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Amodeo G, Magni G, Galimberti G, Riboldi B, Franchi S, Sacerdote P, Ceruti S. Neuroinflammation in osteoarthritis: From pain to mood disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116182. [PMID: 38556026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of musculoskeletal disease, and its prevalence is increasing due to the aging of the population. Chronic pain is the most burdensome symptom of OA that significantly lowers patients' quality of life, also due to its frequent association with emotional comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression. In recent years, both chronic pain and mood alterations have been linked to the development of neuroinflammation in the peripheral nervous system, spinal cord and supraspinal brain areas. Thus, mechanisms at the basis of the development of the neuroinflammatory process may indicate promising targets for novel treatment for pain and affective comorbidities that accompany OA. In order to assess the key role of neuroinflammation in the maintenance of chronic pain and its potential involvement in development of psychiatric components, the monoiodoacetate (MIA) model of OA in rodents has been used and validated. In the present commentary article, we aim to summarize up-to-date results achieved in this experimental model of OA, focusing on glia activation and cytokine production in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cord and brain areas. The association of a neuroinflammatory state with the development of pain and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors are discussed. Results suggest that cells and molecules involved in neuroinflammation may represent novel targets for innovative pharmacological treatments of OA pain and mood comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Giulia Magni
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Benedetta Riboldi
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Pain Therapy and Neuroimmunology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9 -20133 Milan (IT), Italy.
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Amodeo G, Franchi S, Galimberti G, Riboldi B, Sacerdote P. The Prokineticin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Clinical and Preclinical Overview. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2985. [PMID: 38001985 PMCID: PMC10669895 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBDs clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and characterized by a chronic relapsing-remitting course. Typical gastrointestinal signs and symptoms include diarrhea, GI bleeding, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Moreover, the presence of pain often manifests in the remitting disease phase. As a result, patients report a further reduction in life quality. Despite the scientific advances implemented in the last two decades and the therapies aimed at inducing or maintaining IBDs in a remissive condition, to date, their pathophysiology still remains unknown. In this scenario, the importance of identifying a common and effective therapeutic target for both digestive symptoms and pain remains a priority. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have reported the prokineticin system (PKS) as an emerging therapeutic target for IBDs. PKS alterations are likely to play a role in IBDs at multiple levels, such as in intestinal motility, local inflammation, ulceration processes, localized abdominal and visceral pain, as well as central nervous system sensitization, leading to the development of chronic and widespread pain. This narrative review summarized the evidence about the involvement of the PKS in IBD and discussed its potential as a druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (G.G.); (B.R.); (P.S.)
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Amodeo G, Franchi S, D’Agnelli S, Galimberti G, Baciarello M, Bignami EG, Sacerdote P. Supraspinal neuroinflammation and anxio-depressive-like behaviors in young- and older- adult mice with osteoarthritis pain: the effect of morphine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2131-2146. [PMID: 37530884 PMCID: PMC10506934 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Asteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain in the elderly population and is often associated with emotional comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Despite age is a risk factor for both OA and mood disorders, preclinical studies are mainly conducted in young adult animals. OBJECTIVES Here, using young adult (11-week-old) and older adult (20-month-old) mice, we evaluate in a monosodium-iodoacetate-(MIA)-induced OA model the development of anxio-depressive-like behaviors and whether brain neuroinflammation may underlie the observed changes. We also test whether an effective pain treatment may prevent behavioral and biochemical alterations. METHODS Mechanical allodynia was monitored throughout the experimental protocol, while at the end of protocol (14 days), anxio-depressive-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction were assessed. Neuroinflammatory condition was evaluated in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Serum IFNγ levels were also measured. Moreover, we test the efficacy of a 1-week treatment with morphine (2.5 mg/kg) on pain, mood alterations and neuroinflammation. RESULTS We observed that young adult and older adult controls (CTRs) mice had comparable allodynic thresholds and developed similar allodynia after MIA injection. Older adult CTRs were characterized by altered behavior in the tests used to assess the presence of depression and cognitive impairment and by elevated neuroinflammatory markers in brain areas compared to younger ones. The presence of pain induced depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation in adult young mice, anxiety-like behavior in both age groups and worsened neuroinflammation in older adult mice. Morphine treatment counteracted pain, anxio-depressive behaviors and neuroinflammatory activation in both young adult and older adult mice. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated that the presence of chronic pain in young adult mice induces mood alterations and supraspinal biochemical changes and aggravates the alterations already evident in older adult animals. A treatment with morphine, counteracting the pain, prevents the development of anxio-depressive disorders and reduces neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona D’Agnelli
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Baciarello
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Giovanna Bignami
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Galimberti G, Amodeo G, Magni G, Riboldi B, Balboni G, Onnis V, Ceruti S, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Prokineticin System Is a Pharmacological Target to Counteract Pain and Its Comorbid Mood Alterations in an Osteoarthritis Murine Model. Cells 2023; 12:2255. [PMID: 37759478 PMCID: PMC10526764 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease associated with chronic pain. OA pain is often accompanied by mood disorders. We addressed the role of the Prokineticin (PK) system in pain and mood alterations in a mice OA model induced with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The effect of a PK antagonist (PC1) was compared to that of diclofenac. C57BL/6J male mice injected with MIA in the knee joint were characterized by allodynia, motor deficits, and fatigue. Twenty-eight days after MIA, in the knee joint, we measured high mRNA of PK2 and its receptor PKR1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMP13. At the same time, in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord, we found increased levels of PK2, PKR1, IL-1β, and IL-6. These changes were in the presence of high GFAP and CD11b mRNA in the sciatic nerve and GFAP in the spinal cord. OA mice were also characterized by anxiety, depression, and neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In both stations, we found increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, PK upregulation and reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus and microglia reactivity in the prefrontal cortex were detected. PC1 reduced joint inflammation and neuroinflammation in PNS and CNS and counteracted OA pain and emotional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Benedetta Riboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.B.); (V.O.)
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.B.); (V.O.)
