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Jovanović JA, Krstić-Milošević D, Vinterhalter B, Dinić S, Grdović N, Uskoković A, Rajić J, Đorđević M, Sarić A, Vidaković M, Mihailović M. Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potential of Xanthone-Rich Extracts from Gentiana dinarica and Gentiana utriculosa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9066. [PMID: 39201752 PMCID: PMC11354890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of various therapeutic approaches, diabetes mellitus and its complications have been an increasing burden of mortality and disability globally. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants to support existing drugs in treating diabetes. Xanthones, the main secondary metabolites found in Gentiana dinarica and Gentiana utriculosa, display various biological activities. In in vitro cultured and particularly in genetically transformed G. dinarica and G. utriculosa roots, there is a higher content of xanthones. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare antidiabetic properties of secondary metabolites (extracts) prepared from these two Gentiana species, cultured in vitro and genetically transformed with those collected from nature. We compare HPLC secondary metabolite profiles and the content of the main extract compounds of G. dinarica and G. utriculosa methanol extracts with their ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase in vitro. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of selected extracts was tested further in vivo on glucose-loaded Wistar rats. Our findings reveal that the most prominent radical scavenging potential and potential to control the rise in glucose level, detected in xanthone-rich extracts, were in direct correlation with an accumulation of xanthones norswertianin and norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside in G. dinarica and decussatin and decussatin-1-O-primeveroside in G. utriculosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Arambašić Jovanović
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Dijana Krstić-Milošević
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Branka Vinterhalter
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Svetlana Dinić
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Nevena Grdović
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jovana Rajić
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Marija Đorđević
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Sarić
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Depatment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 10060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.D.); (N.G.); (A.U.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
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Cvetković S, Vuletić S, Vunduk J, Klaus A, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Nikolić B. The role of Gentiana lutea extracts in reducing UV-induced DNA damage. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:71-80. [PMID: 35253882 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can result in DNA damage, mainly through direct formation of pyrimidine dimers and generation of reactive oxygen species, which can lead to the skin disorders including cancer. In accordance with this, the use of natural antigenotoxins and/or antioxidants could contribute to human health protection. Considering that plants are rich in both, the aim of this study was to investigate UV-protective and antioxidative properties of yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), being well established in pharmacopeias and traditional medicine. Tested extracts were derived from root and shoot of the in vitro cultivated plants. Prescreening of the genotoxic properties of UVC, UVA, and the extracts, as well as the extracts' antigenotoxicity were estimated by applying alkaline comet assay on normal fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) and human melanoma cells (Hs 294T). Antioxidant potential was tested in ferrous ions chelating ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. Genotoxicity testing, which revealed moderate DNA-damaging potential of root extract on MRC-5 cells and high genotoxicity of shoot extract on both cell lines, pointed out nongenotoxic concentrations that could be used in antigenotoxicity assay. Doses of 63 and 3 J/cm2 for UVC and UVA, respectively, were established for antigenotoxicity study, since they induced sufficient DNA damage without notable cytotoxicity. Results of antigenotoxicity revealed strong protective effect of both extracts against UVC (the highest inhibitions 58% and 47%) and UVA (the highest inhibitions 69% and 60%), in Hs 294T and MRC-5 cells, respectively. Study of the antioxidative properties demonstrated stronger activity of shoot extract. Results obtained proved to be encouraging but further research of the UV-protective role of Gentiana lutea extracts and underlying molecular mechanisms is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefana Cvetković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefana Vuletić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Vunduk
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anita Klaus
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Mitić-Ćulafić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Nikolić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Ponticelli M, Lela L, Moles M, Mangieri C, Bisaccia D, Faraone I, Falabella R, Milella L. The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113518. [PMID: 36423749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over many years, natural products have been a source of healing agents and have exhibited beneficial uses for treating human diseases. The Gentiana genus is the biggest genus in the Gentianaceae, with over 400 species distributed mainly in alpine zones of temperate countries around the world. Plants in the Gentiana genus have historically been used to treat a wide range of diseases. Still, only in the last years has particular attention been paid to the biological activities of Gentiana lutea Linn., also known as yellow Gentian or bitterwort. Several in vitro/vivo investigations and human interventional trials have demonstrated the promising activity of G. lutea extracts against oxidative stress, microbial infections, inflammation, obesity, atherosclerosis, etc.. A systematic approach was performed using Pubmed and Scopus databases to update G. lutea chemistry and activity. Specifically, this systematic review synthesized the major specialized bitter metabolites and the biological activity data obtained from different cell lines, animal models, and human interventional trials. This review aims to the exaltation of G. lutea as a source of bioactive compounds that can prevent and treat several human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ludovica Lela
