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Ran Q, Gan Q, Zhu Y, Song L, Shen L, Duan X, Zhu X, Huang W. Mechanism insights into the pleiotropic effects of nobiletin as a potential therapeutic agent on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116322. [PMID: 38401524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and is emerging as one of the fastest-growing causes of liver-related deaths worldwide. It is necessary to find strategies to effectively prevent and treat NAFLD, as no definitive drug has been approved. Nobiletin (NOB) is the critical active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines such as Citrus aurantium and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid regulating, and insulin resistance regulating effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that NOB can prevent and treat the onset and progression of NAFLD. In this review, the mechanisms of NOB for treating NAFLD have been summarized, hoping to provide a basis for subsequent studies of NOB and to provide a research ground for the development of therapeutic drugs for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ran
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qianrong Gan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan 570102, China
| | - Li Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Longyu Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xinyi Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xinyun Zhu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Natraj P, Rajan P, Jeon YA, Kim SS, Lee YJ. Antiadipogenic Effect of Citrus Flavonoids: Evidence from RNA Sequencing Analysis and Activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17788-17800. [PMID: 37955544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are rich in dietary flavonoids and have many health benefits, but their antiadipogenic mechanism of action and their impact on lipid metabolism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of citrus flavonoids, namely, hesperidin (HES), narirutin (NAR), nobiletin (NOB), sinensetin (SIN), and tangeretin (TAN), on preventing fat cell development by gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Among the citrus flavonoids tested, HES and NAR significantly reduced fat storage and triglyceride levels and increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, HES and NAR treatment increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) while reducing the protein expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). Furthermore, in silico docking revealed that flavonoids activate AMPK. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that citrus flavonoids normalized the expression of 40 genes, which were either upregulated by more than 2-fold or downregulated by less than 0.6-fold including Acadv1, Acly, Akr1d1, Awat1, Cyp27a1, Decr1, Dhrs4, Elovl3, Fasn, G6pc, Gba, Hmgcs1, Mogat2, Lrp5, Sptlc3, and Snca to levels comparable to the control group. Altogether, HES and NAR among five citrus flavonoids showed antiadipogenic effects by regulating the expression of specific lipid metabolism genes partially restored to control levels in 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Natraj
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Priyanka Rajan
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Yoon A Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Kim
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Jeju 63607, Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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Sun Y, Liu L, Qiu C. Tangeretin protects mice from diet-induced metabolic inflammation via activating adipose lactate accumulation and macrophage M2 polarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 630:16-23. [PMID: 36126465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and subsequent metabolic inflammation are the key causes of obesity-induced insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. In this study, we analyzed the potential protective effect of tangeretin, a key flavonoid found extensively in citrus peels, against diet-induced metabolic inflammation. Daily gavages of tangeretin at 20 mg/kg protected the mice from high fat diet (HFD) feeding-induced insulin resistance, ATMs activation, and M1 macrophage polarization. Interestingly, in vitro assays using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) showed that tangeretin had only a minimal effect on macrophage polarization. Assays of central carbon metabolism (CCM) in adipose tissue showed that tangeretin treatment rerouted the carbon metabolism and caused lactate accumulation in the microenvironment. Co-culture assays further suggested that tangeretin enhanced M2 polarization of BMDMs when adipocytes were present, whereas blocking the lactate uptake in macrophages reversed the effect of tangeretin on polarization. Taken together, these findings indicated that tangeretin provided indirect protection from diet-induced ATMs activation by reprogramming glucose metabolism and promoting lactate accumulation that subsequently promoted macrophage M2 polarization and reduced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Model Animal Research, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of the Model Animal Research, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Liu S, Lou Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Li P, Yang B, Gu Q. Review of phytochemical and nutritional characteristics and food applications of Citrus L. fruits. Front Nutr 2022; 9:968604. [PMID: 35923210 PMCID: PMC9339955 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.968604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the dietary regimen rich in fruits is being widely recognized and encouraged, Citrus L. fruits have been growing in popularity worldwide due to their high amounts of health-promoting phytonutrients and bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, carotenoids, pectins, and fatty acids. The diverse physicochemical properties and multiple utilization of citrus fruits in food industry are associated with their unique chemical compositions. Throughout the world, citrus has been used for producing various value-added and nutritionally enhanced products, including juices, wines, jams, canned citrus, and dried citrus. However, the current studies regarding the phytochemical and nutritional characteristics and food applications of citrus are scattered. This review systematically summarizes the existing bibliography on the chemical characteristics, functional and nutraceutical benefits, processing, and potential applications of citrus. A thorough understanding of this information may provide scientific guidance for better utilizing citrus as a functional fruit and benefit the extension of citrus value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Gu