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
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Turati M, Franchi S, Crippa M, Rizzi L, Rigamonti L, Sacerdote P, Gatti SD, Piatti M, Galimberti G, Munegato D, Amodeo G, Omeljaniuk RJ, Zatti G, Torsello A, Bigoni M. Prokineticin 2 and Cytokine Content in the Synovial Fluid of Knee Osteoarthritis and Traumatic Meniscal Tear Patients: Preliminary Results. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4330. [PMID: 37445367 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative inflammatory-based condition caused by a cascade of different intra-articular molecules including several cytokines. Among the cytokines, prokineticins (PKs) have recently been identified as important mediators of inflammation and pain. This observational study examined the potential involvement of PK2 in degenerative or traumatic knee disease. Fifteen patients presenting knee osteoarthritis (OA group) and 15 patients presenting a traumatic meniscal tear (TM group) were studied. Synovial fluid samples from affected knees were assessed for PK2, IL-10, and TNF-α using the ELISA method. At a long-term follow-up (minimum 5 years, mean = 6.1 years), patients in the TM group underwent clinical re-evaluation with PROMs (Tegner Activity Scale, IKDC, Lysholm, SKV); in addition, X-ray visualization was used to assess the presence of secondary OA. PK2 was detected in synovial fluids of both TM and OA patients and the levels were comparable between the two groups, while IL-10 levels were significantly greater in the OA group than those in TM patients. PK2 levels correlated with those of IL-10. PK2 levels were greater in blood effusions compared to clear samples, did not differ significantly between sexes, nor were they related to differences in weight, height, or injury (meniscal laterality, time since dosing). No correlation was found between PROMs and radiological classifications in patients in the TM group at final follow-up. These data are the first observations of PK2 in synovial fluid following traumatic meniscus injury. These findings suggest possible further prognostic indices and therapeutic targets to limit the development of secondary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Turati
- Orthopedic Department, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Paediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Couple Enfants, Grenoble Alpes University, 38400 Grenoble, France
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Crippa
- Orthopedic Department, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Policlinico San Pietro, 24036 Ponte San Pietro, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Daniel Gatti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Piatti
- Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Policlinico San Pietro, 24036 Ponte San Pietro, Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Munegato
- Orthopedic Department, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Zatti
- Orthopedic Department, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bigoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Policlinico San Pietro, 24036 Ponte San Pietro, Italy
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Amodeo G, Franchi S, Galimberti G, Comi L, D’Agnelli S, Baciarello M, Bignami EG, Sacerdote P. Osteoarthritis Pain in Old Mice Aggravates Neuroinflammation and Frailty: The Positive Effect of Morphine Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2847. [PMID: 36359375 PMCID: PMC9687902 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis is a common cause of pain and disability in old subjects. Pain may predispose to the development of frailty. Studies on mechanisms underlying pain in osteoarthritis models during aging are lacking. In this work, we used the monosodium iodoacetate model of osteoarthritis in adult (11-week-old) and old (20-month-old) C57BL/6J mice to compare hypersensitivity, locomotion, neuroinflammation, and the effects of morphine treatment. After osteoarthritis induction in adult and old mice, weight-bearing asymmetry, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia similarly developed, while locomotion and frailty were more affected in old than in adult animals. When behavioral deficits were present, the animals were treated for 7 days with morphine. This opioid counteracts the behavioral alterations and the frailty index worsening both in adult and old mice. To address the mechanisms that underlie pain, we evaluated neuroinflammatory markers and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the sciatic nerve, DRGs, and spinal cord. Overexpression of cytokines and glia markers were present in osteoarthritis adult and old mice, but the activation was qualitatively and quantitatively more evident in aged mice. Morphine was able to counteract neuroinflammation in both age groups. We demonstrate that old mice are more vulnerable to pain's detrimental effects, but prompt treatment is successful at mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Comi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona D’Agnelli
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Baciarello
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Giovanna Bignami
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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D'Agnelli S, Amodeo G, Franchi S, Verduci B, Baciarello M, Panerai AE, Bignami EG, Sacerdote P. Frailty and pain, human studies and animal models. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101515. [PMID: 34813977 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that pain can predispose to frailty development has been recently investigated in several clinical studies suggesting that frailty and pain may share some mechanisms. Both pain and frailty represent important clinical and social problems and both lack a successful treatment. This circumstance is mainly due to the absence of in-depth knowledge of their pathological mechanisms. Evidence of shared pathways between frailty and pain are preliminary. Indeed, many clinical studies are observational and the impact of pain treatment, and relative pain-relief, on frailty onset and progression has never been investigated. Furthermore, preclinical research on this topic has yet to be performed. Specific researches on the pain-frailty relation are needed. In this narrative review, we will attempt to point out the most relevant findings present in both clinical and preclinical literature on the topic, with particular attention to genetics, epigenetics and inflammation, in order to underline the existing gaps and the potential future interventional strategies. The use of pain and frailty animal models discussed in this review might contribute to research in this area.
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Amodeo G, Verduci B, Sartori P, Procacci P, Conte V, Balboni G, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910256. [PMID: 34638592 PMCID: PMC8508359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neuropathy and of mood alterations is frequent after chemotherapy. These complications, independent from the antitumoral mechanism, are interconnected due to an overlapping in their processing pathways and a common neuroinflammatory condition. This study aims to verify whether in mice the treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ), at a protocol capable of inducing painful neuropathy, is associated with anxiety, depression and supraspinal neuroinflammation. We also verify if the therapeutic treatment with the antagonist of the prokineticin (PK) system PC1, which is known to contrast pain and neuroinflammation, can prevent mood alterations. Mice were treated with BTZ (0.4 mg/kg three times/week for 4 weeks); mechanical allodynia and locomotor activity were evaluated over time while anxiety (dark light and marble burying test), depression (sucrose preference and swimming test) and supraspinal neuroinflammation were checked at the end of the protocol. BTZ treated neuropathic mice develop anxiety and depression. The presence of mood alterations is related to the presence of neuroinflammation and PK system activation in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus with high levels of PK2 and PKR2 receptor, IL-6 and TNF-α, TLR4 and an upregulation of glial markers. PC1 treatment, counteracting pain, prevented the development of supraspinal inflammation and depression-like behavior in BTZ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Benedetta Verduci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Conte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Turati M, Franchi S, Leone G, Piatti M, Zanchi N, Gandolla M, Rigamonti L, Sacerdote P, Rizzi L, Pedrocchi A, Omeljaniuk RJ, Zatti G, Torsello A, Bigoni M. Resolvin E1 and Cytokines Environment in Skeletally Immature and Adult ACL Tears. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:610866. [PMID: 34150787 PMCID: PMC8208028 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.610866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra-articular synovial fluid environment in skeletally immature patients following an ACL tear is complex and remains undefined. Levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines change significantly in response to trauma and collectively define the inflammatory environment. Of these factors the resolvins, with their inherent anti-inflammatory, reparative, and analgesic properties, have become prominent. This study examined the levels of resolvins and other cytokines after ACL tears in skeletally immature and adult patients in order to determine if skeletal maturity affects the inflammatory pattern. Skeletally immature and adult patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury and meniscal tears were prospectively enrolled over a 5-month period. Synovial fluid samples were obtained before surgery quantifying Resolvin E1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA. Comparisons between skeletally immature patients and adults, the influence of meniscal tear, growth plate maturity and time from trauma were analyzed. Skeletally immature patients had significantly greater levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 compared with adults with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament lesion. Among the injured skeletally immature patients Resolvin E1 levels were greater in the open growth plate group compared with those with closing growth plates. Moreover, levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 appeared to decrease with time. Our results suggest that skeletally immature patients have a stronger activation of the Resolvin pattern compared to adult patients and that synovial fluid Resolvins could play an antinflammatory role in the knee after anterior cruciate ligament lesion and that its activity may be synergistic with that of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Turati
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France.,Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Hopital Couple Enfants, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Leone
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
| | - Massimiliano Piatti
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolò Zanchi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Gandolla
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Zatti
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bigoni
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Monza, Italy.,Transalpine Center of Pediatric Sports Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca - Hospital Couple Enfant, Grenoble, France
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10
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Amodeo G, Niada S, Moschetti G, Franchi S, Savadori P, Brini AT, Sacerdote P. Secretome of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell relieves pain and neuroinflammation independently of the route of administration in experimental osteoarthritis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:29-40. [PMID: 33737173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) is unsatisfactory and innovative approaches are needed. The secretome from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC-Conditioned Medium, CM) has been successfully used to relieve painful symptoms in models of chronic pain. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of the hASC-CM to control pain and neuroinflammation in an animal model of OA. METHODS OA was induced in mice by intra-articular monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA) injection. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed. Once hypersensitivity was established (7 days after MIA), hASC-CM was injected by IA, IPL and IV route and its effect monitored over time. Neuroinflammation in nerve, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord was evaluated measuring proinflammatory markers and mediators by RT-qPCR. Protein content analysis of secretome by Mass Spectrometry was performed. RESULTS A single injection with hASC-CM induced a fast and long lasting antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effect. The IV route of administration appeared to be the most efficacious although all the treatments were effective. The effect on pain correlated with the ability of hASC-CM to reduce the neuroinflammatory condition in both the peripheral and central nervous system. Furthermore, the secretome analysis revealed 101 factors associated with immune regulation. CONCLUSION We suggest that hASC-CM is a valid treatment option for controlling OA-related hypersensitivity, exerting a rapid and long lasting pain relief. The mechanisms underpinning its effects are likely linked to the positive modulation of neuroinflammation in peripheral and central nervous system that sustains peripheral and central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Anna T Brini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
