1
|
Liu ZT, Zhang Y, Fang R, Simmonds M, Zhang XJ, Zhang TT, Sun TT, Chen XQ. Evaluation of Saxifraga stolonifera phenolic extracts as a potential antivenom against Deinagkistrodon acutus venom: In vitro and in vivo studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116964. [PMID: 37495028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the snake-infested mountainous regions of China, Saxifraga stolonifera [L.] Meeb is widely utilized as an immediate remedy for venomous snake bites. However, the scientific understanding of S. stolonifera's efficacy in snakebite treatment remains limited and requires further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of Saxifraga stolonifera phenolic extracts (SSPE) on Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV) and explore the potential of S. stolonifera as a valuable candidate for antivenom development. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed our previously optimized extraction conditions to obtain SSPE. In vitro experiments utilizing diverse models were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the extracted phenolic compounds on DAV, specifically targeting phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteolytic, fibrinolytic, and hyaluronidase enzymes. Furthermore, in vivo investigations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory potential of the extracted compounds against DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic activity. To elucidate the chemical composition of the phenolic extracts, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis was performed. RESULTS Our in vitro inhibition study showed that S. stolonifera was able to inhibit the activities of PLA2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, hyaluronidase and fibrinogenolytic. The median effective dose (ED50) values of SSPE for inhibiting PLA2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme and hyaluronidase activities were 0.115 mg/mL, 0.026 mg/mL and 0.238 mg/mL, respectively. The DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic effects of the SSPE were also successfully inhibited in vivo, and the high SSPE concentration was able to completely inhibit the hemorrhage and edema. It is noteworthy that the mice suffered no harm from the high SSPE concentration. The composition analysis showed that the phenolic substances contained in SSPE are gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-ɑ-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin and kaempferol. CONCLUSIONS This study provides scientific validation of the inhibitory efficacy of S. stolonifera as an emergency treatment for venomous snake bites, offering a theoretical foundation for future drug development strategies targeting snakebite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of BioResource EcoUtilization, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
| | - Rui Fang
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
| | | | - Xiu-Juan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong-Tong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong-Tong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of BioResource EcoUtilization, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dagar P, Mishra A. Herbal Compounds as an Antidote against Snake Bite. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1714-1719. [PMID: 35440297 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220417134118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites have been declared a neglected health problem that must be considered a national disease of the WHO[world health organisation]. Asian countries like India have high snakebite death rates due to short antidotes and poorly equipped doctors. In today's scenario, local resources like herbs need to be used to prepare cheap antidotes and often available to victims. Snake bites should be viewed as an emergency problem and require additional national guidelines, doctor training, expertise, and human concentration for effective and timely treatment-measures to be taken to ensure the availability and mass production of antidotes. Currently available, antidotes have problems with storage, manufacture, and aspects of the results. Attention should be paid to the natural compound Gedunin with antitoxic effects. To determine Gedunin's therapeutic efficacy well-designed clinical research is required. This article emphasizes and proves the therapeutic effectiveness of the herbal plant active ingredient Gedunin against snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dagar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT [BHU]-Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT [BHU]-Varanasi-221005
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adeyi AO, Mustapha KK, Ajisebiola BS, Adeyi OE, Metibemu DS, Okonji RE. Inhibition of Echis ocellatus venom metalloprotease by flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves: in vitro and in silico approaches. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1893334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olubisi Esther Adeyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Raphael Emuebie Okonji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sachetto ATA, Miyamoto JG, Tashima AK, de Souza AO, Santoro ML. The Bioflavonoids Rutin and Rutin Succinate Neutralize the Toxins of B. jararaca Venom and Inhibit its Lethality. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828269. [PMID: 35264963 PMCID: PMC8899467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom of the Brazilian pit viper Bothrops jararaca (BjV) is a complex mixture of molecules, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and serine proteinases (SVSP) are the most abundant protein families found therein. Toxins present in BjV trigger most of the deleterious disturbances in hemostasis observed in snakebites, i.e., thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and bleedings. The treatment of patients bitten by snakes still poses challenges and the bioflavonoid rutin has already been shown to improve hemostasis in an experimental model of snakebite envenomation. However, rutin is poorly soluble in water; in this study, it was succinylated to generate its water-soluble form, rutin succinate (RS), which was analyzed comparatively regarding the chemical structure and characteristic features of rutin. Biological activities of rutin and RS were compared on hemostatic parameters, and against toxic activities of crude BjV in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with either BjV alone or pre-incubated with