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Kajikawa Y, Yokomi H, Narasaki S, Kamiya S, Miyoshi H, Kato T, Tsutsumi YM. Serotonin-Mediated Anti-Allodynic Effect of Yokukansan on Diabetes-Induced Neuropathic Pain. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4276. [PMID: 39064315 PMCID: PMC11277645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic neuropathic pain is a known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and results from the complex interaction of various factors affecting the nervous system. Yokuansan (YKS) is a versatile traditional Japanese herbal medicine with a wide range of applications, especially in pain management and neurological manifestations. YKS has analgesic properties for nerve damage and is a potential treatment for DM-induced neuropathic pain, especially in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Thus, we examined the anti-allodynic effect of YKS on DM-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: All experiments were performed on 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. DM and diabetic neuropathy were induced in rats with streptozotocin. Mechanical allodynia was assessed using dynamic plantar esthesiometry. Additionally, we conducted an immunological assessment of microglia cell changes in the spinal cord and an experiment to clarify the involvement of serotonin. Results: Diabetes significantly reduced withdrawal thresholds in rats during the initial two weeks of the experiment, which stabilized thereafter. However, this effect was not investigated in the control group. We assessed, using the dynamic plantar test, the anti-allodynic effects of orally administered YKS (1 g/kg). Daily YKS administration significantly increased the withdrawal threshold in DM animals. Additionally, oral YKS reduced the expression of Ibal-1-positive microglia. To elucidate the mechanism of action of YKS, we explored the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors in mediating its effects. Intrathecal administration of 5-HT receptor antagonists (WAY-100635, ketanserin, and ondansetron) inhibited the protective effects of YKS. Conclusions: YKS exhibited an anti-allodynic effect, suggesting that YKS may activate 5-HT receptors in the spinal cord, thereby alleviating diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuo M. Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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2
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Murphy M, Kaur V, Bui HL, Yang T, Erridge S, Holvey C, Coomber R, Rucker JJ, Weatherall MW, Sodergren MH. Clinical outcome analysis of patients with multiple sclerosis - Analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 87:105665. [PMID: 38728958 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whilst disease-modifying therapies are the cornerstone for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a need to develop novel therapeutics for the symptomatic sequalae of the disease. Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) have been suggested as a potential therapy for the associated pain, spasticity, and mental health disorders. However, there is a paucity of clinical evidence on CBMPs in MS. The aim of this study is to assess changes in MS-specific and general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes alongside adverse event incidence in patients prescribed CBMPs for MS from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry (UKMCR). METHOD Patients prescribed CBMPs for MS symptoms for longer than one month were identified from the UKMCR. The primary outcomes were changes from baseline in MS Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54), Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Single-Item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), and EQ-5D-5L scales at one month, three months and six months. p < 0.050 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS 141 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. There was an improvement in the following subscales of the MSQoL-54 at 6 months: change in health scale, cognitive function, mental health composition, physical health, role limitations due to physical limitation and due to emotional problems, as well as social and sexual function (p < 0.050). There were also improvements in the EQ-5D-5L index value, GAD-7 and SQS (p < 0.050). 146 (103.55 %) adverse events were reported in total. Most were considered mild (n = 47; 33.33 %) and moderate (n = 72; 51.06 %). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary analysis demonstrates a possible association with improved general health-related quality of life in those prescribed CBMPs for MS. Moreover, the results suggest that CBMPs are well-tolerated in the first 6 months of treatment. However, this must be interpreted with caution considering the limitations of the observational study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Murphy
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Varinder Kaur
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hanh Lan Bui
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toby Yang
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Erridge
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Curaleaf Clinic, London, UK
| | | | - Ross Coomber
- Curaleaf Clinic, London, UK; St. George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - James J Rucker
- Curaleaf Clinic, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK; South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark W Weatherall
- Curaleaf Clinic, London, UK; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham, UK
| | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Curaleaf Clinic, London, UK.
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3
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Hu Z, Qin Z, Xie J, Qu Y, Yin L. Cannabidiol and its application in the treatment of oral diseases: therapeutic potentials, routes of administration and prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116271. [PMID: 38788594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most important active ingredients in cannabis, has been reported to have some pharmacological effects such as antibacterial and analgesic effects, and to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of oral diseases such as oral cancer, gingivitis and periodontal diseases. However, there is a lack of relevant systematic research and reviews. Therefore, based on the etiology and clinical symptoms of several common oral diseases, this paper focuses on the therapeutic potential of CBD in periodontal diseases, pulp diseases, oral mucosal diseases, oral cancer and temporomandibular joint diseases. The pharmacological effects of CBD and the distribution and function of its receptors in the oral cavity are also summarized. In order to provide reference for future research and further clinical application of CBD, we also summarize several possible routes of administration and corresponding characteristics. Finally, the challenges faced while applying CBD clinically and possible solutions are discussed, and we also look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Hu
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zishun Qin
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinhong Xie
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Qu
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lihua Yin
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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4
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Pathak S, Jeyabalan JB, Liu K, Cook P, Lange B, Kim S, Nadar R, Ward K, Watts Alexander CS, Kumar A, Dua K, Moore T, Govindasamy J, Dhanasekaran M. Assessing effects of Cannabis on various neuropathologies: A systematic review. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100911. [PMID: 38876946 PMCID: PMC11282377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural bioactives possess a wide range of chemical structures that can exert a plethora of pharmacological and toxicological actions, resulting in neuroprotection or neurotoxicity. These pharmacodynamic properties can positively or negatively impact human and animal global healthcare. Remarkably, Ayurvedic botanical Cannabis has been used worldwide by different ethnicities and religions for spiritual, commercial, recreational, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and medicinal purposes for centuries. Cannabis-based congeners have been approved by the United States of America's (USA) Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and other global law agencies for various therapeutic purposes. Surprisingly, the strict laws associated with possessing cannabis products have been mitigated in multiple states in the USA and across the globe for recreational use. This has consequently led to a radical escalation of exposure to cannabis-related substances of abuse. However, there is a lacuna in the literature on the acute and chronic effects of Cannabis and its congeners on various neuropathologies. Moreover, in the post-COVID era, there has been a drastic increase in the incidence and prevalence of numerous neuropathologies, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. There is an impending necessity for a safe, economically viable, multipotent, natural bioactive to prevent and treat various neuropathologies. The ayurvedic herb, Cannabis is one of the oldest botanicals known to humans and has been widely used. However, the comprehensive effect of Cannabis on various neuropathologies is not well established. Hence, this review presents effects of Cannabis on various neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrud Pathak
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nilgiris, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India
| | - Keyi Liu
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Preston Cook
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Bennett Lange
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Shannon Kim
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Rishi Nadar
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kiersten Ward
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, 249405, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy Moore
- Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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5
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Xu Y, Yao L, Guo Y, Shi C, Zhou J, Hua M. The Potential Antinociceptive Effect and Mechanism of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats Uncovered by Multi-Omics Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:1958. [PMID: 38731449 PMCID: PMC11085863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is a herbaceous plant rich in cannabinoids with a long history of use in pain treatment. The most well-characterized cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), garnered much attention in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) treatment. However, few studies have investigated the biological benefits and mechanism of hemp extract on CIPN. In the present study, hemp extract (JG) rich in cannabinoids was extracted by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFCE). The antinociceptive efficacy was evaluated using a paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) rat model based on behavioral tests. Further omics-based approaches were applied to explore the potential mechanisms. The results showed that JG decreased mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and inflammatory cytokines in PIPN rats significantly. Transcriptome analysis identified seven key genes significantly regulated by JG in PIPN model rats, mainly related to the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway. In metabolomic analysis, a total of 39 significantly altered metabolites were identified, mainly correlated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Gut microbiota analysis suggested that increased community Lachnoclostridium and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 in PIPN rats can be reversed significantly by JG. In conclusion, hemp extract exhibited antinociceptive effects on PIPN. The analgesic mechanism was probably related to the regulation of inflammation, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, sphingolipid metabolism, etc. This study provides novel insights into the functional interactions of Cannabis sativa L. extract on PIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Moli Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (C.S.); (J.Z.)