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11
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Moschetti G, Kalpachidou T, Amodeo G, Lattanzi R, Sacerdote P, Kress M, Franchi S. Prokineticin Receptor Inhibition With PC1 Protects Mouse Primary Sensory Neurons From Neurotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in vitro. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2119. [PMID: 33072073 PMCID: PMC7541916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a common side effect of chemotherapeutics that often leads to the development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). The peptide Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has a key role in experimental models of CIPN and can be considered an insult-inducible endangering mediator. Since primary afferent sensory neurons are highly sensitive to anticancer drugs, giving rise to dysesthesias, the aim of our study was to evaluate the alterations induced by vincristine (VCR) and bortezomib (BTZ) exposure in sensory neuron cultures and the possible preventive effect of blocking PK2 signaling. Both VCR and BTZ induced a concentration-dependent reduction of total neurite length that was prevented by the PK receptor antagonist PC1. Antagonizing the PK system also reduced the upregulation of PK2, PK-R1, TLR4, IL-6, and IL-10 expression induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, inhibition of PK signaling with PC1 prevented the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics, suggesting a promising strategy for neuroprotective therapies against the sensory neuron damage induced by exposure to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Moschetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michaela Kress
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Iacovelli NA, Torrente Y, Ciuffreda A, Guardamagna VA, Gentili M, Giacomelli L, Sacerdote P. Topical treatment of radiation-induced dermatitis: current issues and potential solutions. Drugs Context 2020; 9:dic-2020-4-7. [PMID: 32587626 PMCID: PMC7295106 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 95% of patients receiving radiotherapy (RT) will ultimately develop radiation-induced dermatitis (RID) during or after the course of treatment, with major consequences on quality of life and treatment outcomes. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of RID and currently used topical products for the prevention and treatment of RID. Although there is no consensus on the appropriate management, recent evidence suggests that the use of topical products supports to protect and promote tissue repair in patients with RID. Basic recommendations include advice to wear loose clothing, using electric razors if necessary, and avoiding cosmetic products, sun exposure or extreme temperatures. Based on mechanisms involved and on the clinical characteristics of oncological patients, the profile of the ideal topical product for addressing RID can be designed; it should have limited risk of adverse events, systemic adsorption and drug–drug interactions, should be characterized by multiple clinical activities, with a special focus on localized pain, and should have a careful formulation as some vehicles can block the RT beam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Ciuffreda
- Medico Chirurgo, Specialista in Dermatologia e Venereologia, Dermatologia Pediatrica, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio A Guardamagna
- Division of Palliative Care and Pain Therapy, IRCCS Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IEO, Milan, Italy.,Director of ESMO, Designated Center of Integrated Oncology and Palliative Care, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Giacomelli
- Polistudium SRL, Milan, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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13
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Franchi S, Moschetti G, Amodeo G, Sacerdote P. Do All Opioid Drugs Share the Same Immunomodulatory Properties? A Review From Animal and Human Studies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2914. [PMID: 31921173 PMCID: PMC6920107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the immune system has been constantly reported in the last years as a classical side effect of opioid drugs. Most of the studies on the immunological properties of opioids refer to morphine. Although morphine remains the "reference molecule," other semisynthetic and synthetic opioids are frequently used in the clinical practice. The primary objective of this review is to analyze the available literature on the immunomodulating properties of opioid drugs different from morphine in preclinical models and in the human. A search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane databases using the terms "immunosuppression," "immune system," "opioids," "Natural killer cells," "cytokines," and "lymphocytes." The results achieved concerning the effects of fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone, buprenorphine, remifentanil, tramadol, and tapentadol on immune responses in animal studies, in healthy volunteers and in patients are reported. With some limitations due to the different methods used to measure immune system parameters, the large range of opioid doses and the relatively scarce number of participants in the available studies, we conclude that it is not correct to generalize immunosuppression as a common side effect of all opioid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Moschetti G, Amodeo G, Paladini MS, Molteni R, Balboni G, Panerai A, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Prokineticin 2 promotes and sustains neuroinflammation in vincristine treated mice: Focus on pain and emotional like behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:422-431. [PMID: 31525509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vincristine (VCR) treatment is often associated to painful neuropathy. Its development is independent from antitumoral mechanism and involves neuroinflammation. We investigated the role of the chemokine prokineticin (PK)2 in a mouse model of VCR induced neuropathy using a PK-receptors (PK-R) antagonist to counteract its development. We also evaluated emotional like deficits in VCR mice. VCR (0,1 mg/kg) was i.p. injected in C57BL/6J male mice once a day for 14 consecutive days. Pain, anxiety and depressive like behaviors were assessed in animals. PK2, PK-Rs, cytokines, neuroinflammatory markers (CD68, CD11b, GFAP, TLR4) and ATF3 were evaluated in DRG, spinal cord, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The PK-Rs antagonist PC1, was s.c. injected (150 μg/kg) twice a day from day 7 (hypersensitivity state) until day 14. Its effect on pain and neuroinflammation was evaluated. VCR mice developed neuropathic pain but not mood alterations. After 7 days of VCR treatment we observed a neuroinflammatory condition in DRG with high levels of PK-Rs, TLR4, CD68, ATF3 and IL-1β without relevant alterations in spinal cord. At day 14, an upregulation of PK system and a marked neuroinflammation was evident also in spinal cord. Moreover, at the same time, we observed initial alterations in supraspinal brain areas. PC1 treatment significantly counteracted neuropathic pain and blunted neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Moschetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Paladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Panerai
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Mitrić M, Seewald A, Moschetti G, Sacerdote P, Ferraguti F, Kummer KK, Kress M. Layer- and subregion-specific electrophysiological and morphological changes of the medial prefrontal cortex in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9479. [PMID: 31263213 PMCID: PMC6603192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain constitutes a serious public health problem, but the disease mechanisms are only partially understood. The involvement of different brain regions like the medial prefrontal cortex has already been established, but the comparison of the role of different subregions and layers is still inconclusive. In the current study, we performed patch-clamp recordings followed by anatomical reconstruction of pyramidal cells from different layers of the prelimbic and infralimbic subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex in neuropathic (spared nerve injury, SNI) and control mice. We found that in the prelimbic cortex, layer 2/3 pyramidal cells from SNI mice exhibited increased excitability compared to sham controls, whereas prelimbic layer 5 pyramidal neurons showed reduced excitability. Pyramidal cells in both layer 2/3 and layer 5 of the infralimbic subregion did not change their excitability, but layer 2/3 pyramidal cells displayed increased dendritic length and branching. Our findings support the view that chronic pain is associated with subregion- and layer-specific changes in the medial prefrontal cortex. They therefore provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the chronification of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Mitrić
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Seewald
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferraguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Michaela Kress
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Abstract
Unlike fever, which is often over-treated especially in children, pain is underestimated and under-treated in pediatric age. The pharmacological agents approved for treating pain in these patients are few, also considering the recent limitation for codeine in children younger than 12 years. Paracetamol and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen are the most used at this purpose. The aim of this overview was to analyze the therapeutic appropriateness of ibuprofen in children based on its pharmacological properties. This work is a critical review of the pediatric literature over the last 20 years on efficacy and adverse events associated with the use of ibuprofen as analgesic in the pediatric population. Ibuprofen resulted effective in several pain conditions in children such as musculoskeletal pain, ear pain and acute otitis media, toothache and the inflammatory disease of the oral cavity and pharynx. The drug is a reasonable and efficacious alternative in postoperative pain, including tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. It remains the treatment of choice for pain in chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Side effects and adverse events associated with ibuprofen are mild. It has the lowest gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity among NSAIDs, although some cases of GI toxicity may occur. Its renal effects are minimal, but dehydration plays an important role in triggering renal damage, so ibuprofen should not be given to patients with vomiting and diarrhea. Ibuprofen showed a good safety profile and provided evidence of effectiveness for mild-moderate pain of different origin in children. In case of fever or pain, the choice about the drug to be used should fall on ibuprofen in a clinical context where there is an inflammatory pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Barbagallo
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione "Garibaldi", Catania, Italy -
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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17