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Nobiletin protects against diabetes-induced testicular injury via hypophysis-gonadal axis upregulation and amelioration of oxidative stress. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:189-203. [PMID: 34709572 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular injury is one of the most serious problems associated with diabetes mellitus. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two different doses of nobiletin and analyze its mechanisms of action against diabetes-induced testicular impairment in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptozotocin injection was used to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats received nobiletin orally at 10 or 25 mg/kg daily for 30 days. Diabetic rats displayed significant elevations in glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Homeostatic Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the serum levels of insulin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly reduced. Histological changes to positivity for caspase-3 and decreased androgen receptors (AR) immunoexpression were observed in diabetic rats. Both doses of nobiletin improved hyperglycemia, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented insulin, testosterone, LH, and FSH levels. LH and FSH receptors and cytochrome P450 17 α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) were markedly downregulated in terms of both gene and protein expression in testicular tissues of the diabetic group, effects that were markedly ameliorated with both doses of nobiletin. In addition, both doses significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and caspase-3 immunoexpression and improved the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and AR in testicular tissues of the diabetic group. CONCLUSION Both nobiletin doses showed protective effects against diabetes-induced testicular injury by reducing oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, inflammation, and caspase-3 and upregulating the hypophysis-gonadal axis and AR. The high dose of nobiletin was more effective than the lower one.
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Cajas YN, Cañón-Beltrán K, Núñez-Puente C, Gutierrez-Adán A, González EM, Agirregoitia E, Rizos D. Nobiletin-induced partial abrogation of deleterious effects of AKT inhibition on preimplantation bovine embryo development in vitro. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1427-1442. [PMID: 34617564 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During preimplantational embryo development, PI3K/AKT regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and nobiletin modulates this pathway to promote cell survival. Therefore, we aimed to establish whether, when the AKT cascade is inhibited using inhibitors III and IV, nobiletin supplementation to in vitro culture media during the minor (2 to 8-cell stage, MNEGA) or major (8 to 16-cell stage, MJEGA) phases of EGA is able to modulate the development and quality of bovine embryos. In vitro zygotes were cultured during MNEGA or MJEGA phase in SOF + 5% FCS or supplemented with: 15 μM AKT-InhIII; 10 μM AKT-InhIV; 10 μM nobiletin; nobiletin+AKT-InhIII; nobiletin+AKT-InhIV; 0.03% DMSO. Embryo development was lower in treatments with AKT inhibitors, while combination of nobiletin with AKT inhibitors was able to recover their adverse developmental effect and also increase blastocyst cell number. The mRNA abundance of GPX1, NFE2L2, and POU5F1 was partially increased in 8- and 16-cell embryos from nobiletin with AKT inhibitors. Besides, nobiletin increased the p-rpS6 level whether or not AKT inhibitors were present. In conclusion, nobiletin promotes bovine embryo development and quality and partially recovers the adverse developmental effect of AKT inhibitors which infers that nobiletin probably uses another signalling cascade that PI3K/AKT during early embryo development in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia N Cajas
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Cañón-Beltrán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Núñez-Puente
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Adán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encina M González
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Rizos
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2178-2202. [PMID: 34496701 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are a rich source of (poly)phenols, a group of dietary bioactive compounds that protect against developing type 2 diabetes. Our review critically evaluates how experimental in vitro and animal models have elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms on how citrus (poly)phenols affect the markers of type 2 diabetes. According to animal studies, the beneficial effects derived from consuming citrus compounds appear to be related to long-term effects, rather than acute. There are some notable effects from citrus (poly)phenol metabolites on post-absorptive processes, such as modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in target tissues, but with a more modest effect on digestion and sugar absorption within the gut. Experimental studies on cells and other systems in vitro have indicated some of the possible mechanisms involved, but ∼70% of the studies utilized unrealistically high concentrations and forms of the compounds, compromising physiological relevance. Future studies should discuss the relevance of concentration used in in vitro experiments, relative to the proposed site of action, and also examine the role of catabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Finally, it is important to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and