipathic peptides and the negatively charged membranes of pathogenic cells contribute to the selective toxicity. However, a positive charge is not sufficient for selectivity, which can be achieved only by a finely tuned balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic driving forces. A common property of amphipathic peptides is the formation of aggregated structures in solution, but the role of this phenomenon in peptide activity and selectivity has received limited attention. Our data on the anticancer peptide killerFLIP demonstrate that aggregation strongly increases peptide selectivity, by reducing the effective peptide hydrophobicity and thus the affinity towards membranes composed of neutral lipids (like the outer layer of healthy eukaryotic cell membranes). Aggregation is therefore a useful tool to modulate the selectivity of membrane active peptides and peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vaezi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Perilli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roya Khosravi-Far
- BiomaRx Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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20
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Kihara S, De Zoysa GH, Shahlori R, Vadakkedath PG, Ryan TM, Mata JP, Sarojini V, McGillivray DJ. Solution structure of linear battacin lipopeptides - the effect of lengthening fatty acid chain. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7501-7508. [PMID: 31528955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lipopeptides have received attention for their enhanced antimicrobial activity, especially against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. We have previously reported that the bacterial soil extracted, novel cyclic lipopeptide, battacin, and its synthetic analogues have enhanced antimicrobial activity against various Gram negative, Gram positive and fungal pathogens. In particular, the modification of the hydrophobic fatty acid chain and molecular structure has improved its activity. We have used small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and circular dichroism (CD) to characterise the low resolution structure of battacin lipopeptides containing covalently bonded fatty acid chains and the one without it. In the absence of fatty acids or with short fatty acid chain, the peptides adopted an extended random coil structure that is best described barbell-like shape, while fatty acids that are sufficiently long induced an aggregation into a ∼4.0 nm diameter core shell sphere. While the kinked structure found within this barbell shape may have a role in antimicrobial activities, the self-assembly of the battacin analogue with the longest fatty acid chain may have a correlation to the declined antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kihara
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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21
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Juichi H, Miyashita M, Nakagawa Y, Miyagawa H. Isolation and characterization of the insecticidal, two-domain toxin LaIT3 from the Liocheles australasiae scorpion venom. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2183-2189. [PMID: 31448688 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1654849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel insecticidal peptide (LaIT3) was isolated from the Liocheles australasiae venom. The primary structure of LaIT3 was determined by a combination of Edman degradation and MS/MS de novo sequencing analysis. Discrimination between Leu and Ile in MS/MS analysis was achieved based on the difference in side chain fragmentation assisted by chemical derivatization. LaIT3 was determined to be an 84-residue peptide with three intrachain disulfide bonds. The sequence similarity search revealed that LaIT3 belongs to the scorpine-like peptides consisting of two structural domains: an N-terminal α-helical domain and a C-terminal cystine-stabilized domain. As observed for most of the scorpine-like peptides, LaIT3 showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, which is likely to be caused by its membrane-disrupting property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Juichi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Shyla G, Vineethkumar TV, Arun V, Divya MP, Thomas S, George S. Functional characterization of two novel peptides and their analogs identified from the skin secretion of Indosylvirana aurantiaca, an endemic frog species of Western Ghats, India. CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Juretić D, Simunić J. Design of α-helical antimicrobial peptides with a high selectivity index. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1053-1063. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1642322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Juretić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Juraj Simunić
- Division of molecular biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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24
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Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptides: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Equilibria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1117:175-214. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3588-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Juretić D, Sonavane Y, Ilić N, Gajski G, Goić-Barišić I, Tonkić M, Kozic M, Maravić A, Pellay FX, Zoranić L. Designed peptide with a flexible central motif from ranatuerins adapts its conformation to bacterial membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2655-2668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Influence of Proline Substitution on the Bioactivity of Mammalian-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide NK-2. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 10:118-127. [PMID: 29043494 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are emerging as a global threat, making the search for alternative compounds urgent. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) became a promising hotspot due to their distinct action mechanism and possibility to be used as an alternative or complement to traditional antibiotics. However, gaining a better understanding about the relationship between antimicrobial peptides structure and its bioactivity is crucial for the development of next generation of antimicrobial agents. NK-2, derived from mammalian protein NK-lysin, has potent antitumor and bactericidal abilities. As proline was considered to be an effective α-helix breaker due to its restricted conformation, to better comprehend the effects of proline in the structure-activity relationship of NK-2, we constructed two NK-2 analogs. We examined the biological activities of NK-2 and its proline substitution analogs and analyzed the resulting conformational changes. Our results showed that introducing proline into the primary sequence of NK-2 significantly decreased the antitumor, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects, as well as DNA binding activity by changing the α-helix content. However, α-helical content was not the only determining factor, the position of proline inserted was also critical. This study will allow for clearer insight into the role of proline in structure and bioactivity of NK-2 and provide a foundation for future studies.