rutin, RS or 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phe, an SVMP inhibitor), and the survival rates and hemostatic parameters were analyzed 48 h after envenomation. RS showed the characteristic activities described for rutin – i.e., antioxidant and inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase – but also prolonged the clotting time of fibrinogen and plasma in vitro. Differently from rutin, RS inhibited typical proteolytic activities of SVMP, as well as the coagulant activity of BjV. Importantly, both rutin and RS completely abrogated the lethal activity of BjV, in the same degree as o-phe. BjV induced hemorrhages, falls in RBC counts, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia in mice. Rutin and RS also improved the recovery of platelet counts and fibrinogen levels, and the development of hemorrhages was totally blocked in mice injected with BjV incubated with RS. In conclusion, RS has anticoagulant properties and is a novel SVMP inhibitor. Rutin and RS showed different mechanisms of action on hemostasis. Only RS inhibited directly BjV biological activities, even though both flavonoids neutralized B. jararaca toxicity in vivo. Our results showed clearly that rutin and RS show a great potential to be used as therapeutic compounds for snakebite envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Azevedo Sachetto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Gabriel Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Olívia de Souza
- Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liaqat A, Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Khokhar A, Chaman S, Ali M. Anti-Snake Venom Property of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sadia Chaman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oliveira ICF, Yoshida EH, Dini MMJ, Paschoal ABO, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Oshima-Franco Y. Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110801. [PMID: 34822584 PMCID: PMC8623703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic envenomation by Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) can cause coagulopathy, rabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and peripheral neuromuscular blockade, the latter resulting in flaccid paralysis. Previous studies have shown that plant products such as tannic acid and theaflavin can protect against the neuromuscular blockade caused by C. d. terrificus venom in vitro. In this work, we used mouse-isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations to examine the ability of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin to protect against C. d. terrificus venom-induced neuromuscular blockade in vitro. In addition, the ability of tannic acid to protect against the systemic effects of severe envenomation was assessed in rats. Preincubation of venom with caffeic acid (0.5 mg/mL), chlorogenic acid (1 mg/mL), or quercetin (0.5 mg/mL) failed to protect against venom (10 μg/mL)-induced neuromuscular blockade. In rats, venom (6 mg kg−1, i.p.) caused death in ~8 h, which was prevented by preincubation of venom with tannic acid or the administration of antivenom 2 h post-venom, whereas tannic acid given 2 h post-venom prolonged survival (~18.5 h) but did not prevent death. Tannic acid (in preincubation protocols or given 2 h post-venom) had a variable effect on blood creatinine and urea and blood/urine protein levels and prevented venom-induced leukocytosis. Tannic acid attenuated the histological lesions associated with renal damage in a manner similar to antivenom. The protective effect of tannic acid appeared to be mediated by interaction with venom proteins, as assessed by SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that tannic acid could be a potentially useful ancillary treatment for envenomation by C. d. terrificus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Caruso Fontana Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Murilo Melo Juste Dini
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Olívio Paschoal
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584/235, São Paulo 08230-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pharmacology), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-21010-7197; Fax: +55-15-2101-7112
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okafor AI, Onyike E. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to snake venom induced local tissue damage by kolaviron. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:1121-1130. [PMID: 34898137 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Snakebite envenoming is an important public health problem that threatens the lives of healthy individuals especially in many tropical countries like Nigeria. Antivenins, the only efficient approach for snakebite envenoming, are limited in their efficacy in the neutralization of local tissue damage. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), protease, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) are the major hydrolytic enzymes involve in local tissue damage. Therefore, this study evaluates the inhibitory effect of kolaviron (KV) against Naja n. nigricollis (NNN) snake venom hydrolytic enzymes involved in local tissue damage. METHODS Kolaviron was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the hydrolytic enzyme activities of NNN venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), protease, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). Present study also deals with the neutralization of NNN venom enzyme(s) induced complications such as myotoxic, edemic, hemolytic and procoagulant effects. RESULTS Kolaviron inhibited the PLA2, protease, hyaluronidase and LAAO enzyme activities of NNN venom in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, myotoxic, edemic, hemolytic and procoagulant effects induced by NNN venom enzyme were neutralized significantly (p<0.05) when different doses of KV were pre-incubated with venom before assays. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly present kolaviron as a potent inhibitor against NNN venom hydrolytic enzymes involved in local tissue damage and may act by either forming an inhibitor-enzyme complex that restricts the substrate availability to the enzyme or direct binding to the enzyme active site that affects the enzyme activity thereby mitigating venom-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh P, Yasir M, Khare R, Shrivastava R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Indian male fern ( Dryopteris Cochleata), operational parameters, characterization and bioactivity on Naja naja venom neutralization. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:706-713. [PMID: 33178431 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is considered as one of the acute severe medical problems across the world. Snake venoms composed of various group of toxins, enzymes and non-toxic enzymes. Phospholipases A2 present in Naja naja snake venom plays a significant role in lipid signalling and contributes to different inflammation in the human body. Dryopteris cochleata rhizomes have antioxidant, antimicrobial property and used to treat lesions, gonorrhoea, sores, muscular pain, rheumatic and also useful in dog and snake bites. In this study, Indian male fern D. cochleata rhizomes have been used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the aim to increase the bioactivity of plant extract and to evaluate N. naja snake venom inhibition activity of prepared nanoparticles. Green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with the help of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Naja naja venom inhibition activity of nanoparticles was performed using in vitro phospholipases A2 assay and tissue damage activity. The results showed that surface plasmon resonance maxima peaks of nanoparticles were observed at 424 nm. Average particle size was around 35 nm, with a spherical shape. Neutralization results exhibited that synthesized silver nanoparticles from D. cochleata decreased percentage of tissue damage, resulting in significant inhibition of phospholipase A2 and N. naja snake venom. Results concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles from D. cochleata rhizome neutralize N. naja snake venom activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Khare
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cesar PHS, Trento MVC, Konig IFM, Marcussi S. Catechin and epicatechin as an adjuvant in the therapy of hemostasis disorders induced by snake venoms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22604. [PMID: 32830399 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Snake toxins, such as phospholipases A2 and proteases, are used as research tools to evaluate biological activities and to understand physiopathological processes of natural compounds better. In the present study, the phenolic compounds catechin and epicatechin were incubated with snake venoms to evaluate their inhibition against different substrates. Catechin and epicatechin exerted inhibitions between 20% and 95% on the activity of phospholipases A2 present in the venom of Bothrops alternatus. In the hemolytic activity, catechin exerted inhibitions between 20% and 25% in all proportions evaluated on the B. jararacussu venom, whereas epicatechin inhibited 20% of the venom activity. Coagulation induced by B. atrox and B. jararacussu venoms was significantly inhibited by catechin and epicatechin, where the time for coagulation was two to three times higher after previous incubation of the venoms with the compounds. The most significant inhibitions for the proteolytic activity on casein were 17% and 27%, respectively, by both compounds. Catechin inhibited serine protease activity induced by B. atrox venom by 64% and epicatechin by 65%. Regarding B. atrox-induced thrombolysis, catechin exerted 40% inhibition and epicatechin around 30%. The fibrinogen proteolysis was completely inhibited by catechin acting on the B. atrox venom in the proportion of 1:1 and by epicatechin on B. jararacussu venom. Catechin and epicatechin showed promising inhibitory action on proteases and phospholipases A2 . Therefore, these compounds can be explored as an adjuvant for serum therapy or pharmaceutical purposes, once they act on homologous enzymes that are present in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Cesar
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Trento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Isaac F M Konig
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
S Cesar PH, Trento MV, Sales TA, A Simão A, C Ramalho T, Marcussi S. Vanillic acid as phospholipase A 2 and proteases inhibitor: In vitro and computational analyses. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:486-496. [PMID: 32420666 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic inhibition by natural compounds may represent a valuable adjuvant in snakebite serum therapy. The objective in this work was to evaluate possible in vitro interactions between vanillic acid and enzymes from Bothrops spp. and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, and also suggest a theory as how they interact based on molecular docking. Vanillic acid inhibited the phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops alternatus (∼25% inhibition); the caseinolytic activity induced by Bothrops atrox (∼30%), Bothrops jararacussu (∼44%), and C. d. terrificus (∼33%); the fibrinogenolysis induced by B. jararacussu, B. atrox, and C. d. terrificus (100%); the serine protease activity induced by Bothrops moojeni (∼45%) and Bothrops jararaca (∼66%); the hemolytic activity induced by B. moojeni (∼26%); the thrombolysis activity induced by B. atrox (∼30%) and B. jararacussu (∼20%); and the thrombotic activity induced by C. d. terrificus (∼8%). The compound was also capable of delaying the coagulation time in citrated plasma by 60, 35, and 75 Sec, when incubated with B. moojeni, B. atrox, and B. jararaca, respectively. The results obtained expand the possibilities for future pharmaceutical use of vanillic acid, considering the high homology degree among human and snake venom phospholipases A2 and proteases (involved in chronic inflammatory diseases). Also, this compound can be used as adjuvant to improve currently available treatments for ophidism victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Cesar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Trento
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Thais A Sales
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Simão