bioavailability on the action of citrus (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizliya Visvanathan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Effect of citrus fruit and juice consumption on risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Evidence on polyphenols from epidemiological and intervention studies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the last several decades and several environmental factors have accelerated this trend. Poly-methoxy flavones (PMFs) exist abundantly in the peels of citrus, and their biological activities have been broadly examined in recent years. Several studies have examined the effects of PMFs on obesity and its-related diseases. This systematic review conducted to focus on the effect of PMFs on obesity and its related conditions management. The PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched for relevant studies published before November 2020. Out of 1,615 records screened, 16 studies met the study criteria. The range of dosage of PMFs was varied from 10 to 200 mg/kg (5-26 weeks) and 1-100 μmol (2h-8 days) across selected animal and in vitro studies, respectively. The literature reviewed shows that PMFs modulate several biological processes associated with obesity such as lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, energy balance, and oxidative stress by different mechanisms. All of the animal studies showed significant positive effects of PMFs on obesity by reducing body weight (e.g. reduced weight gain by 21.04%), insulin resistance, energy expenditure, inhibiting lipogenesis and reduced blood lipids (e.g. reduced total cholesterol by 23.10%, TG by 44.35% and LDL by 34.41%). The results of the reviewed in vitro studies have revealed that treatment with PMFs significantly inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes (e.g. reduced lipid accumulation by 55-60%) and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation as well by decreasing the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα and also reduces the number and size of fat cells and reduced TG content in adipocytes by 45.67% and 23.10% and 16.08% for nobiletin, tangeretin and hesperetin, respectively. Although current evidence supports the use of PMFs as a complementary treatment in obesity, future research is needed to validate this promising treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nery M, Ferreira PS, Gonçalves DR, Spolidorio LC, Manthey JA, Cesar TB. Physiological effects of tangeretin and heptamethoxyflavone on obese C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet and analyses of the metabolites originating from these two polymethoxylated flavones. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1997-2009. [PMID: 33841818 PMCID: PMC8020949 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two compounds from citrus peel, tangeretin (TAN) and 3',4',3,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), were investigated for their abilities to repair metabolic damages caused by an high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. In the first 4 weeks, mice were fed either a standard diet (11% kcal from fat) for the control group, or a HFD (45% kcal from fat) to establish obesity in three experimental groups. In the following 4 weeks, two groups receiving the HFD were supplemented with either TAN or HMF at daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight, while the two remaining groups continued to receive the standard healthy diet or the nonsupplemented HFD. Four weeks of supplementation with TAN and HMF resulted in intermediate levels of blood serum glucose, leptin, resistin, and insulin resistance compared with the healthy control and the nonsupplemented HFD groups. Blood serum peroxidation (TBARS) levels were significantly lower in the TAN and HMF groups compared with the nonsupplemented HFD group. Several differences occurred in the physiological effects of HMF versus TAN. TAN, but not HMF, reduced adipocyte size in the mice with pre-existent obesity, while HMF, but not TAN, decreased fat accumulation in the liver and also significantly increased the levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. In an analysis of the metabolites of TAN and HMF, several main classes occurred, including a new set of methylglucuronide conjugates. It is suggested that contrasts between the observed physiological effects of TAN and HMF may be attributable to the differences in numbers and chemical structures of TAN and HMF metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nery
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Paula S. Ferreira
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Danielle R. Gonçalves
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Luis C. Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and PathologySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - John A. Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Thais B. Cesar
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
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Citrus Flavonoids as Promising Phytochemicals Targeting Diabetes and Related Complications: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102907. [PMID: 32977511 PMCID: PMC7598193 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and molecular mechanisms of citrus flavonoids based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published since 2010 was carried out using the keywords citrus, flavonoid, and diabetes. All articles identified were analyzed, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The search identified 38 articles, which reported that 19 citrus flavonoids, including 8-prenylnaringenin, cosmosiin, didymin, diosmin, hesperetin, hesperidin, isosiennsetin, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, poncirin, quercetin, rhoifolin, rutin, sineesytin, sudachitin, tangeretin, and xanthohumol, have antidiabetic potential. These flavonoids regulated biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profiles, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, and modulated signaling pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications. Citrus flavonoids, therefore, are promising antidiabetic candidates, while their antidiabetic effects remain to be verified in forthcoming human studies.
