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Wang Y, Han H, Zhu K, Xu S, Han C, Jiang Y, Wei S, Qin Q. Functional Analysis of the Cathepsin D Gene Response to SGIV Infection in the Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081680. [PMID: 36016302 PMCID: PMC9413388 DOI: 10.3390/v14081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is a key regulator and signaling molecule in various biological processes including activation and degradation of intracellular proteins, the antigen process and programmed cell death. However, the function of fish CD in virus infection remains largely unknown. (2) Methods: The functions of the CD gene response to SGIV infection was determined with light microscopy, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, Western blot and flow cytometry. (3) Results: In this study, Ec-Cathepsin D (Ec-CD) was cloned and identified from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The open reading frame (ORF) of Ec-CD consisted of 1191 nucleotides encoding a 396 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.17 kDa. Ec-CD possessed typical CD structural features including an N-terminal signal peptide, a propeptide region and a mature domain including two glycosylation sites and two active sites, which were conserved in other CD sequences. Ec-CD was predominantly expressed in the spleen and kidneys of healthy groupers. A subcellular localization assay indicated that Ec-CD was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. Ec-CD expression was suppressed by SGIV stimulation and Ec-CD-overexpressing inhibited SGIV replication, SGIV-induced apoptosis, caspase 3/8/9 activity and the activation of reporter gene p53 and activating protein-1 (AP-1) in vitro. Simultaneously, Ec-CD overexpression obviously restrained the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, Ec-CD overexpression negatively regulated the transcription level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the NF-κB promotor. (4) Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the Ec-CD possibly served a function during SGIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Honglin Han
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China;
| | - Suifeng Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Chengzong Han
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yunxiang Jiang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Shina Wei
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Q.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.); Fax: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 528478, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Q.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.); Fax: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.)
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Srivastava A, Shukla P. Cyanobacterial Peptides: Metabolic Potential and Environmental Fate. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:375-378. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220314111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States of America
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme
Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cathepsin D inhibitors based on tasiamide B derivatives with cell membrane permeability. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 57:116646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goyal S, Patel KV, Nagare Y, Raykar DB, Raikar SS, Dolas A, Khurana P, Cyriac R, Sarak S, Gangar M, Agarwal AK, Kulkarni A. Identification and structure-activity relationship studies of small molecule inhibitors of the human cathepsin D. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115879. [PMID: 33271453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D, an aspartyl protease, is an attractive therapeutic target for various diseases, primarily cancer and osteoarthritis. However, despite several small molecule cathepsin D inhibitors being developed, that are highly potent, most of them show poor microsomal stability, which in turn limits their clinical translation. Herein, we describe the design, optimization and evaluation of a series of novel non-peptidic acylguanidine based small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin D. Optimization of our hit compound 1a (IC50 = 29 nM) led to the highly potent mono sulphonamide analogue 4b (IC50 = 4 nM), however with poor microsomal stability (HLM: 177 and MLM: 177 μl/min/mg). To further improve the microsomal stability while retaining the potency, we carried out an extensive structure-activity relationship screen which led to the identification of our optimised lead 24e (IC50 = 45 nM), with an improved microsomal stability (HLM: 59.1 and MLM: 86.8 μl/min/mg). Our efforts reveal that 24e could be a good starting point or potential candidate for further preclinical studies against diseases where Cathepsin D plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yadav Nagare
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | | | - Atul Dolas
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | | | - Sharad Sarak
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | - Anil K Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India; Avaliv Therapeutics, Naples, FL, USA.
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Tan LT, Phyo MY. Marine Cyanobacteria: A Source of Lead Compounds and their Clinically-Relevant Molecular Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:E2197. [PMID: 32397127 PMCID: PMC7249205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic filamentous marine cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microbes that are found in diverse marine habitats, ranging from epiphytic to endolithic communities. Their successful colonization in nature is largely attributed to genetic diversity as well as the production of ecologically important natural products. These cyanobacterial natural products are also a source of potential drug leads for the development of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of diseases, such as cancer, parasitic infections and inflammation. Major sources of these biomedically important natural compounds are found predominately from marine cyanobacterial orders Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, Chroococcales and Synechococcales. Moreover, technological advances in genomic and metabolomics approaches, such as mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, revealed that marine cyanobacteria are a treasure trove of structurally unique natural products. The high potency of a number of natural products are due to their specific interference with validated drug targets, such as proteasomes, proteases, histone deacetylases, microtubules, actin filaments and membrane receptors/channels. In this review, the chemistry and biology of selected potent cyanobacterial compounds as well as their synthetic analogues are presented based on their molecular targets. These molecules are discussed to reflect current research trends in drug discovery from marine cyanobacterial natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik Tong Tan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
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Graphene Oxide-Based Targeting of Extracellular Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L As A Novel Anti-Metastatic Enzyme Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030319. [PMID: 30845739 PMCID: PMC6468385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and secretion of the enzymes cathepsin D (CathD) and cathepsin L (CathL) is associated with metastasis in several human cancers. As a superfamily, extracellularly, these proteins may act within the tumor microenvironment to drive cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is important to discover novel therapeutic treatment strategies to target CathD and CathL and potentially impede metastasis. Graphene oxide (GO) could form the basis of such a strategy by acting as an adsorbent for pro-metastatic enzymes. Here, we have conducted research into the potential of targeted anti-metastatic therapy using GO to adsorb these pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Binding of CathD/L to GO revealed that CathD/L were adsorbed onto the surface of GO through its cationic and hydrophilic residues. This work could provide a roadmap for the rational integration of CathD/L-targeting agents into clinical settings.
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Li Z, Bao K, Xu H, Wu P, Li W, Liu J, Zhang W. Design, synthesis, and bioactivities of tasiamide B derivatives as cathepsin D inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3154. [PMID: 30734395 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cath D) is overexpressed and hypersecreted by malignant tumors and involved in the progress of tumor invasion, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Cath D has been considered as a potential target to treat cancer. Our previous studies revealed that tasiamide B derivatives TB-9 and TB-11 exhibited high potent inhibition against Cath D and other aspartic proteases, but their molecular weights are still high, and the role of each residue is unknown yet. Based on this, two series of tasiamide B derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cath D/Cath E/BACE1. Enzymatic assays revealed that the target compound 1 with lower molecule weight showed good inhibitory activity against Cath D with IC50 of 3.29 nM and satisfactory selectivity over Cath E (72-fold) and BACE1 (295-fold), which could be a valuable template for the design of highly potent and selective Cath D inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Keting Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Patel S, Homaei A, El-Seedi HR, Akhtar N. Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:526-532. [PMID: 29885636 PMCID: PMC7172164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden,Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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