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6
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Bian Z, Luo N, Sun J, Yu B, Fang J. The efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302228. [PMID: 38662762 PMCID: PMC11045088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, which is the most common neuropathy worldwide. Owing to the inadequacies of existing treatment methods, managing DPN remains a significant challenge. Studies suggest that electroacupuncture (EA) could potentially serve as a beneficial alternative treatment for this condition. Nevertheless, there is still inadequate proof of its therapeutic effectiveness and safety. As a result, the goal of this protocol is to methodically compile the data pertaining to the effectiveness and security of EA in the management of DPN. METHODS To find appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nine reliable databases in the English and Chinese languages will be examined. RevMan5.3 will be used to combine the retrieved data and perform meta-analyses. The methodological quality of the included RCTs will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment 2.0 tool. The Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be utilized to evaluate the degree of strength and certainty of the evidence. We will also perform publication bias, sensitivity and subgroup analyses. DISCUSSION This protocol describes the intended scope and approach for a forthcoming systematic review and meta-analysis that will inform therapeutic decision-making by offering current information on the efficacy and safety of EA in the treatment of DPN. The results of the study will help standardize strategies for EA in the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Massage, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bian
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Luo
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binyan Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Ahmadzadeh AM, Pourali G, Mirheidari SB, Shirazinia M, Hamedi M, Mehri A, Amirbeik H, Saghebdoust S, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Sathyapalan T, Forouzanfar F, Sahebkar A. Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:534-562. [PMID: 37455451 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230714143538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a disabling condition caused by various diseases and can profoundly impact the quality of life. Unfortunately, current treatments often do not produce complete amelioration and can be associated with potential side effects. Recently, herbal drugs have garnered more attention as an alternative or a complementary treatment. In this article, we summarized the results of randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of various phytomedicines on neuropathic pain. In addition, we discussed their main bioactive components and potential mechanisms of action to provide a better view of the application of herbal drugs for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Matin Shirazinia
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hamedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mehri
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Amirbeik
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Allam Diabetes Centre Hull Royal Infirmary Anlaby Road HU3 2JZ, Hull, UK.m
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Wilson G, Yang L, Su X, Ding S, Li L, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang W, Sa Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Ma X. Exploring the therapeutic potential of natural compounds modulating the endocannabinoid system in various diseases and disorders: review. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1410-1444. [PMID: 37906390 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids make up the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The components of the ECS are proven to modulate a vast bulk of various physiological and pathological processes due to their abundance throughout the human body. Such discoveries have attracted the researchers' attention and emerged as a potential therapeutical target for the treatment of various diseases. In the present article, we reviewed the discoveries of natural compounds, herbs, herbs formula, and their therapeutic properties in various diseases and disorders by modulating the ECS. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms through which these compounds elicit their properties by interacting with the ECS based on the existing findings. Our study provides the insight into the use of natural compounds that modulate ECS in various diseases and disorders, which in turn may facilitate future studies exploiting natural lead compounds as novel frameworks for designing more effective and safer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidion Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Liuyan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Youyue Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yuping Sa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Huatuo Road, Minhoushangjie, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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9
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Garcia-Luna GM, Bermudes-Contreras JD, Hernández-Correa S, Suarez-Ortiz JO, Diaz-Urbina D, Garfias-Ramirez SH, Vega AV, Villalobos-Molina R, Vilches-Flores A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Treatment Modifies Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Islets from Prediabetic Mice Under Hypercaloric Diet. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37267277 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The endocannabinoid system over-activation is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus onset, involving physiological, metabolic, and genetic alterations in pancreatic islets. The use of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as treatment is still controversial since its effects and mechanisms on insulin secretion are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of THC treatment in pancreatic islets from prediabetic mice. Methods: Prediabetes was induced in mice by hypercaloric diet, and then treated with THC for 3 weeks. Blood glucose and body weight were determined, after behavior tests. Histological changes were evaluated in whole pancreas; in isolated islets we analyzed the effect of THC exposure in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), gene expression, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and cytosolic calcium changes. Results: THC treatment in prediabetic mice enhanced anxiety and antidepressive behavior without changes in food ingestion, decreased oral-glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin and weight, with small alterations on pancreatic histology. In isolated islets from healthy mice THC increased GSIS, cAMP, and CB1 receptor (CB1r) expression, meanwhile calcium release was diminished. Small changes were observed in islets from prediabetic mice. Conclusions: THC treatment improves some clinical parameters in prediabetic mice, however, in isolated islets, modifies GSIS, intracellular calcium and gene expression, suggesting specific effects related to diabetes evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe M Garcia-Luna
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - J David Bermudes-Contreras
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Samantha Hernández-Correa
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Josue O Suarez-Ortiz
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Daniel Diaz-Urbina
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Sergio H Garfias-Ramirez
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Ana V Vega
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rafael Villalobos-Molina
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Alonso Vilches-Flores
- FES Iztacala, Department of Medical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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10
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Ramlugon S, Levendal R, Frost CL. Effect of oral cannabis administration on the fat depots of obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1806-1822. [PMID: 36437580 PMCID: PMC10947483 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and insulin-resistance is on the rise, globally. Cannabis have been shown to have anti-diabetic/obesity properties, however, the effect mediated at various fat depots remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the anti-diabetic property of an oral cannabis administration in an obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and (2) to determine and compare the effect mediated at the peritoneal and intramuscular fat level. Cannabis concentration of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (relative to THC content) was effective in reversing insulin-resistance in the rat model, unlike the other higher cannabinoid concentrations. At the peritoneal fat level, gene expression of fat beigeing markers, namely Cidea and UCP1, were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. At the intramuscular fat level, on the other hand, CE1.25 treatment did not promote fat beigeing but instead significantly increased mitochondrial activity, relative to the untreated control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of oral cannabis administration, where glucose and lipid homeostasis is restored, is not only dependent on the dosage but also on the type of fat depot investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaal Ramlugon
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Ruby‐Ann Levendal
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Carminita L. Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
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11
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Ghasemi-Gojani E, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Cannabinoids and terpenes for diabetes mellitus and its complications: from mechanisms to new therapies. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:828-849. [PMID: 36280497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The number of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and its complications is markedly increasing worldwide, leading to a worldwide epidemic across all age groups, from children to older adults. Diabetes is associated with premature aging. In recent years, it has been found that peripheral overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), and in particular cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) signaling, plays a crucial role in the progression of insulin resistance, diabetes (especially type 2), and its aging-related comorbidities such as atherosclerosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Therefore, it is suggested that peripheral blockade of CB1R may ameliorate diabetes and diabetes-related comorbidities. The use of synthetic CB1R antagonists such as rimonabant has been prohibited because of their psychiatric side effects. In contrast, phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), produced by cannabis, exhibit antagonistic activity on CB1R signaling and do not show any adverse side effects such as psychoactive effects, depression, or anxiety, thereby serving as potential candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In addition to these phytocannabinoids, cannabis also produces a substantial number of other phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids with therapeutic potential against insulin resistance, diabetes, and its complications. In this review, the pathogenesis of diabetes, its complications, and the potential to use cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids for its treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada.