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Moschetti G, Amodeo G, Maftei D, Lattanzi R, Procacci P, Sartori P, Balboni G, Onnis V, Conte V, Panerai A, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Targeting prokineticin system counteracts hypersensitivity, neuroinflammation, and tissue damage in a mouse model of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:89. [PMID: 30995914 PMCID: PMC6471808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathy is a dose-limiting side effect of many chemotherapeutics, including bortezomib. The mechanisms underlying this condition are not fully elucidated even if a contribution of neuroinflammation was suggested. Here, we investigated the role of a chemokine family, the prokineticins (PKs), in the development of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN), and we used a PK receptor antagonist to counteract the development and progression of the pathology. METHODS Neuropathy was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by using a protocol capable to induce a detectable neuropathic phenotype limiting systemic side effects. The presence of allodynia (both mechanical and thermal) and thermal hyperalgesia was monitored over time. Mice were sacrificed at two different time points: 14 and 28 days after the first bortezomib (BTZ) injection. At these times, PK system activation (PK2 and PK-Rs), macrophage and glial activation markers, and cytokine production were evaluated in the main station involved in pain transmission (sciatic nerve, DRG, and spinal cord), and the effect of a PK receptors antagonist (PC1) on the same behavioral and biochemical parameters was assessed. Structural damage of DRG during BTZ treatment and an eventual protective effect of PC1 were also evaluated. RESULTS BTZ induces in mice a dose-related allodynia and hyperalgesia and a progressive structural damage to the DRG. We observed a precocious increase of macrophage activation markers and unbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sciatic nerve and DRG together with an upregulation of GFAP in the spinal cord. At higher BTZ cumulative dose PK2 and PK receptors are upregulated in the PNS and in the spinal cord. The therapeutic treatment with the PK-R antagonist PC1 counteracts the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia, ameliorates the structural damage in the PNS, decreases the levels of activated macrophage markers, and prevents full neuroimmune activation in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS PK system may be a strategical pharmacological target to counteract BTZ-induced peripheral neuropathy. Blocking PK2 activity reduces progressive BTZ toxicity in the DRG, reducing neuroinflammation and structural damage to DRG, and it may prevent spinal cord sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Moschetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Conte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Panerai
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
Studies conducted in recent years have helped define the role of antidepressant drugs in the management of cancer pain. The anti-nociceptive action of these agents seems to be independent of beneficial effect on depression or mood. Among antidepressant drugs, those of the tricyclic class are preferred when an analgesic effect is sought. Their primary application is for pain due to nerve injury, so-called “neuropathic pain”. Although the co-administration of tricyclic antidepressants may increase plasma morphine concentrations, any potentiation of morphine analgesia is thought not to be due to an increased bioavailability of the opiate, but to an intrinsic analgesic effect of antidepressants. On this basis, the use of antidepressants in combination with opioids for the treatment of cancer pain is suitable when a component of deafferentation is present or when there is concomitant depressive illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Bianchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan
| | - Carla Ripamonti
- Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ventafridda
- Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco De Conno
- Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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19
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Amodeo G, Bugada D, Franchi S, Moschetti G, Grimaldi S, Panerai A, Allegri M, Sacerdote P. Immune function after major surgical interventions: the effect of postoperative pain treatment. J Pain Res 2018; 11:1297-1305. [PMID: 30022848 PMCID: PMC6044362 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s158230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired immune function during the perioperative period may be associated with worse short- and long-term outcomes. Morphine is considered a major contributor to immune modulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a pilot study to investigate postoperative immune function by analyzing peripheral blood mononuclear cells' functionality and cytokine production in 16 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. All patients were treated with intravenous (i.v.) patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and continuous wound infusion with ropivacaine+methylprednisolone for 24 hours. After 24 hours, patients were randomized into two groups, one continuing intrawound infusion and the other receiving only i.v. analgesia. We evaluated lymphoproliferation and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the end of surgery and at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. RESULTS A significant reduction in TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ and lymphoproliferation was observed immediately after surgery, indicating impaired cell-mediated immunity. TNF-α and IFN-γ remained suppressed up to 48 hours after surgery, while a trend to normalization was observed for IL-2 and lymphoproliferation, irrespective of the treatment group. A significant inverse correlation was present between age and morphine and between age and lymphoproliferation. No negative correlation was present between morphine and cytokine production. We did not find any differences within the two groups between 24 and 48 hours in terms of morphine consumption and immune responses. CONCLUSION A relevant depression of cell-mediated immunity is associated with major surgery and persists despite optimal analgesia. Even though morphine may participate in immunosuppression, we did not retrieve any dose-related effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Dario Bugada
- Study In Multidisciplinary Pain Research Group
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Stefania Grimaldi
- Department of Anesthesia, IRCCS Humanitas Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Panerai
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | | | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy,
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20
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Abstract
Prokineticins (PK) 1 and 2 belong to a new family of chemokines capable to interact with two different G coupled receptors: Prokineticin receptor (PKR)1 and 2. Both prokineticins and their receptors are widely distributed in different tissues and regulate several biological functions. In particular, a role of the PK system in inflammation and nociception has been established. PKRs are expressed in regions of the nervous system associated with pain and in primary sensitive neurons they colocalize with transient potential receptor vanilloid-TRPV1 providing an anatomical interaction in nociceptor sensitization. Moreover, PKs are strongly upregulated in immune and glial cells and sustain a proinflammatory loop in inflamed tissues. Recent evidences indicate that the block of the PK system represents a promising strategy to contrast inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Panerai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Brini AT, Amodeo G, Ferreira LM, Milani A, Niada S, Moschetti G, Franchi S, Borsani E, Rodella LF, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. Therapeutic effect of human adipose-derived stem cells and their secretome in experimental diabetic pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9904. [PMID: 28851944 PMCID: PMC5575274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Painful neuropathy is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus that adversely affects patients'quality of life. Pharmacological treatments are not fully satisfactory, and novel approaches needed. In a preclinical mouse model of diabetes the effect of both human mesenchymal stromal cells from adipose tissue (hASC) and their conditioned medium (hASC-CM) was evaluated. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. After neuropathic hypersensitivity was established, mice were intravenously injected with either 1 × 106 hASC or with CM derived from 2 × 106 hASC. Both hASC and CM (secretome) reversed mechanical, thermal allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with a rapid and long lasting effect, maintained up to 12 weeks after treatments. In nerves, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of neuropathic mice we determined high IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and low IL-10 levels. Both treatments restored a correct pro/antinflammatory cytokine balance and prevented skin innervation loss. In spleens of streptozotocin-mice, both hASC and hASC-CM re-established Th1/Th2 balance that was shifted to Th1 during diabetes. Blood glucose levels were unaffected although diabetic animals regained weight, and kidney morphology was recovered by treatments. Our data show that hASC and hASC-CM treatments may be promising approaches for diabetic neuropathic pain, and suggest that cell effect is likely mediated by their secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Brini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena M Ferreira
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Milani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Niada
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borsani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi F Rodella
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto E Panerai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Franchi S, Amodeo G, Gandolla M, Moschetti G, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. Effect of Tapentadol on Splenic Cytokine Production in Mice. Anesth Analg 2017; 124:986-995. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Bigoni M, Turati M, Sacerdote P, Gaddi D, Piatti M, Castelnuovo A, Franchi S, Gandolla M, Pedrocchi A, Omeljaniuk RJ, Bresciani E, Locatelli V, Torsello A. Characterization of synovial fluid cytokine profiles in chronic meniscal tear of the knee. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:340-346. [PMID: 27107410 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid samples collected from patients with chronic meniscal tears were investigated. An acute inflammatory response is generally reported 24-48 h after knee injury, but the largest body of data available in literature concerns anterior cruciate ligament injury and very little information is available about the balance of soluble factors in the synovial fluid of knees with chronic meniscal tears. Sixty-nine patients (46 males and 23 females) with meniscal tear that occurred more than 3 months earlier were enrolled. According to cartilage integrity assessment by arthroscopic examination, patients were assigned to one of the following groups: (i) no chondral damage (n = 18); (ii) chondral damage graded from I to II (n = 15); and (iii) chondral damage graded from III to IV (n = 37). In all groups, levels of IL-10 and inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 where greater compared with those reported in the intact population; by contrast, levels of IL-1ra and IL-1β were significantly lower. Interestingly, IL-6 levels were higher in female than male patients. Cytokine levels did not correlate with degree of chondral damage. IL-6 and IL-1ra levels positively correlated with IL-1β, and negatively correlated with TNF-α. Interestingly, levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were inversely correlated. Our data demonstrate increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the chronic phase of meniscal trauma. This pro-inflammatory state is maintained in the joint from the time of initial injury to several months later and could be a key factor in hampering cartilage regeneration. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:340-346, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bigoni
- Department of Orthopedic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Turati
- Department of Orthopedic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Gaddi
- Department of Orthopedic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Gandolla
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Bresciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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24