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cesar PHS, Cardoso Trento MV, Sales TA, Marques TR, Braga MA, Ramalho TC, Marcussi S. Molecular interactions between p-coumaric acid and snake venom toxins. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14594-14603. [PMID: 31016790 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A large number of natural compounds, such as phenolic compounds, have been scientifically evaluated in the search for enzyme inhibitors. The interactions between the phenolic compound p-coumaric acid and the enzymes present in snake venoms (used as research tools) were evaluated in vitro and in silico. The p-coumaric acid was able to inhibit 31% of the phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops alternatus venom, 27% of the hemolytic activity induced by B. moojeni, 62.5% of the thrombolytic activity induced by B. jararacussu, and approximately 27% of the activity thrombosis induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus. Previous incubation of p-coumaric acid with the venoms of B. atrox and B. jararacussu increased the coagulation time by 2.18 and 2.16-fold, respectively. The activity of serine proteases in B. atrox and B. jararacussu venoms was reduced by 60% and 66.34%, respectively. Computational chemistry analyses suggests the specific binding of p-coumaric acid to the active site of proteases through hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. The phenolic compound evaluated in this work has great potential in therapeutic use to both prevent and treat hemostatic alterations, because the venom proteins inhibited by the p-coumaric acid have high homology with human proteins that have a fundamental role in several pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Cesar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Thais A Sales
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Tamara R Marques
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Braga
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marques TR, Cesar PHS, Braga MA, Marcussi S, Corrêa AD. Fruit Bagasse Phytochemicals from Malpighia Emarginata Rich in Enzymatic Inhibitor with Modulatory Action on Hemostatic Processes. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2840-2849. [PMID: 30334251 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes are promising sources of phytochemicals for the development of products to be used in health promotion and maintenance. In this study, extracts from acerola bagasse (AB) were characterized by HPLC, and evaluated according to its modulatory action on phospholipases A2 and proteases involved in processes such as inflammation and blood clotting. Snake venoms were used as biological tools once they have high functional and structural homology between their enzymes and human enzymes. Two types of extracts were prepared from AB: aqueous and methanolic. These extracts, evaluated at different proportions (venom:extract, w:w), significantly inhibited the phospholipase activity induced by the venoms of Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops atrox (11% to 31%), and Crotalus durissus terrificus (C. d. t.) (11% to 19%). The hemolytic activity induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and C. d. t. was better inhibited by the methanolic extract (inhibition between 23% and 48%). Thrombolysis induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and C. d. t. was inhibited by both extracts, with inhibition ranging from 13% to 63% for the aqueous extract, and from 12% to 92% for the methanolic one. Both extracts increased the time of coagulation induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and Lachesis muta muta in 26 and up to 68 s. These inhibitory actions were related to the following phenolic compounds present in the extract of AB: gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin. Additional studies are needed to confirm their potential use for nutraceutical purposes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Agro-industrial wastes are promising sources of phytochemicals for the development of products that can be used by pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. Studies report the use of the acerola bagasse extract in health improvement. However, its toxic-pharmacological characterization is still scarce. In this study, the extracts of acerola bagasse presented phenolic compounds that can modulate the activity of enzymes such as phospholipases A2 and proteases that act on the coagulant/anticoagulant and thrombotic/thrombolytic activities and the break of phospholipids, decreasing the inflammation and platelet aggregation. Although the in vivo effects of the extracts are not fully understood, this study shed light upon the possibilities of their usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara R Marques
- Chemistry Dept., Univ. Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitário. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique S Cesar
- Chemistry Dept., Univ. Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitário. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Braga
- Chemistry Dept., Univ. Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitário. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Chemistry Dept., Univ. Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitário. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelita D Corrêa
- Chemistry Dept., Univ. Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitário. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Makdisi JR, Kim DP, Klein PA, Klein JA. Tumescent contravenom: murine model for prehospital treatment of Naja naja
neurotoxic snake envenomation. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:605-610. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy R. Makdisi
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA USA
| | - Dennis P. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Klein
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhattacharjee P, Bera I, Chakraborty S, Ghoshal N, Bhattacharyya D. Aristolochic acid and its derivatives as inhibitors of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon 2017; 138:1-17. [PMID: 28803055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) exerts toxicity by inducing hemorrhage, pneumorrhagia, pulmonary edema, cardiac edema, liver cell necrosis etc. Being well conserved, inhibitors of the enzyme may be synthesized using the template of the substrate, substrate binding site and features of the catalytic site of the enzyme. Previous findings showed that aristolochic acid (AA), a major constituent of Aristolochia indica, inhibits Russell's viper venom LAAO enzyme activity since, AA interacts with DNA and causes genotoxicity, derivatives of this compound were synthesized by replacing the nitro group to reduce toxicity while retaining the inhibitory potency. The interactions of AA and its derivatives with LAAO were followed by inhibition kinetics and surface plasmon resonance. Similar interactions with DNA were followed by absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. LAAO-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability assays, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. The hydroxyl (AA-OH) and chloro (AA-Cl) derivatives acted as inhibitors of LAAO but did not interact with DNA. The derivatives significantly reduced LAAO-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines. Confocal images indicated that AA, AA-OH and AA-Cl interfered with the binding of LAAO to the cell membrane. AA-OH and AA-Cl significantly inhibited LAAO activity and reduced LAAO-induced cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Bhattacharjee