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada.
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12
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Salimi A, Shabani M, Aylar EM. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and antioxidant effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces aluminium phosphide-induced cytotoxicity and dysfunction of cardiac mitochondria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105117. [PMID: 35715056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphine gas (PH3) released from aluminium phosphide (AlP) can inhibit cytochrome oxidase in cardiac mitochondria and induce generation of free radicals, oxidative stress, alteration in antioxidant defense system and cardiotoxicity. Available evidence suggests that cannabinoids have protective effects in the reduction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial and cardiovascular damages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of trans-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on AlP-induced toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and cardiac mitochondria. Rat heart isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria were cotreated with different concentrations of THC (10, 50 and 100 μM) and IC50 of AlP, then cellular and mitochondrial toxicity parameters were assayed. Treatment with AlP alone increased the cytotoxicity, depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid oxidation, mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) collapse and mitochondrial swelling, when compared to control group. However, incubation with THC (10, 50 and 100 μM) attenuated the AlP-induced changes in all these parameters in a THC concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the obtained results showed remarkably significant protective effects of THC by attenuation the different parameters of cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress induced by ALP in isolated cardiomyocytes and cardiac mitochondria. It is the first report showing the protective effects of THC against AlP-induced toxicity, and these effects are related to antioxidant potential and inhibition of mitochondria permeability transition (MPT) pore. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that THC may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AlP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Students Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Mojarad Aylar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Students Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compounds and Their Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040660. [PMID: 35453344 PMCID: PMC9030479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants from the family Cannabidaceae have been used since ancient times, to produce fibers, oil, and for medicinal purposes. Psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) are the main pharmacologically active compounds of Cannabis sativa. These compounds have, for a long time, been under extensive investigation, and their potent antioxidant and inflammatory properties have been reported, although the detailed mechanisms of their actions have not been fully clarified. CB1 receptors are suggested to be responsible for the analgesic effect of THC, while CB2 receptors may account for its immunomodulatory properties. Unlike THC, CBD has a very low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and behaves as their negative allosteric modulator. CBD activity, as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist, could be important for CBD anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the chemical properties and bioavailability of THC and CBD, their main mechanisms of action, and their role in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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14
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Kale MB, Bajaj K, Umare M, Wankhede NL, Taksande BG, Umekar MJ, Upaganlawar A. Exercise and Nutraceuticals: Eminent approach for Diabetic Neuropathy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:108-128. [PMID: 34191703 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210629123010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is an incapacitating chronic pathological condition that encompasses a large group of diseases and manifestations of nerve damage. It affects approximately 50% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Autonomic, sensory, and motor neurons are affected. Disabilities are severe, along with poor recovery and diverse pathophysiology. Physical exercise and herbal-based therapies have the potential to decrease the disabilities associated with diabetic neuropathy. Aerobic exercises like walking, weight lifting, the use of nutraceuticals and herbal extracts are found to be effective. Literature from the public domain was studied emphasizing various beneficial effects of different exercises, use of herbal and nutraceuticals for their therapeutic action in diabetic neuropathy. Routine exercises and administration of herbal and nutraceuticals, either the extract of plant material containing the active phytoconstituent or isolated phytoconstituent at safe concentration, have been shown to have promising positive action in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Exercise has shown promising effects on vascular and neuronal health and has proven to be well effective in the treatment as well as prevention of diabetic neuropathy by various novel mechanisms, including herbal and nutraceuticals therapy is also beneficial for the condition. They primarily show the anti-oxidant effect, secretagogue, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective action. Severe adverse events are rare with these therapies. The current review investigates the benefits of exercise and nutraceutical therapies in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Bhimrao Kale
- Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Komal Bajaj
- Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit Umare
- Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Milind Janrao Umekar
- Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad-42310, Nasik, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Ribeiro CB, Castro FDOFD, Dorneles GP, de Sousa Barros JB, Silva JM, Tavares C, Carvalho HR, Carlos da Cunha L, Nagib P, Hoffmann C, Peres A, Torres Romão PR, Pfrimer IAH, Fonseca SGD. The concomitant use of cannabis and cocaine coexists with increased LPS levels and systemic inflammation in male drug users. Cytokine 2021; 141:155472. [PMID: 33618152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use can cause a variety of effects including alterations in the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of illicit drugs on circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), systemic inflammation and oxidative stress markers in drug users. We evaluated the levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), LPS, inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total thiols in the peripheral blood of 81 men included in groups of cannabis (n = 21), cocaine (n = 12), cannabis-plus-cocaine users (n = 27), and non-drug users (n = 21). The use of cannabis plus cocaine leads to higher systemic levels of LPS, CRP, IL-6 and higher IL-6/IL-10 ratio, characterizing a proinflammatory profile. In contrast, a regulatory profile as viewed by lower systemic TNF-α and IL-6 levels and lower TNF-α/IL-10 ratio were observed in cannabis users compared to the control group. Moreover, cocaine users presented a lower content of non-enzymatic antioxidant thiol compared to control group, cannabis group and cannabis plus cocaine group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the use of cannabis contributes to an anti-inflammatory/or regulatory profile while the concomitant cannabis plus cocaine consumption coexists with increased circulating amounts of LPS and proinflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bastos Ribeiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jacyelle Medeiros Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Camila Tavares
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Nagib
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; iii-INCT-Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Brazil.