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Abbate GM, Mangano A, Sacerdote P, Amodeo G, Moschetti G, Levrini L. Substance P expression in the gingival tissue after upper third molar extraction: effect of ketoprofen, a preliminary study. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2017; 31:239-244. [PMID: 28337899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate substance P (SP) levels and the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ketoprofen, on SP in the pericoronal gingival tissue after extraction of upper third molars. A sample of 20 young non-smoking systemically healthy adults of both sexes, with a healthy upper third molar to extract for orthodontic purposes, was selected. After extraction, a sample of the gingival tissue of the pericoronal region was collected with a sterile scalpel, placed into test tubes and kept frozen at -20°C until the SP determination. SP levels were determined by using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) kit. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 received a single dose of ketoprofen 30 minutes prior to the experimental procedure. The subjects of group 2 did not receive any kind of drug administration before extraction. The patients were asked to complete a diary on the postoperative pain. A relevant amount of SP was measured in all the gingival samples. No statistically significant difference could be detected in SP expression between the two groups. In group 1 pain appearance was significantly delayed (6.2±0.13 hours) in comparison with group 2 (3.95±0.2 hours). In this small selected group of subjects and limited study design, preventive administration of ketoprofen did not significantly affect the gingival levels of SP, the clinical recommendation emerging is that of NSAID administration postoperatively but before pain appearance in order to optimize the management of pain of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Abbate
- Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - A Mangano
- Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - P Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - G Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - G Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - L Levrini
- Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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25
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Porro CA, Sandrini G, Truini A, Tugnoli V, Alfonsi E, Berliocchi L, Cacciatori C, LA Cesa S, Magrinelli F, Sacerdote P, Valeriani M, Tamburin S. Diagnosing and assessing pain in neurorehabilitation: from translational research to the clinical setting. Evidence and recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 52:717-729. [PMID: 27579580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pain is very common in neurorehabilitation, where it may be a target for treatment and have a negative effect on rehabilitation procedures and outcomes. Promising preliminary preclinical data support certain therapeutic approaches to pain, but there is a strong need of adequate preclinical models, experimental settings, outcome measures, and biomarkers that are more relevant for pain within the neurorehabilitation field. Data on the diagnosis and assessment of nociceptive and neuropathic pain (NP) are very scanty in neurorehabilitation, but those from other contexts can be adapted and translated to this specific setting. The Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCPN) has searched and evaluated existing evidence on animal models for the treatment of pain, definition and diagnostic criteria for nociceptive and NP, screening tools and questionnaires, along with diagnostic, clinical and instrumental techniques to distinguish nociceptive from NP and, more generally, to assess pain in the field of neurorehabilitation. The present ICCPN recommendations provide information on the relevance of current preclinical models, and may be helpful in ameliorating pain diagnosis and assessment, which are prerequisites for better application and tailoring of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. They may also be useful for future studies aimed at filling the gaps in the current knowledge of these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo A Porro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy -
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26
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Leone M, Sacerdote P, D'Amlco D, Valentini S, Zappacosta BM, Patruno G, Panerai AE, Bussone G. β-Endorphin Level in Lymphocytes of Primary Headaches Patients. Cephalalgia 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102491011s11102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Leone
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italia
| | - Domenico D'Amlco
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
| | - Sergio Valentini
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
| | - Boris M Zappacosta
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
| | - Giorgio Patruno
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
| | - Alberto E Panerai
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italia
| | - Gennaro Bussone
- Centro Cefalee, Ist. Neurol. “C. Besta”, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italia
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27
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Sacerdote P, Coluzzi F, Fanelli A. Sublingual sufentanil, a new opportunity for the improvement of postoperative pain management in Italy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20:1411-1422. [PMID: 27097966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of national and international guidelines, adequate postoperative pain (POP) management is still a challenge in Italy. One of the potential reasons for the high incidence of surgical patients complaining moderate to severe pain is the difficult application of the currently recommended analgesic techniques in clinical practice. In particular, morphine, the most commonly used systemic opioid in the POP treatment, has some unfavorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics for POP management, suggesting a potential relevant improvement by using different opioids. Many of sufentanil properties make it particularly suitable for POP control: a high affinity for the µ opioid receptor, the highest therapeutic index compared to any other opioid used in clinical practice and the absence of clinically relevant active metabolites. The elevated potency, together with the high lipophilicity of sufentanil, allow the preparation of a nanotablet, 3 mm of diameter and 0.75 mm of thickness, containing 15 µg of active drug. The sublingual route allows a longer time of drug plasmatic permanence in comparison to IV route, overcoming the need for continuous dosing. The patient-controlled system, considered in the present review, is preprogrammed to deliver one sublingual tablet of sufentanil with a 20-minute lockout period with a radiofrequency identification thumb tag allowing only the patient to activate the on demand button. Phase II and III studies have assessed the efficacy of this system in POP management, showing that it was considered more satisfactory than the IV PCA morphine system by both patients and nurses. The introduction of this simple and innovative system of patient-controlled analgesic administration could represent an opportunity for Italy to update the current practice in POP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Castelli M, Amodeo G, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Maftei D, Gotti C, Pistillo F, Onnis V, Congu C, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Prevents and Reverses Allodynia and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146259. [PMID: 26730729 PMCID: PMC4701417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a severe diabetes complication and its treatment is not satisfactory. It is associated with neuroinflammation-related events that participate in pain generation and chronicization. Prokineticins are a new family of chemokines that has emerged as critical players in immune system, inflammation and pain. We investigated the role of prokineticins and their receptors as modulators of neuropathic pain and inflammatory responses in experimental diabetes. In streptozotocin-induced-diabetes in mice, the time course expression of prokineticin and its receptors was evaluated in spinal cord and sciatic nerves, and correlated with mechanical allodynia. Spinal cord and sciatic nerve pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured as protein and mRNA, and spinal cord GluR subunits expression studied. The effect of preventive and therapeutic treatment with the prokineticin receptor antagonist PC1 on behavioural and biochemical parameters was evaluated. Peripheral immune activation was assessed measuring macrophage and T-helper cytokine production. An up-regulation of the Prokineticin system was present in spinal cord and nerves of diabetic mice, and correlated with allodynia. Therapeutic PC1 reversed allodynia while preventive treatment blocked its development. PC1 normalized prokineticin levels and prevented the up-regulation of GluN2B subunits in the spinal cord. The antagonist restored the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance altered in spinal cord and nerves and also reduced peripheral immune system activation in diabetic mice, decreasing macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and the T-helper 1 phenotype. The prokineticin system contributes to altered sensitivity in diabetic neuropathy and its inhibition blocked both allodynia and inflammatory events underlying disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuralgia/genetics
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/prevention & control
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sciatic Nerve/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Triazines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Pistillo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cenzo Congu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto E. Panerai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Background Appropriateness of use is a key factor in safeguarding patient’s health as well as a product’s therapeutic properties. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in nine European countries to verify the appropriateness of use of nimesulide in patients with inflammatory pain. Methods Computer-aided telephone interviews were administered to 1,277 nimesulide-prescribing general practitioners in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia, covering an estimated 31,719 patients. The interview questionnaire collected information on nimesulide prescriptions with respect to daily dose, treatment duration, and indication. Results In the majority of cases, prescriptions of nimesulide did not exceed the recommended daily dose of 200 mg (given as 100 mg twice a day), with a range from 161 mg (Greece) to 190 mg (Slovakia). An adherence to the 15-day treatment limit was observed in over 90% of cases. The average number of treatment days was always less than 15, with a range from 5.4 (Italy) to 13.6 (Czech Republic). Nimesulide was primarily used for the treatment of acute pain and short-term painful episodes in chronic conditions. The presence of gastrointestinal diseases/ulcers was the most frequent reason for not prescribing nimesulide. Conclusion The results of this survey demonstrate that nimesulide is generally prescribed in compliance with the information reported in the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) with regard to daily dose and treatment duration, and suggest that it is mainly used for the management of episodes of acute pain in patients with a chronic disorder. These findings indicate the appropriateness of use of nimesulide in the European countries considered in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Heiman
- Cegedim Strategic Data Medical Research Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Visentin
- Cegedim Strategic Data Medical Research Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Cairns BE, Arendt-Nielsen L, Sacerdote P. Perspectives in Pain Research 2014: Neuroinflammation and glial cell activation: The cause of transition from acute to chronic pain? Scand J Pain 2015; 6:3-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It is unknown why an acute pain condition under various circumstances can transition into a chronic pain condition.
There has been a shift towards neuroinflammation and hence glial cell activations specifically in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord as a mechanism possibly driving the transition to chronic pain. This has led to a focus on non-neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system. Besides infiltrating macrophages, Schwann cells and satellite glial cells release cytokines and therefore important mechanisms in the maintenance of pain. Activated Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, microglia, and astrocytes may contribute to pain sensitivity by releasing cytokines leading to altered neuronal function in the direction of sensitisation.