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Mutations in KCNK4 that Affect Gating Cause a Recognizable Neurodevelopmental Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:621-630. [PMID: 30290154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation or inhibition of potassium (K+) currents across the plasma membrane of cells has been causally linked to altered neurotransmission, cardiac arrhythmias, endocrine dysfunction, and (more rarely) perturbed developmental processes. The K+ channel subfamily K member 4 (KCNK4), also known as TRAAK (TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ channel), belongs to the mechano-gated ion channels of the TRAAK/TREK subfamily of two-pore-domain (K2P) K+ channels. While K2P channels are well known to contribute to the resting membrane potential and cellular excitability, their involvement in pathophysiological processes remains largely uncharacterized. We report that de novo missense mutations in KCNK4 cause a recognizable syndrome with a distinctive facial gestalt, for which we propose the acronym FHEIG (facial dysmorphism, hypertrichosis, epilepsy, intellectual disability/developmental delay, and gingival overgrowth). Patch-clamp analyses documented a significant gain of function of the identified KCNK4 channel mutants basally and impaired sensitivity to mechanical stimulation and arachidonic acid. Co-expression experiments indicated a dominant behavior of the disease-causing mutations. Molecular dynamics simulations consistently indicated that mutations favor sealing of the lateral intramembrane fenestration that has been proposed to negatively control K+ flow by allowing lipid access to the central cavity of the channel. Overall, our findings illustrate the pleiotropic effect of dysregulated KCNK4 function and provide support to the hypothesis of a gating mechanism based on the lateral fenestrations of K2P channels.
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Kai M, Zhang W, Xie H, Liu L, Huang S, Li X, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhang B, Song J, Wang R. Effects of linker amino acids on the potency and selectivity of dimeric antimicrobial peptides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Savini F, Bobone S, Roversi D, Mangoni ML, Stella L. From liposomes to cells: Filling the gap between physicochemical and microbiological studies of the activity and selectivity of host‐defense peptides. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Savini
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Daniela Roversi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRome, via degli Apuli9‐00185 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
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Konai MM, Samaddar S, Bocchinfuso G, Santucci V, Stella L, Haldar J. Selectively targeting bacteria by tuning the molecular design of membrane-active peptidomimetic amphiphiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4943-4946. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the design of membrane-active peptidomimetic molecules with a tunable arrangement of hydrophobic and polar groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini M. Konai
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | | | - Valerio Santucci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies
- University of Rome Tor Vergata
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies
- University of Rome Tor Vergata
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
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31
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Park SC, Cheong MS, Kim EJ, Kim JH, Chi YH, Jang MK. Antifungal Effect of Arabidopsis SGT1 Proteins via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8340-8347. [PMID: 28871788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 alleles of skp1) proteins from Arabidopsis are known to contribute to plant resistance to pathogens. While SGT1 proteins respond to fungal pathogens, their antifungal activity is not reported and the mechanism for this inhibition is not well understood. Therefore, recombinant Arabidopsis SGT1 proteins were cloned, expressed, and purified to evaluate their antifungal activity, resulting in their potent inhibition of pathogen growth. Dye-labeled proteins are localized to the cytosol of Candida albicans cells without the disruption of the cell membrane. Moreover, we showed that entry of the proteins into C. albicans cells resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death via altered mitochondrial potential. Morphological changes of C. albicans cells in the presence of proteins were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Our data suggest that AtSGT1 proteins play a critical role in plant resistance to pathogenic fungal infection and they can be classified to a new plant antifungal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University , Suncheon, 57922, Korea