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16
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Waissengrin B, Mirelman D, Pelles S, Bukstein F, Blumenthal DT, Wolf I, Geva R. Effect of cannabis on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy among oncology patients: a retrospective analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:1758835921990203. [PMID: 33613702 PMCID: PMC7876573 DOI: 10.1177/1758835921990203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and dosage-limited oxaliplatin-related toxicity. To date, there are no successful interventions for CIPN prevention or treatment. A therapeutic role for cannabis in diabetic and HIV-related peripheral neuropathy and a protective role in CIPN have been suggested. We examined the effect of cannabis on oncologic patients with CIPN. Methods: Medical records of 768 consecutive patients treated with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil-based combinations at a tertiary medical center from October 2015 to January 2018 were reviewed. Excluded patients were those with pre-existing neuropathy or patients who received fewer than two cycles of oxaliplatin treatment. CIPN grade, oxaliplatin cumulative dose, and neuropathy-free survival were evaluated. The patients were divided based upon the exposure to cannabis: prior to oxaliplatin (cannabis-first), cannabis following the initiation of oxaliplatin treatment (oxaliplatin-first), and no exposure (control). Results: In total, 513 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 248 were treated with cannabis and 265 served as controls. The cannabis-first group included 116 (46.7%) patients and the oxaliplatin-first group included 132 (53.3%) patients. Demographic parameters were comparable between groups. There was a significant difference in CIPN grade 2–3 between cannabis-exposed patients and controls (15.3% and 27.9%, respectively, p < 0.001). The protective effect of cannabis was more pronounced among cannabis-first patients compared to oxaliplatin-first patients (75% and 46.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). The median oxaliplatin cumulative doses were higher in the cannabis-first versus the oxaliplatin-first versus the control groups (545 mg/m2, 340 mg/m2, and 425 mg/m2 respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of neuropathy was reduced among patients treated with cannabis and oxaliplatin. This reduction was more significant in patients who received cannabis prior to treatment with oxaliplatin, suggesting a protective effect. A large prospective trial is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barliz Waissengrin
- Division of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Mirelman
- Division of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Pelles
- Division of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Felix Bukstein
- Division of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ido Wolf
- Division of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ravit Geva
- Oncology Division, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
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17
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Distinctive Evidence Involved in the Role of Endocannabinoid Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective on Associated Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176235. [PMID: 32872273 PMCID: PMC7504186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is symptomatic and palliative, with levodopa/carbidopa therapy remaining the prime treatment, and nevertheless, being unable to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration. No available treatment for PD can enhance the patient's life-quality by regressing this diseased state. Various studies have encouraged the enrichment of treatment possibilities by discovering the association of the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in PD. These reviews delineate the reported evidence from the literature on the neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid system and expression of cannabinoid receptors in symptomatology, cause, and treatment of PD progression, wherein cannabinoid (CB) signalling experiences alterations of biphasic pattern during PD progression. Published papers to date were searched via MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., using specific key words in the topic of our manuscript. Endocannabinoids regulate the basal ganglia neuronal circuit pathways, synaptic plasticity, and motor functions via communication with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signalling systems bidirectionally in PD. Further, gripping preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the context regarding the cannabinoid compounds, which is supported by various evidence (neuroprotection, suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, glial activation, and additional benefits) provided by cannabinoid-like compounds (much research addresses the direct regulation of cannabinoids with dopamine transmission and other signalling pathways in PD). More data related to endocannabinoids efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles need to be explored, providing better insights into their potential to ameliorate or even regress PD.
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18
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Maayah ZH, Takahara S, Ferdaoussi M, Dyck JRB. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of formulated full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:549-558. [PMID: 32239248 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabis has been used for thousands of years in many cultures for the treatment of several ailments including pain. The benefits of cannabis are mediated largely by cannabinoids, the most prominent of which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). As such, THC and/or CBD have been investigated in clinical studies for the treatment of many conditions including neuropathic pain and acute or chronic inflammation. While a plethora of studies have examined the biochemical effects of purified THC and/or CBD, only a few have focused on the effects of full-spectrum cannabis plant extract. Accordingly, studies using purified THC or CBD may not accurately reflect the potential health benefits of full-spectrum cannabis extracts. Indeed, the cannabis plant produces a wide range of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive molecules which are likely to contribute to the different biological effects. The presence of all these bioactive molecules in cannabis extracts has garnered much attention of late especially with regard to their potential role in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Literature review was performed to further understand the effect of clinically used full-spectrum cannabis extract in patients with multiple sclerosis. RESULTS Herein, the current knowledge about the potential beneficial effects of existing products of full-spectrum cannabis extract in clinical studies involving patients with multiple sclerosis is extensively reviewed. In addition, the possible adverse effects associated with cannabis use is discussed along with how the method of extraction and the delivery mechanisms of different cannabis extracts contribute to the pharmacokinetic and biological effects of full-spectrum cannabis extracts.Herein, the current knowledge about the potential beneficial effects of existing products of full-spectrum cannabis extract in clinical studies involving patients with multiple sclerosis is extensively reviewed. In addition, the possible adverse effects associated with cannabis use is discussed along with how the method of extraction and the delivery mechanisms of different cannabis extracts contribute to the pharmacokinetic and biological effects of full-spectrum cannabis extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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19
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Maayah ZH, Takahara S, Ferdaoussi M, Dyck JRB. The molecular mechanisms that underpin the biological benefits of full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165771. [PMID: 32201189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. The biological effect of cannabis is mainly attributed to two major cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. In the majority of studies to-date, a purified tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone or in combination have been extensively examined in many studies for the treatment of numerous disorders including pain and inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the biological benefits of full-spectrum cannabis plant extract. Given that cannabis is known to generate a large number of cannabinoids along with numerous other biologically relevant products including terpenes, studies involving purified tetrahydrocannabinol and/or cannabidiol do not consider the potential biological benefits of the full-spectrum cannabis extracts. This may be especially true in the case of cannabis as a potential treatment of pain and inflammation. Herein, we review the pre-clinical physiological and molecular mechanisms in biological systems that are affected by cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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Cannabidiol improves metabolic dysfunction in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108819. [PMID: 31499052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a compound obtained from Cannabis sativa, has wide range of therapeutic properties, including mitigation of diabetes and neurodegeneration. Cerebral ischemia and consequent learning disabilities are aggravated in elderly diabetic subjects. However, there are no studies showing the effect of CBD treatment in elderly diabetes patients suffering cerebral ischemia. The present work tested the hypothesis that CBD treatment improves metabolic dysfunctions in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In this work, 350-day-old male Wistar streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were used. To induce cerebral ischemia was used a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), surgically, via the four-vessel occlusion/internal carotid artery (4-VO/ICA). Four diabetic groups were established: Non-CCH Treated Diabetic (DNT), CCH Treated Diabetic (DCT), Non-CCH Vehicle Diabetic (DNV), and CCH Vehicle Diabetic (DCV). Vehicle groups were not treated with CBD. The animals were treated during 30 days with 10 mg CBD/Kg bw/day. After treatment, the animals were euthanized, and blood levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, fructosamine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated. DCT group presented reduction of hyperglycemia and an increase of insulinemia. Also was observed lower fructosamine, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. AST and ALT concentration were reduced in CBD treated groups. CBD may be used as therapeutic tool to protect metabolism against injuries from diabetes aggravated by cerebral ischemia.