Aims of this perspective paper
1) Highlight the complex but important recent achievement in the area of neuroinflammation and pain at spinal cord level and in the dorsal root ganglion.
2) Encourage further research which hopefully may provide better understanding of new key elements driving the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Recent results in the area of neuroinflammation and pain
Following a sciatic nerve injury, local macrophages, and Schwann cells trigger an immune response immediately followed by recruitment of blood-derived immune cells. Schwann cells, active resident, and infiltrating macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to axonal damage and also stimulate spontaneous nociceptor activity. This results in activation of satellite glial cells leading to an immune response in the dorsal root ganglia driven by macrophages, lymphocytes and satellite cells. The anterograde signalling progresses centrally to activate spinal microglia with possible up regulation of glial-derived proinflammatory/pronociceptive mediators.
An important aspect is extrasegmental spreading sensitisation where bilateral elevations in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 are found in dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic models. Similarly in inflammatory pain models, bilateral up regulation occurs for TNF-α, IL-1 β, and p38 MAPK. Bilateral alterations in cytokine levels in the DRG and spinal cord may underlie the spread of pain to the uninjured side.
An important aspect is how the opioids may interact with immune cells as opioid receptors are expressed by peripheral immune cells and thus can induce immune signaling changes. Furthermore, opioids may stimulate microglia cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1.
Conclusions
The present perspective paper indicates that neuroinflammation and the associated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dorsal root ganglion and at the spinal cord contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Neuroinflammatory changes have not only been identified in the spinal cord and brainstem, but more recently, in the sensory ganglia and in the nerves as well. The glial cell activation may be responsible for contralateral spreading and possible widespread sensitisation.
Implications
Communication between glia and neurons is proposed to be a critical component of neuroinflammatory changes that may lead to chronic pain. Sensory ganglia neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells but how communication between the cells contributes to altered pain sensitivity is still unknown. Better understanding may lead to new possibilities for (1) preventing development of chronic pain and (2) better pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , 2405 Wesbrook Mall , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z3
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmacologiche e biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano , Italy
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31
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Abstract
The immune system is a complex and finely orchestrated system, and many soluble molecules and receptors contribute to its regulation.Recent studies have suggested that many of the modulatory effects induced by morphine on innate immunity, and in particular the effects on macrophage activation and function, can be due to the modulation of an important macrophage surface receptor, the toll-like receptor (TLR), that is primarily involved in early regulatory steps. In the present chapter we describe a Reverse transcription (RT)-real time PCR method for assessing TLR expression in macrophage after in vivo morphine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Castelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, 20129, Italy
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Maftei D, Marconi V, Florenzano F, Giancotti LA, Castelli M, Moretti S, Borsani E, Rodella LF, Balboni G, Luongo L, Maione S, Sacerdote P, Negri L, Lattanzi R. Controlling the activation of the Bv8/prokineticin system reduces neuroinflammation and abolishes thermal and tactile hyperalgesia in neuropathic animals. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4850-65. [PMID: 24902717 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chemokines are involved in neuroinflammation and contribute to chronic pain processing. The new chemokine prokineticin 2 (PROK2) and its receptors (PKR1 and PKR2 ) have a role in inflammatory pain and immunomodulation. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of PROK2 and its receptors in neuropathic pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of single, intrathecal, perineural and s.c. injections of the PKR antagonist PC1, or of 1 week s.c. treatment, on thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia was evaluated in mice with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI). Expression and localization of PROK2 and of its receptors at peripheral and central level was evaluated 10 days after CCI, following treatment for 1 week with saline or PC1. IL-1β and IL-10 levels, along with glia activation, were evaluated. KEY RESULTS Subcutaneous, intrathecal and perineural PC1 acutely abolished the CCI-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. At 10 days after CCI, PROK2 and its receptor PKR2 were up-regulated in nociceptors, in Schwann cells and in activated astrocytes of the spinal cord. Therapeutic treatment with PC1 (s.c., 1 week) alleviated established thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia, reduced the injury-induced overexpression of PROK2, significantly blunted nerve injury-induced microgliosis and astrocyte activation in the spinal cord and restored the physiological levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in periphery and in spinal cord. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The prokineticin system contributes to pain modulation via neuron-glia interaction. Sustained inhibition of the prokineticin system, at peripheral or central levels, blocked both pain symptoms and some events underlying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Moretti S, Castelli M, Franchi S, Raggi MA, Mercolini L, Protti M, Somaini L, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced anti-inflammatory responses in adolescent mice switch to proinflammatory in adulthood. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:523-34. [PMID: 24744434 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0713-406rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana abuse is prominent among adolescents. Although Δ(9)-THC, one of its main components, has been demonstrated to modulate immunity in adults, little is known about its impact during adolescence on the immune system and the long-lasting effects in adulthood. We demonstrate that 10 days of Δ(9)-THC treatment induced a similar alteration of macrophage and splenocyte cytokines in adolescent and adult mice. Immediately at the end of chronic Δ(9)-THC, a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines IL- 1β and TNF-α and an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production by macrophages were present as protein and mRNA in adolescent and adult mice. In splenocytes, Δ(9)-THC modulated Th1/Th2 cytokines skewing toward Th2: IFN-γ was reduced, and IL-4 and IL-10 increased. These effects were lost in adult animals, 47 days after the last administration. In contrast, in adult animals treated as adolescents, a perturbation of immune responses, although in an opposite direction, was present. In adults treated as adolescents, a proinflammatory macrophage phenotype was observed (IL-1β and TNF-α were elevated; IL-10 decreased), and the production of Th cytokines was blunted. IgM titers were also reduced. Corticosterone concentrations indicate a long-lasting dysregulation of HPA in adolescent mice. We measured blood concentrations of Δ(9)-THC and its metabolites, showing that Δ(9)-THC plasma levels in our mice are in the order of those achieved in human heavy smokers. Our data demonstrate that Δ(9)-THC in adolescent mice triggers immune dysfunctions that last long after the end of abuse, switching the murine immune system to proinflammatory status in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Augusta Raggi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Lorenzo Somaini
- Addiction Treatment Centre, Local Health Service, Cossato, Biella, Italy
| | - Alberto E Panerai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy;
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Sacerdote P, Mussano F, Franchi S, Panerai A, Bussolati G, Carossa S, Bartorelli A, Bussolati B. Biological components in a standardized derivative of bovine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1745-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Vellani V, Franchi S, Prandini M, Moretti S, Castelli M, Giacomoni C, Sacerdote P. Effects of NSAIDs and paracetamol (acetaminophen) on protein kinase C epsilon translocation and on substance P synthesis and release in cultured sensory neurons. J Pain Res 2013; 6:111-20. [PMID: 23429763 PMCID: PMC3575176 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s36916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and nimesulide are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) very commonly used for the treatment of moderate to mild pain, together with paracetamol (acetaminophen), a very widely used analgesic with a lesser anti-inflammatory effect. In the study reported here, we tested the efficacy of celecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen on preprotachykinin mRNA synthesis, substance P (SP) release, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) translocation in rat cultured sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). The efficacy of these NSAIDs was compared with the efficacy of paracetamol and nimesulide in in vitro models of hyperalgesia (investigated previously). While nimesulide and paracetamol, as in previous experiments, decreased the percentage of cultured DRG neurons showing translocation of PKCɛ caused by 100 nM thrombin or 1 μM bradykinin in a dose-dependent manner, the other NSAIDs tested did not have a significant effect. The amount of SP released by peptidergic neurons and the expression level of preprotachykinin mRNA were assessed in basal conditions and after 70 minutes or 36 hours of stimulation with an inflammatory soup (IS) containing potassium chloride, thrombin, bradykinin, and endothelin-1. The release of SP at 70 minutes was inhibited only by nimesulide, while celecoxib and diclofenac were effective at 36 hours. The mRNA basal level of the SP precursor preprotachykinin expressed in DRG neurons was reduced only by nimesulide, while the increased levels expressed during treatment with the IS were significantly reduced by all drugs tested, with the exception of ibuprofen. All drugs were able to decrease basal and IS-stimulated PGE2 release. Our study demonstrates novel mechanisms of action of commonly used NSAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Vellani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Bigoni