| | - Mi Sun Cheong
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University , Suncheon, 57922, Korea
| | - Jin Hyo Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University , Suncheon, 57922, Korea
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Anti-inflammatory activity of cecropin-A2 from Musca domestica. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:637-644. [PMID: 28735081 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Musca domestica cecropin-A2 (Mdc-A2) toward Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to learn more about their immunological functions. RAW264.7 cells were transfected with recombinant lentiviruses introduce pLEX-Mdc-A2into the RAW264.7 cell line (RAW-Mdc-A2). The RAW264.7 cell line with empty pLEX (RAW-pLEX) was produced in the same manner as a negative control. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of TNF-a, IL-1β, NFκB-1 and NFκB-2 in S. aureus-stimulated RAW-Mdc-A2 cells and RAW-pLEX cells in untreated cells and cells treated for 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. RT-PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of TNF-a, NFκB-1 and NFκB-2 stimulated by Lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Production of TNF-a was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Colony counts were used to calculate the number of CFU per mL of cell culture supernatants. The results showed that compared to RAW-pLEX cells, stable transfection of Mdc-A2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by S. aureus significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of TNF-a transcript variant 1 (TNF-a-tv-1) at 6 h and 12 h and the mRNA expression of TNF-a transcript variant 2 (TNF-a-tv-2) at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h. Compared to RAW-pLEX cells, stable transfection of Mdc-A2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by S. aureus significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-1β-T at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h as well as the mRNA expression of IL-1β at 3 h and 6 h. The expression and production of TNF-a and bacterial burden of cell culture supernatants were significantly down-regulated in RAW-Mdc-A2 cells stimulated by S. aureus, and the expression and production of TNF-a were significantly down-regulated in RAW-Mdc-A2 cells stimulated by LTA. Compared to RAW-pLEX cells, stable transfection of Mdc-A2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by S. aureus significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of NFκB-1 at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h as well as the mRNA expression of NFκB-2 at 6 h. Additionally, stable transfection of Mdc-A2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LTA significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of NFκB-1. In conclusion, Mdc-A2 possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity and potent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, Mdc-A2 may interact with LTA and execute strong anti-inflammatory activity by blocking the activation of NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Farrotti A, Conflitti P, Srivastava S, Ghosh JK, Palleschi A, Stella L, Bocchinfuso G. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Host Defense Peptide Temporin L and Its Q3K Derivative: An Atomic Level View from Aggregation in Water to Bilayer Perturbation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071235. [PMID: 28737669 PMCID: PMC6152314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporin L (TempL) is a 13 residue Host Defense Peptide (HDP) isolated from the skin of frogs. It has a strong affinity for lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is related to its high activity against Gram-negative bacteria and also to its strong tendency to neutralize the pro-inflammatory response caused by LPS release from inactivated bacteria. A designed analog with the Q3K substitution shows an enhancement in both these activities. In the present paper, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to investigate the origin of these improved properties. To this end, we have studied the behavior of the peptides both in water solution and in the presence of LPS lipid-A bilayers, demonstrating that the main effect through which the Q3K substitution improves the peptide activities is the destabilization of peptide aggregates in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Farrotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Conflitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.