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Simultaneous determination of 14 bioactive citrus flavonoids using thin-layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem 2020; 338:128115. [PMID: 33092006 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Citrus flavonoids consist of diverse analogs and possess various health-promoting effects dramatically depending on their chemical structures. Since different flavonoids usually co-exist in real samples, it's necessary to develop rapid and efficient methods for simultaneous determination of multiple flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TLC-SERS) was established to simultaneously separate and detect 14 citrus flavonoids for the first time. These target compounds could be characterized and discriminated when paired with SERS at 6-500 times greater the sensitivity than TLC alone. TLC-SERS exhibited high recovery rates (91.5-121.7%) with relative standard deviation lower than 20.8%. Moreover, the established TLC-SERS method was successfully used to simultaneously detect multiple flavonoids in real samples, which exhibited comparable accuracy to high performance liquid chromatography with shorter analytical time (10 vs 45 min). All the results demonstrated that this could be a promising method for simultaneous, rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of flavonoids.
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Nobiletin exerts anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro human model and in vivo murine model of gestational diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:571-592. [PMID: 32129440 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global health issue, whereby pregnant women are afflicted with carbohydrate intolerance with first onset during pregnancy. GDM is characterized by maternal peripheral insulin resistance, thought to be driven by low-grade maternal inflammation. Nobiletin, a polymethoxylated flavonoid, possesses potent glucose-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects in GDM have not been assessed. The present study aimed to determine the effects of nobiletin on glucose metabolism and inflammation associated with GDM in both in vitro human tissues and an in vivo animal model of GDM. In vitro, treatment with nobiletin significantly improved TNF-impaired glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle, and suppressed mRNA expression and protein secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human placenta and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Mechanistically, nobiletin significantly inhibited Akt and Erk activation in placenta, and NF-κB activation in VAT. In vivo, GDM mice treated with 50 mg/kg nobiletin daily via oral gavage from gestational day (gd) 1-17 or via i.p. injections from gd 10-17 significantly improved glucose tolerance. Pregnant GDM mice treated with nobiletin from either gd 1-17 or gd 10-17 exhibited significantly suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in placenta, VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Using a quantitative mass spectrometry approach, we identified differentially abundant proteins associated with the effect of nobiletin in vivo. Together, these studies demonstrate that nobiletin improves glucose metabolism and reduces inflammation associated with GDM and may be a novel therapeutic for the prevention of GDM.
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Lin C, Tu C, Ma Y, Ye P, Shao X, Yang Z, Fang Y. Nobiletin inhibits cell growth through restraining aerobic glycolysis via PKA-CREB pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3515-3524. [PMID: 32724614 PMCID: PMC7382131 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Nobiletin is a polymethoxylated flavone enriched in Citrus and is used as an important drug in traditional Chinese medicine for various kinds of diseases. Among its multiple functions, it has shown that nobiletin inhibits proliferation of various cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether nobiletin inhibits the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored the antitumor effects of nobiletin in TCA-8113 and CAL-27 oral squamous cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure cell vitality. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the number of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle. PCR and Western blot were applied to determine mRNA and protein expression, respectively. RESULTS Nobiletin inhibited proliferation of TCA-8113 and CAL-27 cells via inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated-PKA and phosphorylated-CREB were reduced in nobiletin-treated TCA-8113 and CAL-27 cells. Importantly, our results showed that nobiletin treatment resulted in impaired mitochondrial function and altered glucose consumption, and pyruvate and lactate production. Lastly, nobiletin was found to inhibit the generation of xenografts in vivo. Interestingly, administration of 50 μmol/L Sp-cAMP, a potent PKA activator, rescued all phenotypes caused by nobiletin. CONCLUSIONS Nobiletin inhibits OSCC cell proliferation in a mitochondria-dependent manner, indicating that it may have a promising role in cancer treatment and attenuation of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong‐Xiang Lin
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Cheng‐Wei Tu
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Ke Ma
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Peng‐Cheng Ye
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhao‐An Yang
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Ming Fang