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Mariapia Moles
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Claudia Mangieri
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Bisaccia
- Italian National Research Council-Water Research Institute, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70123, Bari, Italy
| | - Immacolata Faraone
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy; Spinoff Bioactiplant Srl Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Roberto Falabella
- Urology Unit, San Carlo Hospital, Via Potito Petrone, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale Dell'ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Kudva AK, Raghu SV, Rao S, Venkatesh P, Hegde SK, D'souza RK, Baliga-Rao MP, Simon P, Baliga M. Indian Indigenous Fruits as Radioprotective Agents: Past, Present and Future. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:53-63. [PMID: 34229590 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210706124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation has been an important modality in cancer treatment and its value is immense when surgical intervention is risky or might debilitate/adversely affect the patient. However, the beneficial effect of radiation modality is negated by the damage to the adjacent healthy tissue in the field of radiation. Under these situations, the use of radioprotective compounds that can selectively protect normal tissues against radiation injury is considered very useful. However, research spanning over half a century has shown that there are no ideal radioprotectors available. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) approved amifostine or WR-2721 (Walter Reed-2721) [chemically S-2-(3-aminopropyl-amino) ethyl phosphorothioic acid] is toxic at their optimal concentrations. This has necessitated the need for agents that are safe and easily acceptable to humans. BACKGROUND Dietary agents with beneficial effects like free radical scavenging, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects are recognized as applicable and have been investigated for their radioprotective properties. Studies in these lines have shown that the fruits of Aegle marmelos (stone apple or bael), Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica(Indian gooseberry/amla), Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana (black plum / jamun), Mangifera indica (mango) and Grewia asiatica (phalsa or falsa) that are originally reported to be indigenous to India have been investigated for their usefulness as a radioprotective agent. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to summarize beneficial effects of the Indian indigenous fruits stone apple, mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, and phalsa in mitigating radiation-induced side effects, emphasize the underlying mechanism of action for the beneficial effects and address aspects that merit detail investigations for these fruits to move towards clinical application in the near future. METHODS The authors data mined in Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications in the field from 1981 up to July 2020. The focus was on the radioprotection and the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects, and accordingly, the articles were collated and analyzed. RESULTS This article emphasizes the usefulness of stone apple, mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, and phalsa as radioprotective agents. From a mechanistic view, reports are suggestive that the beneficial effects are mediated by triggering free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION For the first time, this review addresses the beneficial effects of mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, stone apple and phalsa as radioprotective agents. The authors suggest that future studies should be directed at understanding the selective radioprotective effects with tumor-bearing laboratory animals to understand their usefulness as radioprotective drug/s during radiotherapy and as a food supplement to protect people getting exposed to low doses of radiation in occupational settings. Phase I clinical trial studies are also required to ascertain the optimal dose and the schedule to be followed with the standardized extract of these fruits. The most important aspect is that these fruits are a part of the diet, have been consumed since the beginning of mankind, are non-toxic, possess diverse medicinal properties, have easy acceptability all of which will help take research forward and be of benefit to patients, occupational workers, agribased sectors and pharma industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ponemone Venkatesh
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanath Kumar Hegde
- Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Paul Simon
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjeshwar Baliga
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Jiang M, Cui BW, Wu YL, Nan JX, Lian LH. Genus Gentiana: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113391. [PMID: 32931880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As the largest genus of Gentianaceae family, the Gentiana genus harbors over 400 species, widely distributed in the alpine areas of temperate regions worldwide. Plants from Gentiana genus are traditionally used to treat a wide variety of diseases including easing pain dispelling rheumatism, and treating liver jaundice, chronic pharyngitis and arthritis in China since ancient times. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms, toxicology and pharmacological activities of the researched species of genus Gentiana is provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS The used information in this review is based on various databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley online library, Wanfang Data, Web of Science) through a search using the keyword "Gentiana" in the period of 1981-2019. Besides, other ethnopharmacological information was acquired from Chinese herbal classic books and Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 edition. RESULTS The plants from Gentiana genus have a long tradition of various medicinal uses in Europe and Asia. Phytochemical studies showed that the main bioactive components isolated from this genus includes iridoids xanthones and flavonoids. These compounds and extracts isolated from this genus show a wide range of protective activities including hepatic protection, gastrointestinal protection, cardiovascular protection, immunomodulation, joint