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Gómez EA, Giraldo P, Orduz S. InverPep: A database of invertebrate antimicrobial peptides. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 8:13-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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35
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Savini F, Luca V, Bocedi A, Massoud R, Park Y, Mangoni ML, Stella L. Cell-Density Dependence of Host-Defense Peptide Activity and Selectivity in the Presence of Host Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:52-56. [PMID: 27935673 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host-defense peptides (HDPs) are promising compounds against multidrug-resistant microbes. In vitro, their bactericidal and toxic concentrations are significantly different, but this might be due to the use of separate assays, with different cell densities. For experiments with a single cell type, the cell-density dependence of the active concentration of the DNS-PMAP23 HDP could be predicted based on the water/cell-membrane partition equilibrium and exhibited a lower bound at low cell counts. On the basis of these data, in the simultaneous presence of both bacteria and an excess of human cells, one would expect no significant toxicity, but also inhibition of the bactericidal activity due to peptide sequestration by host cells. However, this inhibition did not take place in assays with mixed cell populations, showing that for the HDP esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2, a range of bactericidal, nontoxic concentrations exists and confirming the effective selectivity of HDPs. Mixed-cell assays might be necessary to effectively asses HDP selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto
Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chosun University, 501−759 Gwangju, Korea
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto
Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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36
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Kim S, Hyun S, Lee Y, Lee Y, Yu J. Nonhemolytic Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Site Specific Introduction of Glutamine and Lysine Residues into the α-Helical Peptide Causes Deletion of Its Direct Membrane Disrupting Ability but Retention of Its Cell Penetrating Ability. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soonsil Hyun
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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37
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38
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Harrison PL, Abdel-Rahman MA, Strong PN, Tawfik MM, Miller K. Characterisation of three alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from the venom of Scorpio maurus palmatus. Toxicon 2016; 117:30-6. [PMID: 27019370 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion venoms provide a rich source of anti-microbial peptides. Here we characterise three from the venom of Scorpion maurus palmatus. Smp13 is biologically inactive, despite sharing homology with other antimicrobial peptides, probably because it lacks a typically charged structure. Both Smp-24 and Smp-43 have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, disrupting bacterial membranes. In addition, there is evidence that Smp24 may inhibit DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Smp24 haemolysed red blood cells but in contrast, Smp43 was non-haemolytic. The introduction of a flexible Gly-Val-Gly hinge into the middle of Smp24 did not alter the haemolytic activity of Smp24 (as might have been predicted from earlier studies with Pandinin2 (Pin2), although C-terminal truncation of Smp-24 reduced its haemolytic activity, in agreement with earlier Pin 2 studies. Smp24 and its derivatives, as well as Smp-43, were all cytotoxic (ATP release assay) toward mammalian HepG2 liver cells. Our results highlight the beneficial effect of helical-hinge-helical conformation on promoting prokaryotic selectivity of long chain scorpion AMPs, as well as the importance of examining a wide range of mammalian cell types in cytotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Harrison
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences Division, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Peter N Strong
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences Division, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohamed M Tawfik
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences Division, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Keith Miller
- Biomedical Research Centre, Biosciences Division, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Becucci L, Benci S, Nuti F, Real-Fernandez F, Vaezi Z, Stella L, Venanzi M, Rovero P, Papini AM. Interaction Study of Phospholipid Membranes with an N-Glucosylated β-Turn Peptide Structure Detecting Autoantibodies Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:576-96. [PMID: 26437433 PMCID: PMC4704000 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of lipid environments with the type I’ β-turn peptide structure called CSF114 and its N-glucosylated form CSF114(Glc), previously developed as a synthetic antigenic probe recognizing specific autoantibodies in a subpopulation of multiple sclerosis patients’ serum, was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and electrochemical experiments using large unilamellar vesicles, mercury supported lipid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs). The synthetic antigenic probe N-glucosylated peptide CSF114(Glc) and its unglucosylated form interact with the polar heads of lipid SAMs of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine at nonzero transmembrane potentials, probably establishing a dual electrostatic interaction of the trimethylammonium and phosphate groups of the phosphatidylcholine polar head with the Glu5 and His9 residues on the opposite ends of the CSF114(Glc) β-turn encompassing residues 6-9. His9 protonation at pH 7 eliminates this dual interaction. CSF114(Glc) is adsorbed on top of SAMs of mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine with sphingomyelin, an important component of myelin, whose proteins are hypothesized to undergo an aberrant N-glucosylation triggering the autoimmune response. Incorporation of the type I’ β-turn peptide structure CSF114 into lipid SAMs by potential scans of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy induces defects causing a slight permeabilization toward cadmium ions. The N-glucopeptide CSF114(Glc) does not affect tBLMs to a detectable extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Becucci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Benci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Nuti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Feliciana Real-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zahra Vaezi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP Platform and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise CEDEX, France