M, Sacerdote P, Turati M, Franchi S, Gandolla M, Gaddi D, Moretti S, Munegato D, Augusti CA, Bresciani E, Omeljaniuk RJ, Locatelli V, Torsello A. Acute and late changes in intraarticular cytokine levels following anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:315-21. [PMID: 22886741 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) does not necessarily decrease the risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA). The inflammatory response and relative changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines could participate in triggering the development of OA. To test this hypothesis we measured the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α at different times after ACL rupture. The sample population consisted of 48 patients with ACL tear which were assigned to different groups according to the time elapsed from the injury: 22 acute (A), 7 early sub-acute (ESA), 11 late sub-acute (LSA), and 8 chronic (C). In group A, there were high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas levels of IL-1ra and TNF-α were significantly lower than usually reported. IL-1β and IL-8 concentrations returned with time to normal levels in the ESA group. Interestingly, IL-1ra levels remained always significantly lower than normally reported levels, and TNF-α levels did not increase after trauma. Our data show increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in the acute phase of inflammation which could be responsible for triggering cartilage catabolism and suggest that prompt neutralization of IL-6 and IL-8 accumulations in synovial fluid could help prevent development of OA in ACL-injured knees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bigoni
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Sacerdote P, Niada S, Franchi S, Arrigoni E, Rossi A, Yenagi V, de Girolamo L, Panerai AE, Brini AT. Systemic administration of human adipose-derived stem cells reverts nociceptive hypersensitivity in an experimental model of neuropathy. Stem Cells Dev 2013. [PMID: 23190263 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has been proved that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) elicit anti-inflammatory effects. MSCs from adipose tissue (hASCs) differentiate into cells of the mesodermal lineage and transdifferentiate into ectodermal-origin cells. Although there are various etiologies to chronic pain, one common feature is that painful states are associated with increased inflammation. We believe in hASCs as a therapeutic tool also in pathologies involving neuroinflammation and neuronal tissue damage. We have investigated the effect of hASCs injected in a model of neuropathic pain [(mouse sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)]. hASCs from 5 donors were characterized, and no major differences were depicted. hASCs were cryopreserved and grown on demand. About 1×10(6), 3×10(6), and 6×10(6) hASCs were intravenously injected into normal immunocompetent mice. No mouse died, and no macroscopic toxicity or behavioral changes were observed, confirming the safety of hASCs. hASCs, intravenously (i.v.) injected into C57BL/6 mice when the neuropathic pain was already established, induced a significant reduction in mechanical allodynia and a complete reversion of thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-response fashion, already 1 day after administration. Moreover, the hASCs effect can be boosted by repeated administrations, allowing a prolonged therapeutic effect. Treatment decreased the level of the CCI-induced proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and activated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the lesioned nerve. hASCs treatment also restored normal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the spinal cord of CCI animals. Our data suggest that hASCs are worthy of further studies as an anti-inflammatory therapy in the treatment of neuropathic pain or chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Sacerdote P, Franchi S, Moretti S, Castelli M, Procacci P, Magnaghi V, Panerai AE. Cytokine modulation is necessary for efficacious treatment of experimental neuropathic pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:202-11. [PMID: 23242694 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain originates from a damage or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Its treatment is unsatisfactory as it appears refractory to most analgesics. Animal models of neuropathic pain are now available that help to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Recently it has been recognized that inflammatory and immune mechanisms in the peripheral and in the central nervous system play a role in the onset and the maintenance of pain. In response to nervous tissue damage, activation of resident or recruited immune cells leads to the production of inflammatory mediators, as cytokines. In models of neuropathic pain, such as nerve injury and diabetes induced neuropathy, the time course of the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 and of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 has been well characterized both in the peripheral (sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia) and the central (spinal cord) nervous system. These cytokines appear activated/modulated in the nervous tissue in parallel with the occurrence of painful behaviour, i.e. allodynia and hyperalgesia. Novel therapeutic approaches efficacious to reduce painful symptoms, for example treatments with the non specific purinergic antagonist PPADS, the phytoestrogen genistein and a cell stem therapy with murine adult neural stem cells also re-established a balance between pro and antinflammatory mediators in the peripheral and central nervous system. These data suggest a pivotal role of immune system and inflammation in neuropathic pain. The modulation of inflammatory molecules appears to be a common trait accomplished throughout different mechanisms by different drugs that might converge in neuropathic pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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Sacerdote P, Franchi S, E. Panerai A. Non-Analgesic Effects of Opioids: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Relevance of Opioid-Induced Immunodepression. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:6034-42. [DOI: 10.2174/138161212803582496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lattanzi R, Sacerdote P, Franchi S, Canestrelli M, Miele R, Barra D, Visentin S, DeNuccio C, Porreca F, De Felice M, Guida F, Luongo L, de Novellis V, Maione S, Negri L. Pharmacological activity of a Bv8 analogue modified in position 24. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:950-63. [PMID: 22122547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The amphibian peptide Bv8 induces potent nociceptive sensitization in rodents. Its mammalian homologue, prokineticin 2 (PROK2), is strongly up-regulated in inflamed tissues and is a major determinant in triggering inflammatory pain. Bv8 and PROK2 activate two closely related GPCRs, PK(1) and PK(2) , in a relatively non-selective fashion. To characterize better the roles of the two receptors in hyperalgesia and to obtain ligands whose binding affinity and efficacy differed for the two receptors, we modified the Bv8 molecule in regions essential for receptor recognition and activation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We modified the Bv8 molecule by substituting Trp in position 24 with Ala (A-24) and compared it with Bv8 for binding and activating PK(1) and PK(2) receptors in cell preparations and in affecting nociceptive thresholds in rodents. KEY RESULTS A-24 preferentially bound to PK(2) receptors and activated them with a lower potency (5-fold) than Bv8. When systemically injected, A-24 induced Bv8-like hyperalgesia in rats and in mice, at doses 100 times higher than Bv8. Locally and systemically injected at inactive doses, A-24 antagonized Bv8-induced hyperalgesia. In rat and mouse models of inflammatory and post-surgical pain, A-24 showed potent and long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic activity. Unlike Bv8, A-24 increased β-endorphin levels in mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A-24 induced its anti-hyperalgesic effect in rodents by directly blocking nociceptor PK(1) receptors and by activating the central opioid system and the descending pain control pathway through brain PK(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Franchi S, Moretti S, Castelli M, Lattuada D, Scavullo C, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. Mu opioid receptor activation modulates Toll like receptor 4 in murine macrophages. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:480-8. [PMID: 22240038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids have been shown to affect both innate and adaptive immunity. We previously showed that morphine affects the macrophage production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS in a NFkB dependent manner. Toll like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the signaling pathways which lead to NFkB activation. TLR4 is considered the Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) receptor. The data here presented show that, in murine macrophages, morphine impacts on the immune function acting on the early step of pathogen recognition. Morphine, when added to RAW 264.7 cells and when injected into mice (s.c. 20mg/kg) is in fact able to decrease TLR4 both at mRNA and protein level in RAW cells and peritoneal macrophages. In the same cells, the mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist Naltrexone increases TLR4 levels, thus suggesting a role of the endogenous opioid system in TLR4 regulation. The effect of the two drugs is moreover lost in case of co-administration. Experiments with MOR KO mice and with DAMGO (MOR specific agonist) confirm that the effect of morphine on TLR4 mRNA in peritoneal macrophages is due to the MOR activation. Moreover the effect on TLR4 is blocked by PTX thus indicating the involvement of a G(i) protein after MOR binding. This work unveils a clear link between MOR activation and TLR4, suggesting a new possible mechanism at the basis of the peripheral immunosuppressive effect of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Chemioterapia e Tossicologia medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Franchi S, Valsecchi AE, Borsani E, Procacci P, Ferrari D, Zaffa C, Sartori P, Rodella LF, Vescovi A, Maione S, Rossi F, Sacerdote P, Colleoni M, Panerai AE. Intravenous neural stem cells abolish nociceptive hypersensitivity and trigger nerve regeneration in experimental neuropathy. Pain 2012; 153:850-861. [PMID: 22321918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A nonphysiological repair of the lesioned nerve leading to the formation of neurinomas, altered nerve conduction, and spontaneous firing is considered the main cause of the events underlying neuropathic pain. It was investigated whether neural stem cell (NSCs) administration could lead to a physiological nerve repair, thus to a reduction of neuropathic pain symptoms such as hyperalgesia and allodynia in a well-established