protection, pulmonary protection, bone protection and reproductive protection. Molecular mechanism studies also indicated several potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of certain diseases by plants from this genus. Besides, natural products from this plant show no significant animal toxicity, cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. CONCLUSION This review summarized the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and molecular mechanism of genus Gentiana, providing references and research tendency for plant-based drug development and further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Ben-Wen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China; Clinical Research Centre, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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Morozkina SN, Nhung Vu TH, Generalova YE, Snetkov PP, Uspenskaya MV. Mangiferin as New Potential Anti-Cancer Agent and Mangiferin-Integrated Polymer Systems-A Novel Research Direction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:79. [PMID: 33435313 PMCID: PMC7827323 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the pharmaceutical industry focused on natural biologically active molecules due to their unique properties, availability and significantly less side-effects. Mangiferin is a naturally occurring C-glucosylxantone that has substantial potential for the treatment of various diseases thanks to its numerous biological activities. Many research studies have proven that mangiferin possesses antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, neuroprotective properties and it also increases immunity. It is especially important that it has no toxicity. However, mangiferin is not being currently applied to clinical use because its oral bioavailability as well as its absorption in the body are too low. To improve the solubility, enhance the biological action and bioavailability, mangiferin integrated polymer systems have been developed. In this paper, we review molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer action as well as a number of designed polymer-mangiferin systems. Taking together, mangiferin is a very promising anti-cancer molecule with excellent properties and the absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Morozkina
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Yuliya E. Generalova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Industrial Technology of Dosage Forms, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova Street 14A, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Petr P. Snetkov
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Mayya V. Uspenskaya
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
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Yellow gentian root extract provokes concentration- and time-dependent response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:320-328. [PMID: 33410776 PMCID: PMC7968512 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.), a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, displays multiple biological effects, ranging from beneficial to toxic. Since many promising applications have been reported so far, our aim was to evaluate its potential concentration- and time- dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro. To that end we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL of yellow gentian root extract (YGRE) to determine its effects on oxidative stress parameters [pro/antioxidant balance (PAB) and lipid peroxidation], DNA damage (alkaline comet assay and chromosome aberrations), and cell viability (trypan blue exclusion test). Cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations and treatment duration. Only the lowest YGRE concentration (0.5 mg/mL) increased oxidative stress but produced minor DNA damage and cytotoxicity. At higher concentrations, redox parameters returned to near control values. The percentage of chromosome aberrations and percentage of DNA in the comet tail increased with increased YGRE concentration after 48 h and declined after 72 h of treatment. This points to the activation of DNA repair mechanism (homologous recombination), evidenced by the formation of chromosomal radial figures after 72 h of treatment with the highest YGRE concentration of 2 mg/mL. Our results suggest that YGRE, despite induction of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, activates cell repair mechanisms that counter oxidative and DNA lesions and induce cell death in highly damaged cells. Therefore, observed protective effects of yellow gentian after longer exposure could be a result of activated repair and removal of cells with irreparable damage.
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Cvetković S, Nastasijević B, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Đukanović S, Tenji D, Knežević-Vukčević J, Nikolić B. New insight into the antigenotoxic activity of Gentiana lutea extracts – Protective effect against food borne mutagens. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cafaro T, Carnicelli V, Caprioli G, Maggi F, Celenza G, Perilli M, Bozzi A, Amicosante G, Brisdelli F. Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea root extract. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Park E, Lee CG, Kim J, Yeo S, Kim JA, Choi CW, Jeong SY. Antiobesity Effects of Gentiana lutea Extract on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and a High-Fat Diet-Induced Mouse Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102453. [PMID: 32466183 PMCID: PMC7288051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most common metabolic diseases resulting in metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of Gentiana lutea L. (GL) extract on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse model. For the induction of preadipocytes into adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells were induced by treatment with 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1 mM dexamethasone, and 1 μg/mL insulin. Adipogenesis was assessed based on the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of adipogenic-inducing genes (adiponectin (Adipoq), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa), and glucose transporter type 4 (Slc2a4)) and lipid accumulation in the differentiated adipocytes was visualized by Oil Red O staining. In vivo, obese mice were induced with HFD and coadministered with 100 or 200 mg/kg/day of GL extract for 12 weeks. GL extract treatment inhibited adipocyte differentiation by downregulating the expression of adipogenic-related genes in 3T3-L1 cells. In the obese mouse model, GL extract prevented HFD-induced weight gain, fatty hepatocyte deposition, and adipocyte size by decreasing the secretion of leptin and insulin. In conclusion, GL extract shows antiobesity effects in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this extract can be beneficial in the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkuk Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (E.P.); (C.G.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Chang Gun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (E.P.); (C.G.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- Nine B Company, Daejeon 34121, Korea; (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Subin Yeo