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Bobone S, De Zotti M, Bortolotti A, Biondi B, Ballano G, Palleschi A, Toniolo C, Formaggio F, Stella L. The fluorescence and infrared absorption probepara-cyanophenylalanine: Effect of labeling on the behavior of different membrane-interacting peptides. Biopolymers 2015; 104:521-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Annalisa Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Gema Ballano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
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Shin A, Lee E, Jeon D, Park YG, Bang JK, Park YS, Shin SY, Kim Y. Peptoid-Substituted Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptide Derived from Papiliocin and Magainin 2 with Enhanced Bacterial Selectivity and Anti-inflammatory Activity. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3921-31. [PMID: 26053120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the host innate immune system. Papiliocin is a 37-residue AMP purified from larvae of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. Magainin 2 is a 23-residue AMP purified from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. We designed an 18-residue hybrid peptide (PapMA) incorporating N-terminal residues 1-8 of papiliocin and N-terminal residues 4-12 of magainin 2, joined by a proline (Pro) hinge. PapMA showed high antimicrobial activity but was cytotoxic to mammalian cells. To decrease PapMA cytotoxicity, we designed a lysine (Lys) peptoid analogue, PapMA-k, which retained high antimicrobial activity but displayed cytotoxicity lower than that of PapMA. Fluorescent dye leakage experiments and confocal microscopy showed that PapMA targeted bacterial cell membranes whereas PapMA-k penetrated bacterial cell membranes. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments revealed that PapMA contained an N-terminal α-helix from Lys(3) to Lys(7) and a C-terminal α-helix from Lys(10) to Lys(17), with a Pro(9) hinge between them. PapMA-k also had two α-helical structures in the same region connected with a flexible hinge residue at Nlys(9), which existed in a dynamic equilibrium of cis and trans conformers. Using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, the anti-inflammatory activity of PapMA and PapMA-k was confirmed by inhibition of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, treatment with PapMA and PapMA-k decreased the level of ultraviolet irradiation-induced expression of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Thus, PapMA and PapMA-k are potent peptide antibiotics with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, with PapMA-k displaying enhanced bacterial selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Shin
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Dasom Jeon
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Young-Guen Park
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- ‡Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, 804-1 Yangchung-ri, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Park
- §Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Song Yub Shin
- ∥Department of Bio-Materials, Graduate School, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- †Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Zhang XJ, Zhang XY, Zhang N, Guo X, Peng KS, Wu H, Lu LF, Wu N, Chen DD, Li S, Nie P, Zhang YA. Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4974-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Structural basis for the geometry-driven localization of a small protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1908-15. [PMID: 25825747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423868112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, certain shape-sensing proteins localize to differently curved membranes. During sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, the only convex (positively curved) surface in the cell is the forespore, an approximately spherical internal organelle. Previously, we demonstrated that SpoVM localizes to the forespore by preferentially adsorbing onto slightly convex membranes. Here, we used NMR and molecular dynamics simulations of SpoVM and a localization mutant (SpoVM(P9A)) to reveal that SpoVM's atypical amphipathic α-helix inserts deeply into the membrane and interacts extensively with acyl chains to sense packing differences in differently curved membranes. Based on binding to spherical supported lipid bilayers and Monte Carlo simulations, we hypothesize that SpoVM's membrane insertion, along with potential cooperative interactions with other SpoVM molecules in the lipid bilayer, drives its preferential localization onto slightly convex membranes. Such a mechanism, which is distinct from that used by high curvature-sensing proteins, may be widely conserved for the localization of proteins onto the surface of cellular organelles.
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Molecular dynamics methods to predict peptide locations in membranes: LAH4 as a stringent test case. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:581-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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46
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Bocchinfuso G, Conflitti P, Raniolo S, Caruso M, Mazzuca C, Gatto E, Placidi E, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Venanzi M, Palleschi A. Aggregation propensity of Aib homo-peptides of different length: an insight from molecular dynamics simulations. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:494-507. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Conflitti
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Raniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Mario Caruso
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- Department of Physics; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
- CNR-ISM; Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 I-00133 Roma Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; I-35131 Padua Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; I-35131 Padua Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; I-00133 Rome Italy
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