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Indrani Bera
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Both non-covalent and covalent interactions were involved in the mechanism of detoxifying effects of persimmon tannin on Chinese cobra PLA 2. Fitoterapia 2017; 120:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Rameshrad M, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of green tea and its main constituents against natural and chemical toxins: A comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 100:115-137. [PMID: 27915048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Toxins are natural or chemical poisonous substances with severe side effects on health. Humans are generally exposed by widespread toxic contaminations via air, soil, water, food, fruits and vegetables. Determining a critical antidote agent with extensive effects on different toxins is an ultimate goal for all toxicologists. Traditional medicine is currently perceived as a safe and natural approach against toxins. In this regard, we focused on the protective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and its main components such as catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate as a principal source of antioxidants against both natural and chemical toxins. This literate review demonstrates that protective effects of green tea and its constituents were mainly attributed to their anti-oxidative, radical scavenging, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties and modulating inflammatory responses. Although, some studies reveal they have protective effects by increasing toxin metabolism and neutralizing PLA2, proteases, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside from Euphorbia hirta protects against snake Venom induced toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1528-40. [PMID: 27033089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant Euphorbia hirta is widely used against snake envenomations in rural areas and it was proved to be effective in animal models. Therefore, the scientific validation of its phytoconstituents for their antiophidian activity is aimed in the present study. METHODS E. hirta extract was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation and the fractions that inhibited different enzyme activities of Naja naja venom in vitro was structurally characterized using UV, FT-IR, LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Edema, hemorrhage and lethality inhibition activity of the compound were studied in mice model. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were also performed in silico. RESULTS The bioactive fraction was identified as Quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside (QR, 448.38 Da). In vitro experiments indicated that protease, phospholipase-A(2), hemolytic activity and hemorrhage inducing activity of the venom were inhibited completely at a ratio of 1:20 (venom: QR) w/w. At the same concentration, the edema ratio was drastically reduced from 187% to 107%. Significant inhibition (93%) of hyaluronidase activity was also observed at a slightly higher concentration of QR (1:50). Further, in in vivo analysis, QR significantly prolonged the survival time of mice injected with snake venom. CONCLUSION For the first time Quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, isolated from E. hirta, has been shown to exhibit anti-snake venom activity against Naja naja venom induced toxicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Exploring such multifunctional lead molecules with anti-venom activity would help in developing complementary medicine for snakebite treatments especially in rural areas where anti-snake venom is not readily available.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gopi K, Renu K, Sannanaik Vishwanath B, Jayaraman G. Protective effect of Euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:180-190. [PMID: 25727964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. Euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. However, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanolic extract of E. hirta was evaluated for anti-venom activity under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Histopathological changes in the vital organs of the mice were also monitored. UHPLC-SRM/MS was used to estimate the phenolic constituents whereas GC-MS analysis was performed to analyze the volatile metabolites present. The major compound was further evaluated for its contribution to the overall inhibitory potential of the extract. RESULTS Methanolic extract of E. hirta completely inhibited the venom enzymes under in vitro and reduced the edema ratio. The extract increased the survival time (>24h) of mice which was further evidenced by histopathological analysis of vital organs. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher content of phenolic (144 mg/g extract) compounds in the extract. UHPLC-SRM/MS demonstrated that ellagic acid, gallic acid and quinic acid are the major phenolics whereas GC-MS analysis revealed pyrogallol as the major constituent (60.07%) among the volatile components of the extract. It was also shown that pyrogallol has the ability to differentially inhibit venom protease but not phospholipase A2. CONCLUSION The present study confirmed that E. hirta methanolic extract was able to completely inhibit Naja naja venom induced toxicity under in vitro as well as ex vivo conditions, thus providing scientific evidence to its traditional use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadiyala Gopi
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Kadali Renu