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21
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Baron EP. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science. Headache 2019; 58:1139-1186. [PMID: 30152161 DOI: 10.1111/head.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain. OBJECTIVE Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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22
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Karimi E, Abbasi S, Abbasi N. Thymol polymeric nanoparticle synthesis and its effects on the toxicity of high glucose on OEC cells: involvement of growth factors and integrin-linked kinase. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2513-2532. [PMID: 31440034 PMCID: PMC6664260 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s214454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Nowadays, the drug delivery system is important in the treatment of diseases. Purpose A polymeric nanoparticle modified by oleic acid (NPMO) as a Thymol (Thy) drug release system was synthesized from Thymbra spicata and its neurotrophic and angiogenic effects on rat’s olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in normal (NG) and high glucose (HG) conditions were studied. Methods The NPMO was characterized by using different spectroscopy methods, such as infrared, HNMR, CNMR, gel permeation chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Load and releasing were investigated by HPLC. The toxicity against OECs diet-induced by MTT assay. ROS and generation of nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein and Griess method, respectively. The expression of protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were evaluated by Western blotting. Results ThyNPMO is desirable for transferring drug as a carrier. The amount of Thy and extract (E) loaded on NPMO estimated at 43±2.5% and 41±1.8%, respectively. Then, 65% and 63% of the drug load were released, respectively. Thy, ThyNPMO, E, and ENPMO prevented HG-induced OECs cell death (EC50 33±1.5, 22±0.9, 35±1.8, and 25±1.1 μM, respectively). Incubation with Thy, ThyNPMO, E ,and ENPMO at high concentrations increased cell death with LC50 105±3.5, 82±2.8, 109±4.3, and 86±3.4 μM, respectively in HG states. Conclusion OECs were protected by ThyNPMO and ENPMO in protective concentrations by reducing the amount of ROS and NO, maintaining ILK, reducing VEGF, and increasing BDNF and NGF. The mentioned mechanisms were totally reversed at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.,Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shahryar Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Naser Abbasi
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Yanar K, Coskun ZM, Beydogan AB, Aydin S, Bolkent S. The effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on Krüppel-like factor-4 expression, redox homeostasis, and inflammation in the kidney of diabetic rat. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16219-16228. [PMID: 31081965 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multifactorial disorder that is attributed to pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pancreatic β cell dysfunction results in declining utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues as kidney and it leads to nephropathy. Excessive production and accumulation of free radicals and incapable antioxidant defense system lead to impaired redox status. Macromolecular damage may occur due to impaired redox status and also immune imbalance. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main active ingredient in cannabis. THC acts as an immunomodulator and an antioxidant agent. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of THC in the diabetic kidney. We analyzed macromolecular damage biomarkers as protein carbonyl (PCO), lipid hydroperoxide (LHP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and antioxidant defense system biomarkers as thiol fractions (T-SH, NP-SH, P-SH) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity for the antioxidative effects of THC. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Krüppel-like factor-4, secreted immunopositive cell number changes of interleukin-6, nuclear factor κβ (NF-κβ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels were analyzed for the immunomodulatory activity of THC. Diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of PCO, LHP, MDA, and 8-OHdG when compared with controls (P < 0.05 for each parameter). THC significantly reduced the elevated levels of PCO and 8-OHdG (P < 0.05 for both parameters) and also LHP and MDA levels were insignificantly reduced by THC. Also, thiol fractions insignificantly increased in THC administered diabetic kidney when compared with diabetic rats. The NF-κβ cell number significantly decreased in the diabetic rats treated with THC compared with the diabetic group. According to our data, THC has ameliorative effects on the impaired redox status of diabetic kidney and also it acts as an immunomodulator. Therefore, THC might be used as a therapeutic agent for diabetic kidneys but its usage in the healthy kidney may show adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mine Coskun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alisa Bahar Beydogan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Plant-derived medicines for neuropathies: a comprehensive review of clinical evidence. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:671-684. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuropathy is defined as the damage to the peripheral or central nervous system accompanied by pain, numbness, or muscle weakness, which can be due to congenital diseases or environmental factors such as diabetes, trauma, or viral infections. As current treatments are not sufficiently able to control the disease, studies focusing on the identification and discovery of new therapeutic agents are necessary. Natural products have been used for a long time for the management of different neurological problems including neuropathies. The aim of the present study is to review the current clinical data on the beneficial effects of medicinal plants in neuropathy. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched with the keywords ‘neuropathy’ in the title/abstract and ‘plant’ or ‘extract’ or ‘herb’ in the whole text from inception until August 2017. From a total of 3679 papers, 22 studies were finally included. Medicinal plants were evaluated clinically in several types of neuropathy, including diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, and HIV-associated neuropathy. Some studies reported the improvement in pain, nerve function, nerve conduction velocity, and quality of life. Cannabis sativa (hemp), Linum usitatissimum (linseed oil), capsaicin, and a polyherbal Japanese formulation called Goshajinkigan had the most evidence regarding their clinical efficacy. Other investigated herbal medicines in neuropathy, such as Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), had only one clinical trial. Thus, future studies are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of such natural medicines as a complementary or alternative treatment for neuropathy.
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25
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Hacke ACM, Lima D, de Costa F, Deshmukh K, Li N, Chow AM, Marques JA, Pereira RP, Kerman K. Probing the antioxidant activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in Cannabis sativa extracts. Analyst 2019; 144:4952-4961. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A good correlation was obtained between the antioxidant activities of Cannabis sativa samples determined by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhésmon Lima
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
- Ponta Grossa
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Nan Li
- Lupos (Canada) Biotechnology Inc
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | | | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
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26
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Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E, Ortiz R, Noé V, Ciudad CJ, Franco R. Resveratrol and Related Stilbenoids, Nutraceutical/Dietary Complements with Health-Promoting Actions: Industrial Production, Safety, and the Search for Mode of Action. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:808-826. [PMID: 33350112 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential of stilbenoids as nutraceuticals. Stilbenoid compounds in wine are considered key factors in health-promoting benefits. Resveratrol and resveratrol-related compounds are found in a large diversity of vegetal products. The stilbene composition varies from wine to wine and from one season to another. Therefore, the article also reviews how food science and technology and wine industry may help in providing wines and/or food supplements with efficacious concentrations of stilbenes. The review also presents results from clinical trials and those derived from genomic/transcriptomic studies. The most studied stilbenoid, resveratrol, is a very safe compound. On the other hand, the potential benefits of stilbene intake are multiple and are apparently due to downregulation more than upregulation of gene expression. The field may take advantage from identifying the mechanism of action(s) and from providing useful data to show evidence for specific health benefits in a given tissue or for combating a given disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Inst. of Biomedicine of the Univ. of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Dept. of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Inst. de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Psicología, Univ. de Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Inst. de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Véronique Noé
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Inst. of Nanotechnology of the Univ. of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos J Ciudad