- Nine B Company, Daejeon 34121, Korea; (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Ji Ae Kim
- Nine B Company, Daejeon 34121, Korea; (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Chun Whan Choi
- Natural Product Research Team, Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea;
| | - Seon-Yong Jeong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (E.P.); (C.G.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-4520; Fax: +82-31-219-4521
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Saha S, Sadhukhan P, Sil PC. Mangiferin: A xanthonoid with multipotent anti-inflammatory potential. Biofactors 2016; 42:459-474. [PMID: 27219011 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last era, small molecules sourced from different plants have gained attention for their varied and long-term medicinal benefits. Their advantageous therapeutic effects in diverse pathological complications lead researchers to give an ever-increasing emphasis on them and discover their novel therapeutic potentials. Among these, the heat stable, xanthonoid group of organic molecules has gained special importance with distinctive regards to the bioactive molecule mangiferin due to its solubility in water. Mangiferin, a yellow polyphenol having C-glycosyl xanthone structure, is widely present in different edible sources like mango, and possesses numerous biological activities. Extensive research with this molecule shows its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, it provides protection against a wide range of physiological disorders. The C-glucosyl linkage and polyhydroxy groups in mangiferin's structure contribute essentially to its free radical-scavenging activity. Moreover, its ability in regulating various transcription factors like NF-κB, Nrf-2, etc. and modulating the expression of different proinflammatory signaling intermediates like tumor necrosis factor-α, COX-2, etc. contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic potentials. In this comprehensive article, information has been provided about the sources, chemical structure, metabolism, and different biological activities of mangiferin with special emphasis on the underlying cellular signal transduction pathways. Insights into an in-depth assessment of mangiferin's anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential have also been discussed in detail. On an overall perspective, this review aims to stage mangiferin's diversified therapeutic applications and its emerging possibility as a promising drug in future based on its anti-inflammatory property. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):459-474, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India.
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Gold-Smith F, Fernandez A, Bishop K. Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2016; 8:E396. [PMID: 27367721 PMCID: PMC4963872 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. This review focuses on the effect of mangiferin on: (1) inflammation, with respect to NFκB, PPARү and the immune system; (2) cell cycle, the MAPK pathway G₂/M checkpoint; (3) proliferation and metastasis, and implications on β-catenin, MMPs, EMT, angiogenesis and tumour volume; (4) apoptosis, with a focus on Bax/Bcl ratios, intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways and telomerase activity; (5) oxidative stress, through Nrf2/ARE signalling, ROS elimination and catalase activity; and (6) efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, such as oxaliplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin. In addition, the need to enhance the bioavailability and delivery of mangiferin are briefly addressed, as well as the potential for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchsia Gold-Smith
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Alyssa Fernandez
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Karen Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Wei Z, Yan L, Chen Y, Bao C, Deng J, Deng J. Mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via downregulating interferon regulatory factor 5 expression. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1091-8. [PMID: 27277156 PMCID: PMC4940072 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin is a natural polyphenol and the predominant effective component of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves. For hundreds of years, Mangifera indica Linn. leaf has been used as an ingredient in numerous traditional Chinese medicine preparations for the treatment of bronchitis. However, the pharmacological mechanism of mangiferin in the treatment of bronchitis remains to be elucidated. Macrophage classical activation is important role in the process of bronchial airway inflammation, and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) has been identified as a key regulatory factor for macrophage classical activation. The present study used the THP-1 human monocyte cell line to investigate whether mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via suppressing IRF5 expression in vitro. THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Macrophages were polarized to M1 macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to detect the M1 macrophages. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate cellular IRF5 gene expression. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and IRF5 were assessed following cell culture and cellular homogenization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IRF5 protein and nuclei co-localization was performed in macrophages with laser scanning confocal microscope immunofluorescence analysis. The results of the present study demonstrated that mangiferin significantly inhibits LPS/IFN-γ stimulation-induced classical activation of macrophages in vitro and markedly decreases proinflammatory cytokine release. In addition, cellular IRF5 expression was markedly downregulated. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of mangiferin on classical activation of macrophages may be exerted via downregulation of cellular IRF5 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wei