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | | | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Molander M, Staerk D, Mørck Nielsen H, Brandner JM, Diallo D, Kusamba Zacharie C, van Staden J, Jäger AK. Investigation of skin permeation, ex vivo inhibition of venom-induced tissue destruction, and wound healing of African plants used against snakebites. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:1-8. [PMID: 25681542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite envenomation causes 5000-10,000 mortalities and results in more than 5-15,000 amputations in sub-Saharan Africa alone every year. The inaccessibility of antiserum therapy is a vast problem, and only about 2.5% of the actual need for antiserum in Africa is covered. Numerous plants have shown in vitro inhibitory activity against one or more of the hydrolytic enzymes involved in snakebite-induced necrosis. However, a more thorough examination of the plant species in ex vivo and in vitro cell assay models is needed to test their ability to inhibit necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts which had previously shown in vitro inhibitory activity against necrosis enzymes, were tested in an ex vivo air-liquid-interface model, and a wound healing scratch assay as well as for their ability to permeate the skin barrier and inhibit venom induced cell death. RESULTS Of the 14 water extracts and 16 ethanol extracts tested at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, only the ethanol extracts of Tamarindus indica and Paullinia pinnata resulted in a small but significant increase in cell migration of around 10% compared to treatment with buffer after 24h treatment. The remaining extracts showed no effect, or they even delayed the cell migration compared to the treatment with buffer. After 48 h treatment, 10 of the tested extracts showed a decreased cell migration compared to no treatment. At a 100 μg/mL concentration all the extracts inhibited cell migration and five extracts killed some of the cells, while four extracts killed all the cells. Ten of the thirty extracts were tested in a Franz cell set-up but none of the extracts tested did permeate the skin barrier over a 48 h period, and will therefore be of very limited use topically in the initial treatment of snakebites in its present form. None of the extracts were able to directly interact with the enzyme to lower the cell toxicity of the venom. Two extracts, Dichrostachys cinerea and Grewia mollis, were tested in the ex vivo model, but none of them inhibited the tissue destruction caused by venom. CONCLUSION On the basis of this study, topical treatment with plant extracts for snakebite-induced tissue necrosis cannot be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Molander
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Departement de Medecine Traditionelle, School of Pharmacy, Bamako, Mali
| | - Chifundera Kusamba Zacharie
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Resources Management, Faculty of Sciences, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, South Africa
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molander M, Nielsen L, Søgaard S, Staerk D, Rønsted N, Diallo D, Chifundera KZ, van Staden J, Jäger AK. Hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2 and protease inhibitory activity of plants used in traditional treatment of snakebite-induced tissue necrosis in Mali, DR Congo and South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:171-180. [PMID: 25256691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite envenomation, every year, causes estimated 5-10,000 mortalities and results in more than 5-15,000 amputations in sub-Saharan Africa alone. Antiserum is not easily accessible in these regions or doctors are simply not available, thus more than 80% of all patients seek traditional practitioners as first-choice. Therefore it is important to investigate whether the plants used in traditional medicine systems contain compounds against the necrosis-inducing enzymes of snake venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts from traditionally used plants from DR Congo, Mali and South Africa were tested in hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2 and protease enzyme bioassays using Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis as enzyme source. RESULTS A total of 226 extracts from 94 different plant species from the three countries, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo and South Africa were tested in phospholipase A2, proteases and hyaluronidase enzyme assays. Forty plant species showed more than 90% inhibition in one or more assay. Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae and Malvaceae were the families with the highest number of active species, and the active compounds were distributed in different plant parts depending on plant species. Polyphenols were removed in the search for specific enzyme inhibitors against hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2 or proteases from extracts with IC50 values below 100µg/ml. Water extracts of Pupalia lappacea, Combretum molle, Strychnos innocua and Grewia mollis and ethanol extract of Lannea acida and Bauhinia thonningii still showed IC50 values below 100µg/ml in either the hyaluronidase or protease bioassay after removal of polyphenols. CONCLUSION As four of the active plants are widely distributed in the areas where the snake species Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis occur a potential inhibitor of the necrotic enzymes is accessible for many people in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Molander
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Søgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1307 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Departement de Medicine Traditionelle, School of Pharmacy, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kusamba Zacharie Chifundera
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Resources Management, Faculty of Sciences, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, South Africa
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sarkhel S. Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:416-20. [PMID: 25182729 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate and collect information from traditional health healers/tribal communities on the use of medicinal plants for treatment of snakebite. METHODS The ethno-medicinal study was conducted in 8 villages of the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal in 2012-2013 through questionnaire and personal interviews. Following the method of Martin, information about medicinal plants used in snake bite, precise plant parts used, methods of treatment and administration was enquired from the tribal communities (Santhals, Mundas, Lodhas, Bhumijs, Oraon Kherias) of the region. RESULTS The present study enumerates 20 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 16 families used by the tribal communities and medicinal healers of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal in treatment of snakebite. Each plant species has been listed alphabetically according to its botanical name, family, vernacular name, part(s) used, mode of preparation/administration. CONCLUSIONS The importance of traditional medicinal system among the tribal communities of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal has been highlighted in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sarkhel