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Inst. of Nanotechnology of the Univ. of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Inst. of Biomedicine of the Univ. of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Baron EP, Lucas P, Eades J, Hogue O. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:37. [PMID: 29797104 PMCID: PMC5968020 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal cannabis registries typically report pain as the most common reason for use. It would be clinically useful to identify patterns of cannabis treatment in migraine and headache, as compared to arthritis and chronic pain, and to analyze preferred cannabis strains, biochemical profiles, and prescription medication substitutions with cannabis. METHODS Via electronic survey in medicinal cannabis patients with headache, arthritis, and chronic pain, demographics and patterns of cannabis use including methods, frequency, quantity, preferred strains, cannabinoid and terpene profiles, and prescription substitutions were recorded. Cannabis use for migraine among headache patients was assessed via the ID Migraine™ questionnaire, a validated screen used to predict the probability of migraine. RESULTS Of 2032 patients, 21 illnesses were treated with cannabis. Pain syndromes accounted for 42.4% (n = 861) overall; chronic pain 29.4% (n = 598;), arthritis 9.3% (n = 188), and headache 3.7% (n = 75;). Across all 21 illnesses, headache was a symptom treated with cannabis in 24.9% (n = 505). These patients were given the ID Migraine™ questionnaire, with 68% (n = 343) giving 3 "Yes" responses, 20% (n = 102) giving 2 "Yes" responses (97% and 93% probability of migraine, respectively). Therefore, 88% (n = 445) of headache patients were treating probable migraine with cannabis. Hybrid strains were most preferred across all pain subtypes, with "OG Shark" the most preferred strain in the ID Migraine™ and headache groups. Many pain patients substituted prescription medications with cannabis (41.2-59.5%), most commonly opiates/opioids (40.5-72.8%). Prescription substitution in headache patients included opiates/opioids (43.4%), anti-depressant/anti-anxiety (39%), NSAIDs (21%), triptans (8.1%), anti-convulsants (7.7%), muscle relaxers (7%), ergots (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS Chronic pain was the most common reason for cannabis use, consistent with most registries. The majority of headache patients treating with cannabis were positive for migraine. Hybrid strains were preferred in ID Migraine™, headache, and most pain groups, with "OG Shark", a high THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol)/THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), low CBD (cannabidiol)/CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), strain with predominant terpenes β-caryophyllene and β-myrcene, most preferred in the headache and ID Migraine™ groups. This could reflect the potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-emetic properties of THC, with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of β-caryophyllene and β-myrcene. Opiates/opioids were most commonly substituted with cannabis. Prospective studies are needed, but results may provide early insight into optimizing crossbred cannabis strains, synergistic biochemical profiles, dosing, and patterns of use in the treatment of headache, migraine, and chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Baron
- Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, 10524 Euclid Avenue, C21, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Philippe Lucas
- Tilray, 1100 Maughan Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1J2 Canada
- Social Dimensions of Health, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC V8N 5M8 Canada
| | - Joshua Eades
- Tilray, 1100 Maughan Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1J2 Canada
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, JJN3, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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de Lima ME, Colpo AZC, Rosa H, Salgueiro ACF, da Silva MP, Noronha DS, Santamaría A, Folmer V. Ilex paraguariensis extracts reduce blood glucose, peripheral neuropathy and oxidative damage in male mice exposed to streptozotocin. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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29
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Tiwari R, Siddiqui MH, Mahmood T, Bagga P, Ahsan F, Shamim A. Herbal Remedies: A Boon for Diabetic Neuropathy. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:470-490. [PMID: 29580105 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1441203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus affecting about 50% of patients. Its symptoms include decreased motility and severe pain in peripheral parts. The pathogenesis involved is an abnormality in blood vessels that supply the peripheral nerves, metabolic disorders such as myo-inositol depletion, and increased nonenzymatic glycation. Moreover, oxidative stress in neurons results in activation of multiple biochemical pathways, which results in the generation of free radicals. Apart from available marketed formulations, extensive research is being carried out on herbal-based natural products to control hyperglycemia and its associated complications. This review is focused to provide a summary on diabetic neuropathy covering its etiology, types, and existing work on herbal-based therapies, which include pure compounds isolated from plant materials, plant extracts, and Ayurvedic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Tiwari
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Integral University , Dasauli , Lucknow , India
| | - Mohd Haris Siddiqui
- b Associate Professor & Head, Department of Bioengineering , Integral University , Dasauli, Lucknow , India
| | - Tarique Mahmood
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Integral University , Dasauli , Lucknow , India
| | - Paramdeep Bagga
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Integral University , Dasauli , Lucknow , India
| | - Farogh Ahsan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Integral University , Dasauli , Lucknow , India
| | - Arshiya Shamim
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Integral University , Dasauli , Lucknow , India
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Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Cardiovascular Dysfunction in STZ-Diabetic Wistar-Kyoto Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7974149. [PMID: 29181404 PMCID: PMC5664274 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7974149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if chronic, low-dose administration of a nonspecific cannabinoid receptor agonist could provide cardioprotective effects in a model of type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in eight-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats via a single intravenous dose of streptozotocin (65 mg kg−1). Following the induction of diabetes, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered via intraperitoneal injection (0.15 mg kg−1 day−1) for an eight-week period until the animals reached sixteen weeks of age. Upon completion of the treatment regime, assessments of vascular reactivity and left ventricular function and electrophysiology were made, as were serum markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol administration to diabetic animals significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations and attenuated pathological changes in serum markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Positive changes to biochemical indices in diabetic animals conferred improvements in myocardial and vascular function. This study demonstrates that chronic, low-dose administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol can elicit antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effects in diabetic animals, leading to improvements in end organ function of the cardiovascular system. Implications from this study suggest that cannabinoid receptors may be a potential new target for the treatment of diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease.
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31
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Singh H, Bhushan S, Arora R, Singh Buttar H, Arora S, Singh B. Alternative treatment strategies for neuropathic pain: Role of Indian medicinal plants and compounds of plant origin-A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:634-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Lamberti A, Ranieri R, Cuomo G, Abate M, Faggiana G, Proto MC, Fiore D, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:133-150. [PMID: 28232276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, several lines of evidence support a therapeutic potential of Cannabis derivatives and in particular phytocannabinoids. Δ9-THC and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant phytocannabinoids in Cannabis plants and therapeutic application for both compounds have been suggested. However, CBD is recently emerging as a therapeutic agent in numerous pathological conditions since devoid of the psychoactive side effects exhibited instead by Δ9-THC. In this review, we highlight the pharmacological activities of CBD, its cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent action, its biological effects focusing on immunomodulation, angiogenetic properties, and modulation of neuronal and cardiovascular function. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol is also highlighted, in particular in nuerological diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Lamberti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Gaia Cuomo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giorgio Faggiana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy; Corporea, Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy.