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Laboratory of Basis and Application Research of Zhuang Medicine Formulas, Zhuang Medicine College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhong Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Dana‑Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
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Kesavan R, Chandel S, Upadhyay S, Bendre R, Ganugula R, Potunuru UR, Giri H, Sahu G, Kumar PU, Reddy GB, Joksic G, Bera AK, Dixit M. Gentiana lutea exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects by preventing endothelial inflammation and smooth muscle cell migration. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:293-301. [PMID: 26868432 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies suggest that Gentiana lutea (GL), and its component isovitexin, may exhibit anti-atherosclerotic properties. In this study we sought to investigate the protective mechanism of GL aqueous root extract and isovitexin on endothelial inflammation, smooth muscle cell migation, and on the onset and progression of atherosclerosis in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Our results show that both GL extract and isovitexin, block leukocyte adhesion and generation of reactive oxygen species in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), following TNF-alpha and platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) challenges respectively. Both the extract and isovitexin blocked TNF-α induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HUVECs. PDGF-BB induced migration of RASMCs and phospholipase C-γ activation, were also abrogated by GL extract and isovitexin. Fura-2 based ratiometric measurements demonstrated that, both the extact, and isovitexin, inhibit PDGF-BB mediated intracellular calcium rise in RASMCs. Supplementation of regular diet with 2% GL root powder for STZ rats, reduced total cholesterol in blood. Oil Red O staining demonstrated decreased lipid accumulation in aortic wall of diabetic animals upon treatment with GL. Medial thickness and deposition of collagen in the aortic segment of diabetic rats were also reduced upon supplementation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) in aortic segments of diabetic rats following GL treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results support that GL root extract/powder and isovitexin exhibit anti-atherosclerotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kesavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Bendre
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Ganugula
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - U R Potunuru
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - H Giri
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - G Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - P Uday Kumar
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - G Joksic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A K Bera
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Pan Y, Zhao YL, Zhang J, Li WY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the GenusGentiana(Gentianaceae). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:107-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mangiferin ameliorates the intestinal inflammatory response and the impaired gastrointestinal motility in mouse model of postoperative ileus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:531-8. [PMID: 25653124 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that mangiferin (MGF), a glucosylxanthone from Mangifera indica, exerts gastrointestinal prokinetic action involving a cholinergic mechanism. Postoperative ileus (POI) is a temporary disturbance in gastrointestinal motility following surgery, and intestinal inflammatory response plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of POI. The present study investigated to know whether MGF having anti-inflammatory and prokinetic actions can ameliorate the intestinal inflammation and impaired gastrointestinal transit seen in the mouse model of POI. Experimental POI was induced in adult male Swiss mice by standardized small intestinal manipulation (IM). Twenty-four hours later, gastrointestinal transit was assessed by charcoal transport. MGF was administered orally 1 h before the measurement of GIT. To evaluate the inflammatory response, plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and chemokine MCP-1, and the myeloperoxidase activity, nitrate/nitrite level, and histological changes of ileum were determined in mice treated or not with MGF. Experimental POI in mice was characterized by decreased gastrointestinal transit and marked intestinal and systemic inflammatory response. MGF treatment led to recovery of the delayed intestinal transit induced by IM. MGF in ileum significantly inhibited the myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, and nitrate/nitrite level and reduced the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 as well. MGF treatment ameliorates the intestinal inflammatory response and the impaired gastrointestinal motility in the mouse model of POI.
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Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside, abrogates platelet activation through PLC γ 2-PKC and MAPK pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:728019. [PMID: 24868545 PMCID: PMC4020542 DOI: 10.1155/2014/728019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amarogentin, an active principle of Gentiana lutea, possess antitumorigenic, antidiabetic, and antioxidative properties. Activation of platelets is associated with intravascular thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases. The present study examined the effects of amarogentin on platelet activation. Amarogentin treatment (15~60 μM) inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, but not thrombin, arachidonic acid, and U46619. Amarogentin inhibited collagen-induced phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC) γ2, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). It also inhibits in vivo thrombus formation in mice. In addition, neither the guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ nor the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 affected the amarogentin-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation, which suggests that amarogentin does not regulate the levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. In conclusion, amarogentin prevents platelet activation through the inhibition of PLC γ2-PKC cascade and MAPK pathway. Our findings suggest that amarogentin may offer therapeutic potential for preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders.