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur-721102, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gopi K, Renu K, Jayaraman G. Inhibition of Naja naja venom enzymes by the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera and its chemical profile by GC-MS. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:667-673. [PMID: 28962280 PMCID: PMC5598287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herb Leucas aspera against Indian cobra, Naja naja venom enzymes. Methods Methanolic extract of Leucas aspera was evaluated, in vitro, for its ability to inhibit the major enzyme activities of Naja naja venom including protease, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and hemolytic factors. The type of phytochemicals present in the extract was analyzed. Also, the major phytoconstituents in the extract was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results Venom protease and hyaluronidase activities (two isoforms) were completely (100%) neutralized by the L. aspera methanolic extract at ratio of 1:50 w/w (venom: plant extract) and venom hemolytic activity was also completely neutralized at a ratio of 1:80 w/w by the plant extract. However, the extract failed to neutralize phospholipase A2 activity even at the highest concentration used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, acidic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides in the extract. GC–MS analysis indicated that a total of 14 compounds were present in the extract. The major bioactive constituents were found to be 6-octadecenoic acid (32.47%), n-hexadecanoic acid (25.97%), and 17-octadecen-14-yn-1-ol (14.22%) along with the minor constituents, sitosterol (2.45%) and stigmasterol (2%), which was previously reported to exhibit antivenom activity. Conclusion The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera possesses anti-venom activity and could be considered as a potential source for the anti-ophidian metabolites.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Zhong L, Zhou B, Chen JY, Li CM. Interaction of characteristic structural elements of persimmon tannin with Chinese cobra PLA2. Toxicon 2013; 74:34-43. [PMID: 23916601 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To more fully understand the mechanism by which persimmon tannin (PT) inhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the structural requirements of PT for the inhibition, the interactions between PLA2 and seven characteristic structural elements of PT including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), myricetin, epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epicatechin-3-gallate-(4β → 8, 2β → O → 7)-epicatechin-3-gallate (A-type ECG dimer), epigallocatechin-3-gallate-(4β → 8, 2β → O → 7)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (A-type EGCG dimer), epicatechin-(4β → 8, 2β → O → 7)-epicatechin (A-type EC dimer) and epicatechin-(4β → 8)-epicatechin (B-type EC dimer) were studied by enzymatic and spectroscopic methods. Molecular docking was also used to explore the possible residues involved in the interactions. The results revealed that A-type EGCG dimer and A-type ECG dimer showed higher inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity of PLA2 than monomers and B-type dimer. They induced greater conformational changes in PLA2 than other structural elements. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed that expect for lysine residues, other residues such as Trp18, Try27, Gly29, His47 and Tyr63 were involved in the interactions. We propose that A-type EGCG and ECG dimer units may be structural requirements for the interaction between PT and PLA2. Our data provide an additional structural basis for anti-PLA2 activity of persimmon tannin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li CM, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zou B, Dong XQ, Hagerman AE. The interaction of a polymeric persimmon proanthocyanidin fraction with Chinese cobra PLA2 and BSA. Toxicon 2013; 67:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
25
|
Mendes MM, Vieira SAPB, Gomes MSR, Paula VF, Alcântara TM, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, dos Santos JI, Magro AJ, Fontes MRM, Rodrigues VM. Triacontyl p-coumarate: an inhibitor of snake venom metalloproteinases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 86:72-82. [PMID: 23141056 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes and are primarily responsible for the local tissue damage characteristic of viperid snake envenomations. The use of medicinal plant extracts as antidotes against animal venoms is an old practice, especially against snake envenomations. Such plants are sources of many pharmacologically active compounds and have been shown to antagonize the effects of some venoms and toxins. The present study explores the activity of triacontyl p-coumarate (PCT), an active compound isolated from root bark of Bombacopsis glabra vegetal extract (Bg), against harmful effects of Bothropoides pauloensis snake venom and isolated toxins (SVMPs or phospholipase A(2)). Before inhibition assays, Bg or PCT was incubated with venom or toxins at ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 (w/w; venom or isolated toxins/PCT) for 30 min at 37°C. Treatment conditions were also assayed to simulate snakebite with PCT inoculated at either the same venom or toxin site. PCT neutralized fibrinogenolytic activity and plasmatic fibrinogen depletion induced by B. pauloensis venom or isolated toxin. PCT also efficiently inhibited the hemorrhagic (3MDH - minimum hemorrhagic dose injected i.d into mice) and myotoxic activities induced by Jararhagin, a metalloproteinase from B. jararaca at 1:5 ratio (toxin: inhibitor, w/w) when it was previously incubated with PCT and injected into mice or when PCT was administered after toxin injection. Docking simulations using data on a metalloproteinase (Neuwiedase) structure suggest that the binding between the protein and the inhibitor occurs mainly in the active site region causing blockade of the enzymatic reaction by displacement of catalytic water. Steric hindrance may also play a role in the mechanism since the PCT hydrophobic tail was found to interact with the loop associated with substrate anchorage. Thus, PCT may provide a alternative to complement ophidian envenomation treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Mendes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wahby A, Mahdy ESM, EL-mezayen HA, Salama WH, Ebrahim NM, Abdel-Aty AM, Fahmy AS. Role of hyaluronidase inhibitors in the neutralization of toxicity of Egyptian horned viper Cerastes cerastes venom. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Snake envenomation is a global public health problem, with highest incidence in Southeast Asia. Inadequate health services, difficult transportation and consequent delay in antisnake venom administration are the main reasons for high mortality. Adverse drug reactions and inadequate storage conditions limit the use of antisnake venom. The medicinal plants, available locally and used widely by traditional healers, therefore need attention. A wide array of plants and their active principles have been evaluated for pharmacological properties. However, numerous unexplored plants claimed to be antidotes in folklore medicine need to be studied. The present article reviews the current status of various medicinal plants for the management of snake bite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y K Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Perumal Samy R, Gopalakrishnakone P, Chow VTK. Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A(2). Bioinformation 2012; 8:48-57. [PMID: 22359435 PMCID: PMC3282276 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural inhibitors occupy an important place in the potential to neutralize the toxic effects caused by snake venom proteins and enzymes. It has been well recognized for several years that animal sera, some of the plant and marine extracts are the most potent in neutralizing snake venom phospholipase A(2) (svPLA(2)). The implication of this review to update the latest research work which has been accomplished with svPLA(2) inhibitors from various natural sources like animal, marine organisms presents a compilation of research in this field over the past decade and revisiting the previous research report including those found in plants. In addition to that the bioactive compounds/inhibitor molecules from diverse sources like aristolochic alkaloid, flavonoids and neoflavonoids from plants, hydrocarbones -2, 4 dimethyl hexane, 2 methylnonane, and 2, 6 dimethyl heptane obtained from traditional medicinal plants Tragia involucrata (Euphorbiaceae) member of natural products involved for the inhibitory potential of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes in vitro and also decrease both oedema induced by snake venom as well as human synovial fluid PLA(2). Besides marine natural products that inhibit PLA(2) are manoalide and its derivatives such as scalaradial and related compounds, pseudopterosins and vidalols, tetracylne from synthetic chemicals etc. There is an overview of the role of PLA(2) in inflammation that provides a rationale for seeking inhibitors of PLA(2) as anti-inflammatory agents. However, more studies should be considered to evaluate antivenom efficiency of sera and other agents against a variety of snake venoms found in various parts of the world. The implications of these new groups of svPLA(2) toxin inhibitors in the context of our current understanding of snake biology as well as in the development of new novel antivenoms therapeutics agents in the efficient treatment of snake envenomations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Perumal Samy
- Infectious Disease Programme, Department of Microbiology
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ambikabothy J, Ibrahim H, Ambu S, Chakravarthi S, Awang K, Vejayan J. Efficacy evaluations of Mimosa pudica tannin isolate (MPT) for its anti-ophidian properties. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:257-262. [PMID: 21640180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluations of the anti-snake venom efficacy of Mimosa pudica tannin isolate (MPT) obtained from root of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHOD MPT was investigated in vitro and in vivo for its efficacy against the venom of Naja kaouthia snake. RESULTS In vitro: (1) mice injected i.p. with MPT pre-incubated with Naja kaouthia venom at concentrations as low as 0.625 mg/ml showed 100% survival after a 24-h observation period. (2) In the proteomics study, mice injected with MPT pre-incubated with the Naja kaouthia venom showed down-regulation of five serum proteins. (3) In the protein-dye-binding study, the percentage of Bradford dye-protein binding showed a reduction relative to the decrease in MPT concentration used to incubate with the venom. In vivo: the results from the animal studies showed that MPT had no in vivo protection against the Naja kaouthia venom (0.875 mg/kg) in four different rescue modes and in an oral pre-treatment experiment. CONCLUSION The study indicated the promising ability of MPT to neutralize the Naja kaouthia venom in in vitro experiments but fell short in its in vivo potential. As such, the use of Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae) as therapeutics for snake bites is questionable as all the possible in vivo rescue studies and pre-treatment of the active constituents showed no protection against the affected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamunaa Ambikabothy
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Molecular docking studies and anti-snake venom metalloproteinase activity of Thai mango seed kernel extract. Molecules 2009; 14:3198-213. [PMID: 19783918 PMCID: PMC6254968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomations cause severe local tissue necrosis and the venom metalloproteinases are thought to be the key toxins involved. In this study, the ethanolic extract from seed kernels of Thai mango (Mangiferaindica L. cv. ‘Fahlun’) (Anacardiaceae) and its major phenolic principle (pentagalloylglucopyranose) exhibited potent and dose−dependent inhibitory effects on the caseinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of Malayan pit viper and Thai cobra venoms in in vitro tests. Molecular docking studies revealed that the binding orientations of the phenolic principles were in the binding pockets of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The phenolic principles could form hydrogen bonds with the three histidine residues in the conserved zinc−binding motif and could chelate the Zn2+ atom of the SVMPs, which could potentially result in inhibition of the venom enzymatic activities and thereby inhibit tissue necrosis.
Collapse
|