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Almogbel E, Rasheed N. Protein Mediated Oxidative Stress in Patients with Diabetes and its Associated Neuropathy: Correlation with Protein Carbonylation and Disease Activity Markers. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BC21-BC25. [PMID: 28384853 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23789.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free radicals have been implicated as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) contributors in type 2 DM and its associated Diabetes Mellitus Neuropathy (DMN). However, the potential for protein mediated oxidative stress to contribute disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. AIM To investigate the status and contribution of protein mediated oxidative stress in patients with DM or DMN and to explore whether oxidative protein modification has a role in DM progression to DM associated neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 42 DM and 37 DMN patients with varying levels of disease activities biomarkers (HbA1C, patients' age or disease duration) and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated for serum levels of protein mediated oxidative stress. RESULTS Serum analysis showed significantly higher levels of protein carbonyl contents in both DM and DMN patients compared with healthy controls. Importantly, not only was there an increased number of subjects positive for protein carbonylation, but also the levels of protein carbonyl contents were significantly higher among DM and DMN patients, whose HbA1C were ≥8.8 as compared with patients with lower HbA1C (HbA1C<8.8). Similar pattern of protein carbonyls formation was also observed with patients' ages or with patient's disease durations, suggesting a possible relationship between protein oxidation and disease progression. Furthermore, sera from DMN patients had higher levels of protein carbonylation compared with non-neuropathic DM patients' sera, suggesting an involvement of protein oxidation in the progression of diabetes to diabetes neuropathy. CONCLUSION These findings support an association between protein oxidation and DM or DMN progression. The stronger response observed in patients with higher HbA1C or patients' ages or disease durations suggests, that protein mediated oxidative stress may be useful in evaluating the progression of DM and its associated DMN and in elucidating the mechanisms of these disorders pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal Almogbel
- Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University , Buraidah, KSA
| | - Naila Rasheed
- Specialist Doctor, Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University , Buraidah, KSA
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Castelli M, Amodeo G, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Maftei D, Gotti C, Pistillo F, Onnis V, Congu C, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Prevents and Reverses Allodynia and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146259. [PMID: 26730729 PMCID: PMC4701417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a severe diabetes complication and its treatment is not satisfactory. It is associated with neuroinflammation-related events that participate in pain generation and chronicization. Prokineticins are a new family of chemokines that has emerged as critical players in immune system, inflammation and pain. We investigated the role of prokineticins and their receptors as modulators of neuropathic pain and inflammatory responses in experimental diabetes. In streptozotocin-induced-diabetes in mice, the time course expression of prokineticin and its receptors was evaluated in spinal cord and sciatic nerves, and correlated with mechanical allodynia. Spinal cord and sciatic nerve pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured as protein and mRNA, and spinal cord GluR subunits expression studied. The effect of preventive and therapeutic treatment with the prokineticin receptor antagonist PC1 on behavioural and biochemical parameters was evaluated. Peripheral immune activation was assessed measuring macrophage and T-helper cytokine production. An up-regulation of the Prokineticin system was present in spinal cord and nerves of diabetic mice, and correlated with allodynia. Therapeutic PC1 reversed allodynia while preventive treatment blocked its development. PC1 normalized prokineticin levels and prevented the up-regulation of GluN2B subunits in the spinal cord. The antagonist restored the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance altered in spinal cord and nerves and also reduced peripheral immune system activation in diabetic mice, decreasing macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and the T-helper 1 phenotype. The prokineticin system contributes to altered sensitivity in diabetic neuropathy and its inhibition blocked both allodynia and inflammatory events underlying disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuralgia/genetics
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/prevention & control
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sciatic Nerve/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Triazines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Pistillo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cenzo Congu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto E. Panerai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Costa MA, Fonseca BM, Marques F, Teixeira NA, Correia-da-Silva G. The psychoactive compound of Cannabis sativa, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibits the human trophoblast cell turnover. Toxicology 2015; 334:94-103. [PMID: 26070387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The noxious effects of cannabis consumption for fertility and pregnancy outcome are recognized for years. Its consumption during gestation is associated with alterations in foetal growth, low birth weight and preterm labor. The main psychoactive molecule of cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs the production of reproductive hormones and is also able to cross the placenta barrier. However, its effect on the main placental cells, the trophoblasts, are unknown. Actually, the role of THC in cell survival/death of primary human cytotrophoblasts (CTs) and syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) and in the syncytialization process remains to be explored. Here, we show that THC has a dual effect, enhancing MTT metabolism at low concentrations, whereas higher doses decreased cell viability, on both trophoblast phenotypes, though the effects on STs were more evident. THC also diminished the generation of oxidative and nitrative stress and the oxidized form of glutathione, whereas the reduced form of this tripeptide was increased, suggesting that THC prevents ST cell death due to an antioxidant effect. Moreover, this compound enhanced the mitochondrial function of STs, as observed by the increased MTT metabolism and intracellular ATP levels. These effects were independent of cannabinoid receptors activation. Besides, THC impaired CT differentiation into STs, since it decreased the expression of biochemical and morphological biomarkers of syncytialization, through a cannabinoid receptor-dependent mechanism. Together, these results suggest that THC interferes with trophoblast turnover, preventing trophoblast cell death and differentiation, and contribute to disclose the cellular mechanisms that lead to pregnancy complications in women that consume cannabis-derived drugs during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - B M Fonseca
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Marques
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N A Teixeira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Promising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson's disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotection. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:17. [PMID: 25888232 PMCID: PMC4404240 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slow insidious neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Although several recent preclinical advances have proposed to treat PD, there is hardly any clinically proved new therapeutic for its cure. Increasing evidence suggests a prominent modulatory function of the cannabinoid signaling system in the basal ganglia. Hence, use of cannabinoids as a new therapeutic target has been recommended as a promising therapy for PD. The elements of the endocannabinoid system are highly expressed in the neural circuit of basal ganglia wherein they bidirectionally interact with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signaling systems. As the cannabinoid signaling system undergoes a biphasic pattern of change during progression of PD, it explains the motor inhibition typically observed in patients with PD. Cannabinoid agonists such as WIN-55,212-2 have been demonstrated experimentally as neuroprotective agents in PD, with respect to their ability to suppress excitotoxicity, glial activation, and oxidative injury that causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Additional benefits provided by cannabinoid related compounds including CE-178253, oleoylethanolamide, nabilone and HU-210 have been reported to possess efficacy against bradykinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD. Despite promising preclinical studies for PD, use of cannabinoids has not been studied extensively at the clinical level. In this review, we reassess the existing evidence suggesting involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology, and treatment of PD. We will try to identify future threads of research that will help in the understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of the cannabinoid system for treating PD.