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Bartoszewski R, Hering A, Marszałł M, Stefanowicz Hajduk J, Bartoszewska S, Kapoor N, Kochan K, Ochocka R. Mangiferin has an additive effect on the apoptotic properties of hesperidin in Cyclopia sp. tea extracts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92128. [PMID: 24633329 PMCID: PMC3954868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of biological pro-health activities have been reported for mangiferin and hesperidin, two major phenolic compounds of Honeybush (Cyclopia sp.) tea extracts. Given their increasing popularity, there is a need for understanding the mechanisms underlying the biological effects of these compounds. In this study, we used real-time cytotoxicity cellular analysis of the Cyclopia sp. extracts on HeLa cells and found that the higher hesperidin content in non-fermented "green" extracts correlated with their higher cytotoxicity compared to the fermented extracts. We also found that mangiferin had a modulatory effect on the apoptotic effects of hesperidin. Quantitative PCR analysis of hesperidin-induced changes in apoptotic gene expression profile indicated that two death receptor pathway members, TRADD and TRAMP, were up regulated. The results of this study suggest that hesperidin mediates apoptosis in HeLa cells through extrinsic pathway for programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Hering
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Marszałł
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Niren Kapoor
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kinga Kochan
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by Gentiana lutea root extracts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61393. [PMID: 23637826 PMCID: PMC3630200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana lutea belonging to the Gentianaceae family of flowering plants are routinely used in traditional Serbian medicine for their beneficial gastro-intestinal and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to determine whether aqueous root extracts of Gentiana lutea consisting of gentiopicroside, gentisin, bellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, demethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, isovitexin, swertiamarin and amarogentin prevents proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells in response to PDGF-BB. Cell proliferation and cell cycle analysis were performed based on alamar blue assay and propidium iodide labeling respectively. In primary cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), PDGF-BB (20 ng/ml) induced a two-fold increase in cell proliferation which was significantly blocked by the root extract (1 mg/ml). The root extract also prevented the S-phase entry of synchronized cells in response to PDGF. Furthermore, PDGF-BB induced ERK1/2 activation and consequent increase in cellular nitric oxide (NO) levels were also blocked by the extract. These effects of extract were due to blockade of PDGF-BB induced expression of iNOS, cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Docking analysis of the extract components on MEK1, the upstream ERK1/2 activating kinase using AutoDock4, indicated a likely binding of isovitexin to the inhibitor binding site of MEK1. Experiments performed with purified isovitexin demonstrated that it successfully blocks PDGF-induced ERK1/2 activation and proliferation of RASMCs in cell culture. Thus, Gentiana lutea can provide novel candidates for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Balijagić J, Janković T, Zdunić G, Bošković J, Šavikin K, Goćevac D, Stanojković T, Jovančević M, Menković N. Chemical Profile, Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Activity of Yellow Gentian Leaves (Genitaneae Luteae Folium) Grown in Northern Regions of Montenegro. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
LC-ESI-MS and HPLC were used for the identification of the constituents from G. lutea leaves collected at different localities, as well as for quantification of the main compounds. Seven secoiridoids, five C-glucoflavones and three xanthones, were identified. Swertiamarin derivatives, namely eustomorusside (2), eustomoside (3) and septemfidoside (5), were detected in G. lutea for the first time. Concentrations of five constituents (swertiamarin, gentiopicrin, isovitexin, mangiferin and isogentisin) were determined. The relationship between concentrations of γ-pyrones and altitude was observed with statistically significant correlation ( r = 0.94). The extracts were also evaluated for their content of total phenolics, and antiradical and cytotoxic activities. The total phenolics content ranged from 7.7 to 12.7 mg GAE/g, and the IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging activity varied between 0.45 to 2.02 mg/mL. The leaf extract exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 41.1 μg/mL, while gentiopicrin, mangiferin and isogentisin exerted strong activity against HeLa cells, with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 8.8 μg/mL. The results confirm the traditional usage of G. lutea leaves and also suggest their possible utilization as hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Balijagić
- Biotechnical Faculty, Center for Continental Fruit-growing, Sandžadžka BB, 84000 Bijelo Polje, Montenegro
| | - Teodora Janković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research, Tadeuša Košcuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Zdunić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research, Tadeuša Košcuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bošković
- Faculty of Biofarming, Megatrend University, Belgrade, Maršala Tita 34, 24300 Bačka Topola, Serbia
| | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research, Tadeuša Košcuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Goćevac
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Jovančević
- Biotechnical Faculty, Center for Continental Fruit-growing, Sandžadžka BB, 84000 Bijelo Polje, Montenegro
| | - Nebojša Menković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research, Tadeuša Košcuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Senol FS, Yagci Tuzun C, Toker G, Orhan IE. Anin vitroperspective to cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of fiveGentianaspecies andGentianella caucasea. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:802-12. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.676031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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