model of this pain (sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury [CCI]). Moreover, since we and others showed that the peripheral nerve lesion starts a cascade of neuroinflammation-related events that may maintain and worsen the original lesion, the effect of NSCs on sciatic nerve pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in CCI mice was investigated. NSCs injected intravenously, when the pathology was already established, induced a significant reduction in allodynia and hyperalgesia already 3 days after administration, demonstrating a therapeutic effect that lasted for at least 28 days. Responses changed with the number of administered NSCs, and the effect on hyperalgesia could be boosted by a new NSC administration. Treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory, activated antiinflammatory cytokines in the sciatic nerve, and reduced spinal cord Fos expression in laminae I-VI. Moreover, in NSC-treated animals, a reparative process and an improvement of nerve morphology is present at a later time. Since NSC effect on pain symptoms preceded nerve repair and was maintained after cells had disappeared from the lesion site, we suggest that regenerative, behavioral, and immune NSC effects are largely due to microenvironmental changes they might induce at the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy Divisione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milano, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale - Sezione di Farmacologia "L. Donatelli", Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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Groppetti D, Pecile A, Sacerdote P, Bronzo V, Ravasio G. Effectiveness of electroacupuncture analgesia compared with opioid administration in a dog model: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:612-8. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Gironi M, Pasquariello N, Franchi S, Pucci M, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Solaro C, Centonze D, Martino G, Sacerdote P, Maccarrone M. Comment on "Cannabinoid receptor and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D--evidence for altered expression in multiple sclerosis". Brain Pathol 2011; 22:79. [PMID: 21707818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Vellani V, Franchi S, Prandini M, Moretti S, Pavesi G, Giacomoni C, Sacerdote P. Nimesulide inhibits protein kinase C epsilon and substance P in sensory neurons - comparison with paracetamol. J Pain Res 2011; 4:177-87. [PMID: 21811393 PMCID: PMC3141834 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe new actions of nimesulide and paracetamol in cultured peripheral neurons isolated from rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Both drugs were able to decrease in a dose-dependent fashion the number of cultured DRG neurons showing translocation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) caused by exposure to 1 μM bradykinin or 100 nM thrombin. In addition, the level of substance P (SP) released by DRG neurons and the level of preprotachykinin mRNA expression were measured in basal conditions and after 70 minutes or 36 hours of stimulation with nerve growth factor (NGF) or with an inflammatory soup containing bradykinin, thrombin, endothelin-1, and KCl. Nimesulide (10 μM) significantly decreased the mRNA levels of the SP precursor preprotachykinin in basal and in stimulated conditions, and decreased the amount of SP released in the medium during stimulation of neurons with NGF or with the inflammatory soup. The effects of paracetamol (10 μM) on such response was lower. Nimesulide completely inhibited the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from DRG neurons, either basal or induced by NGF and by inflammatory soup, while paracetamol decreased PGE2 release only partially. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, a direct effect of two drugs largely used as analgesics on DRG neurons. The present results suggest that PKCɛ might be a target for the effect of nimesulide and paracetamol, while inhibition of SP synthesis and release is clearly more relevant for nimesulide than for paracetamol mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Vellani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Pergolizzi J, Aloisi AM, Dahan A, Filitz J, Langford R, Likar R, Mercadante S, Morlion B, Raffa RB, Sabatowski R, Sacerdote P, Torres LM, Weinbroum AA. Current knowledge of buprenorphine and its unique pharmacological profile. Pain Pract 2011; 10:428-50. [PMID: 20492579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing clinical use of transdermal buprenorphine, questions have persisted about the possibility of a ceiling effect for analgesia, its combination with other μ-opioid agonists, and the reversibility of side effects. In October 2008, a consensus group of experts met to review recent research into the pharmacology and clinical use of buprenorphine. The objective was to achieve consensus on the conclusions to be drawn from this work. It was agreed that buprenorphine clearly behaves as a full μ-opioid agonist for analgesia in clinical practice, with no ceiling effect, but that there is a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, reducing the likelihood of this potentially fatal adverse event. This is entirely consistent with receptor theory. In addition, the effects of buprenorphine can be completely reversed by naloxone. No problems are encountered when switching to and from buprenorphine and other opioids, or in combining them. Buprenorphine exhibits a pronounced antihyperalgesic effect that might indicate potential advantages in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Other beneficial properties are the compound's favorable safety profile, particularly in elderly patients and those with renal impairment, and its lack of effect on sex hormones and the immune system. The expert group agreed that these properties, as well as proven efficacy in severe pain and favorable tolerability, mean that buprenorphine can be considered a safe and effective option for treating chronic cancer and noncancer pain.
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Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Opioids and immune system. Pharmacol Rep 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Franchi S, Sacerdote P, Moretti S, Gerra G, Leccese V, Tallone MV, Panerai AE, Somaini L. The effects of alcoholism pharmacotherapy on immune responses in alcohol-dependent patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:847-55. [PMID: 20943056 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use has profound modulatory effects on the immune system. Both the innate and the acquired immunity are compromised. The use of pharmacotherapy is increasingly applied to enhance the percentage of success in maintaining alcoholic patients in remission. Disulfiram, naltrexone and gamma hydroxybutiric acid are the drugs used for this purpose in Italian Addiction Services. In this study we analyze the effect of pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence on immune responses in alcoholics. Six groups were studied. Group A included 10 patients who were still using alcohol. Group B consisted of 10 patients abstinent from alcohol in treatment only with group therapy. Groups C, D and E were composed of 10 patients each, treated for at least 6 months with oral doses of gamma hydroxybutiric acid, naltrexone or disulfiram respectively. Ten age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who never misused alcohol were included as a control group. Lymphoproliferation and peripheral mononuclear cell production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma, the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha were evaluated in all the patients and controls. The level of activity of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis was assessed. Both ACTH and cortisol levels in plasma were elevated in alcoholic patients with no treatment. In this group a significant alteration of cytokine production was observed. TNF and IFN-gamma were lower than controls, while the Th2 cytokine IL-4 was increased. These altered levels state for a Th1/Th2 unbalance characterized by decreased Th1 response in the presence of Th2 predominance. In patients undergoing pharmacological treatment, none of the immune parameters were different from those observed in healthy controls, independently of the type of drug administered. These data indicate that pharmacotherapy more than group therapy treatment is able to ameliorate the immune system functioning in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Valsecchi AE, Franchi S, Panerai AE, Rossi A, Sacerdote P, Colleoni M. The soy isoflavone genistein reverses oxidative and inflammatory state, neuropathic pain, neurotrophic and vasculature deficits in diabetes mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:694-702. [PMID: 21050844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of diabetes complications remains a substantial challenge. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of the soy isoflavone genistein in attenuating the signs that follow diabetes onset: nociceptive hypersensitivity, oxidative and inflammatory state, nerve growth factor (NGF) decrease and vascular dysfunctions. Genistein (3 and 6 mg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6J streptozotocin diabetic mice from the 2nd till the 5th week after disease induction. The hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (tactile allodynia) was evaluated by a von Frey filament. The oxidative stress was assessed measuring: reactive oxygen species by fluorimetric analysis, both the lipoperoxide content, as malondialdehyde, the antioxidant enzymatic activities spectrophotometrically and the glutathione content spectrofluorimetrically. Proinflammatory cytokines and NGF were measured in the sciatic nerve by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aortic inducible (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein content was measured by western immunoblotting. Genistein relieved diabetic peripheral painful neuropathy, reverted the proinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species overproduction, and restored the NGF content in diabetic sciatic nerve. Furthermore it restored the GSH content and the GSH and GSSG ratio, improved the antioxidant enzymes activities, decreased reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxide level in the brain and liver. Finally it restored the iNOS and eNOS content and the superoxide dismutase activity in thoracic aorta. Hyperglycaemia and weight decrease were not affected. Genistein is able to reverse a diabetes established condition of allodynia, oxidative stress and inflammation, ameliorates NGF content and the vascular dysfunction, thus suggesting its possible therapeutic use for diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elisa Valsecchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Colleoni M, Sacerdote P. Murine models of human neuropathic pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:924-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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