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Coskun ZM, Bolkent S. Biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-treated type 2 diabetic rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:112-6. [PMID: 23845579 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of glucose, lipid metabolism and immunoreactivities of insulin and glucagon peptides by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) in diabetes were examined in an experimental rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) Δ(9)-THC treated, (3) diabetic, and (4) diabetic+Δ(9)-THC. The type 2 diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of nicotinamide (85 mg/kg body weight) followed after 15 min by i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 65 mg/kg of body weight. Δ(9)-THC and Δ(9)-THC treated diabetic groups received 3mg/kg/day of Δ(9)-THC for 7 days. The immunolocalization of insulin and glucagon peptides was investigated in the pancreas using a streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and total protein (TP) levels were measured in serum. Total islet area percent of insulin immunoreactive cells slightly changed in diabetic+Δ(9)-THC rats compared to diabetic animals. However, the area percent of glucagon immunoreactive cells showed a decrease in diabetic+Δ(9)-THC rats compared to that of diabetic animals alone. Serum TC, HDL and LDL levels of diabetes+Δ(9)-THC group showed a decrease compared to the diabetic group. These results indicate that Δ(9)-THC may serve a protective role against hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Mine Coskun
- Health Services Vocational School, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Singh R, Kaur N, Kishore L, Gupta GK. Management of diabetic complications: a chemical constituents based approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:51-70. [PMID: 24041460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Long term hyperglycemia leads to development of complications associated with diabetes. Diabetic complications are now a global health problem without effective therapeutic approach. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress are important components for the development of diabetic complications. Over the past few decades, herbal medicines have attracted much attention as potential therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications due to their multiple targets and less toxic side effects. This review aims to assess the current available knowledge of medicinal herbs for attenuation and management of diabetic complications and their underlying mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bibliographic investigation was carried out by scrutinizing classical text books and peer reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases (SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, NISCAIR, Google Scholar) to retrieve available published literature. The inclusion criteria for the selection of plants were based upon all medicinal herbs and their active compounds with attributed potentials in relieving diabetic complications. Moreover, plants which have potential effect in ameliorating oxidative stress in diabetic animals have been included. RESULTS Overall, 238 articles were reviewed for plant literature and out of the reviewed literature, 127 articles were selected for the study. Various medicinal plants/plant extracts containing flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, saponins and phytosterol type chemical constituents were found to be effective in the management of diabetic complications. This effect might be attributed to amelioration of persistent hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and modulation of various metabolic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. CONCLUSION Screening chemical candidate from herbal medicine might be a promising approach for new drug discovery to treat the diabetic complications. There is still a dire need to explore the mechanism of action of various plant extracts and their toxicity profile and to determine their role in therapy of diabetic complications. Moreover, a perfect rodent model which completely mimics human diabetic complications should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randhir Singh
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
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Díaz-Flores M, Angeles-Mejia S, Baiza-Gutman LA, Medina-Navarro R, Hernández-Saavedra D, Ortega-Camarillo C, Roman-Ramos R, Cruz M, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. Effect of an aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché on the glutathione redox cycle in mice with STZ-induced diabetes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:101-108. [PMID: 22960550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Cucurbita ficifolia is used in Mexican traditional medicine as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent and its actions can be mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. Disturbance in the homeostasis of glutathione has been implicated in the etiology and progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS It was evaluated, the effect of an aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia on glycemia, plasma lipid peroxidation; as well as levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione and activities of enzymes involved in glutathione redox cycle: glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in liver, pancreas, kidney and heart homogenates of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. RESULTS Increased blood glucose and lipid peroxidation, together with decreased of GSH concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and its redox potential (E(h)), and enhanced activity of GPx and GR in liver, pancreas and kidney were the salient features observed in diabetic mice. Administration of the aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia to diabetic mice for 30 days, used at a dose of 200 mg/kg, resulted in a significant reduction in glycemia, polydipsia, hyperphagia and plasma lipid peroxidation. Moreover, GSH was increased in liver, pancreas and kidney, and GSSG was reduced in liver, pancreas and heart, therefore GSH/GSSG ratio and its E(h) were restored. Also, the activities involved in the glutathione cycle were decreased, reaching similar values to controls. CONCLUSIONS An aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia with hypoglycemic action, improve GSH redox state, increasing glutathione pool, GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio and its E(h), mechanism that can explain, at least in part, its antioxidant properties, supporting its use as an alternative treatment for the control of diabetes mellitus, and prevent the induction of complications by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Díaz-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México, México.
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Taliyan R, Sharma PL. Protective effect and potential mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on STZ-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1823-9. [PMID: 22422566 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes induced neuropathic pain is recognized as one of the most difficult types of pain to treat with conventional analgaesics. EGb 761 is a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba that has analgaesic and antiinflammatory properties and modulatory effects on key pain-related molecules. We examined the effect of EGb 761 on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neuropathic pain behaviours and assessed its mechanism of action. Streptozotocin (20 mg/kg i.p for 5 days) was administered to induce experimental diabetes. Pain hypersensitivity to radiant heat was measured using the Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer to test the pain threshold. Diabetic rats exhibited mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperanalgaesia after the third week of STZ injection and concomitantly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and nitric oxide concentration. The antioxidant enzymes level of superoxide dismutase and catalase was markedly reduced in STZ-diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Systemic administration of EGb 761 (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), starting after the third week following STZ injection, dose-dependently reversed STZ-induced thermal hyperanalgaesia and mechanical allodynia. Moreover, it reduced oxidonitrosative stress and concomitantly restored the level of antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05) as compared with untreated diabetic rats. These results suggest that EGb 761 attenuated STZ-induced neuropathic pain behaviours by inhibiting oxidative and nitrosative stress and may constitute a new approach for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India.
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Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1344-64. [PMID: 21749363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain continues to be a difficult and challenging clinical issue to deal with effectively. Painful diabetic polyneuropathy is a complex pain condition that occurs with reasonable frequency in the population and it may be extremely difficult for clinicians to provide patients with effective analgesia. Chronic neuropathic pain may occur in approximately one of every four diabetic patients. The pain may be described as burning or a deep-seated ache with sporadic paroxysms of lancinating painful exacerbations. The pain is often constant, moderate to severe in intensity, usually primarily involves the feet and generally tends to worsen at night. Treatment may be multimodal but largely involves pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological therapeutic options include antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), α2δ ligands and topical (5%) lidocaine patch. Other agents may be different antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate), topical capsaicin, tramadol and other opioids. Progress continues with respect to understanding various mechanisms that may contribute to painful diabetic neuropathy. Agents that may hold some promise include neurotrophic factors, growth factors, immunomodulators, gene therapy and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. It is hoped that in the future clinicians will be able to assess patient pathophysiology, which may help them to match optimal therapeutic agents to target individual patient aberrant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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Valsecchi AE, Franchi S, Panerai AE, Rossi A, Sacerdote P, Colleoni M. The soy isoflavone genistein reverses oxidative and inflammatory state, neuropathic pain, neurotrophic and vasculature deficits in diabetes mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:694-702. [PMID: 21050844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of diabetes complications remains a substantial challenge. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of the soy isoflavone genistein in attenuating the signs that follow diabetes onset: nociceptive hypersensitivity, oxidative and inflammatory state, nerve growth factor (NGF) decrease and vascular dysfunctions. Genistein (3 and 6 mg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6J streptozotocin diabetic mice from the 2nd till the 5th week after disease induction. The hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (tactile allodynia) was evaluated by a von Frey filament. The oxidative stress was assessed measuring: reactive oxygen species by fluorimetric analysis, both the lipoperoxide content, as malondialdehyde, the antioxidant enzymatic activities spectrophotometrically and the glutathione content spectrofluorimetrically. Proinflammatory cytokines and NGF were measured in the sciatic nerve by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aortic inducible (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein content was measured by western immunoblotting. Genistein relieved diabetic peripheral painful neuropathy, reverted the proinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species overproduction, and restored the NGF content in diabetic sciatic nerve. Furthermore it restored the GSH content and the GSH and GSSG ratio, improved the antioxidant enzymes activities, decreased reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxide level in the brain and liver. Finally it restored the iNOS and eNOS content and the superoxide dismutase activity in thoracic aorta. Hyperglycaemia and weight decrease were not affected. Genistein is able to reverse a diabetes established condition of allodynia, oxidative stress and inflammation, ameliorates NGF content and the vascular dysfunction, thus suggesting its possible therapeutic use for diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elisa Valsecchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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