- Department of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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Guo J, Chen J, Ren W, Zhu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Su D, Qiu C, Zhang W, Li K. Citrus flavone tangeretin is a potential insulin sensitizer targeting hepatocytes through suppressing MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:277-282. [PMID: 32703423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tangeretin, a flavonoid derived from citrus peel, showed anti-diabetic effects. However, the role of tangeretin on liver, the organ that act as target of insulin and play the central role in maintaining the blood glucose level control, is still largely unknown. The current study was designed to assess the effect of tangeretin on liver insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Primary hepatocytes and mice were treated with different dose of tangeretin, parameters of insulin sensitivity, such as blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, glucose tolerate test (GTT), insulin tolerate test (ITT), insulin stimulated IR-AKT pathway were analyzed. RESULTS Primary hepatocytes treated with 10/20 μM tangeretin showed up-regulated insulin signaling pathway as well as the glycogen content, while the glucose output were reduced. Intragastric administration of tangeretin (25/50 mg/kg) also ameliorated the liver insulin sensitivity and improved the glucose homeostasis, both in wild type C57 mice and in db/db mice, a diabetic model. Tangeretin treatment dose-dependently suppressed the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway, while forced activation of p-ERK1/2 reversed the insulin sensitized effect of tangeretin. CONCLUSION These results indicated that tangeretin enhanced the liver insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, through suppressing the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Kaini Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1356893. [PMID: 32148647 PMCID: PMC7042557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that majorly affects the endocrine gland, and it is symbolized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance owing to deficient insulin secretory responses and beta cell dysfunction. This ailment affects as many as 451 million people worldwide, and it is also one of the leading causes of death. In spite of the immense advances made in the development of orthodox antidiabetic drugs, these drugs are often considered not successful for the management and treatment of T2DM due to the myriad side effects associated with them. Thus, the exploration of medicinal herbs and natural products as therapeutic sources for the treatment of T2DM is promoted because they have little or no side effects. Bioactive molecules isolated from natural sources have been proven to lower blood glucose levels via regulating one or more of the following mechanisms: improvement of beta cell function, insulin resistance, glucose (re)absorption, and glucagon-like peptide-1 homeostasis. In recent times, the mechanisms of action of different bioactive molecules with antidiabetic properties and phytochemistry are gaining a lot of attention in the area of drug discovery. This review article presents an update of the findings from clinical research into medicinal plant therapy for T2DM.
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Dinda B, Dinda M, Roy A, Dinda S. Dietary plant flavonoids in prevention of obesity and diabetes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 120:159-235. [PMID: 32085882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most prevailing chronic metabolic diseases worldwide from mainly lipid and glucose metabolic dysfunctions and their incidence is increasing at an alarming high rate. Obesity is characterized by excess fat accumulation in WAT and liver and is the central player of insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues from chronic inflammation, lipotoxicity and gut dysbiosis, and plays a key role for development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and vascular diseases. Diabetes mellitus, known as diabetes, is chiefly characterized by hyperglycaemia from impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Several identified mutant genes in insulin secretion and resistance and various environmental factors are considered responsible for the onset of this disease. Currently available oral synthetic drugs, biguanides, incretin mimetic, GLP-1R and PPAR agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors for management of obesity and diabetes have several adverse effects in patients on long-term use. Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of dietary plant flavonoids in prevention and attenuation of obesity and diabetes by the protection and proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells and improvement of their insulin secretory function via activation of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway as well as in the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the peripheral metabolic tisssues for glucose uptake and utilization via inhibition of inflammation, lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. These flavonoids improve GLUT-4 expression and translocation to plasma membrane by activation of insulin-sensitive PI3K/Akt signaling and insulin-independent AMPK, SIRT-1 and MOR activation pathways for regulation of glucose homeostasis, and improve fat oxidation and reduce lipid synthesis by regulation of related genes for lipid homeostasis in the body of obese diabetic animals. In this chapter, we have highlighted all these beneficial anti-obesity and antidiabetic potentials of some dietary plant flavonoids along with their molecular actions, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. In addition, the present understanding and management of obesity and diabetes are also focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Arup Roy
- Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Dasaratha Deb Memorial College, Khowai, Tripura, India
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de Paiva A, Gonçalves D, Ferreira P, Baldwin E, Cesar T. Postprandial effect of fresh and processed orange juice on the glucose metabolism, antioxidant activity and prospective food intake. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Liu Y, Han J, Zhou Z, Li D. Tangeretin inhibits streptozotocin-induced cell apoptosis via regulating NF-κB pathway in INS-1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3286-3293. [PMID: 30216514 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to play an important role in inducing the pancreatic β-cells apoptosis and promoting the development of diabetes mellitus. Tangeretin is a plant-derived flavonoid that retains antidiabetic effects. However, the role of tangeretin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of tangeretin on STZ-induced cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms implicated in vitro. Our results showed that tangeretin improved the cell viability in STZ-induced INS-1 cells. Tangeretin reduced the increase of apoptosis ratio and revered the altered expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 caused by STZ induction. Furthermore, the impairment of insulin secretion ability as well as a reduction in messenger RNA levels of insulin 1 and 2 was significantly attenuated by tangeretin in STZ-induced INS-1 cells. Moreover, tangeretin resulted in a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species content, accompanied by an evident increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Mechanistic studies further revealed that tangeretin inhibited the NF-κB pathway in STZ-induced INS-1 cells. These data indicated that tangeretin improved the cell apoptosis induced by STZ in INS-1 cells, which might be partly due to its antioxidant potential. Furthermore, NF-κB was found to be involved in the protective effect of tangeretin. Collectively, the results indicated that tangeretin could be used as a therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiakai Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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Liew SS, Ho WY, Yeap SK, Sharifudin SAB. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5331. [PMID: 30083463 PMCID: PMC6078072 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus sinensis peels are usually discarded as wastes; however, they are rich sources of Vitamin C, fibre, and many nutrients, including phenolics and flavonoids which are also good antioxidant agents. This study aimed to examine phytochemical composition and antioxidant capabilities of C. sinensis peel extracted conventionally with different methanol/water, ethanol/water, and acetone/water solvents. METHODS C. sinensis peels were subjected to extraction with 100%, 70% and 50% of methanol, ethanol, and acetone, respectively, as well as hot water extraction. Antioxidant activities of the peel extracts were examined via the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extracts were measured via the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Phenolic acid and organic acid composition of the peel extracts were further determined via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while flavonoid content was identified via ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). RESULTS DPPH radical scavenging activity of C. sinensis peel extracts varied from 8.35 to 18.20 mg TE/g, FRAP ranged from 95.00 to 296.61 mmol Fe(II)/g, while ORAC value ranged from 0.31 to 0.92 mol TE/g. Significant level of association between the assays was observed especially between TPC and FRAP (R-square = 0.95, P < 0.0001). TPC of various C. sinensis peel extracts ranged from 12.08 to 38.24 mg GAE/g, with 70% acetone/water extract (AEC) showing the highest TPC. TFC ranged from 1.90 to 5.51 mg CE/g. Extraction yield ranged from 0.33 to 0.54 g/g DW and tended to increase with increasing water concentration in the solvent. In the phytochemical investigation, five phenolic acids were identified using HPLC, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid. A total of five organic acids including lactic acid, citric acid, L-mallic acid, kojic acid and ascorbic acid were quantified via HPLC. In addition, concentrations of six flavonoids including catechin, epigallocatechin, vitexin, rutin, luteolin and apigenin were determined via UPLC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Phytochemicals including phenolics and flavonoids in C. sinensis peel extracts exhibited good antioxidant properties. Among the extracts, 70% AEC with highest TPC and high TFC content showed greatest antioxidant activity in all three assays. Different phenolic acids, organic acids and flavonoids were also identified from the extracts. This study indicated that C. sinensis peels contained potential antioxidant compounds which could be exploited as value added products in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Sian Liew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shaiful Adzni Bin Sharifudin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hung WL, Chang WS, Lu WC, Wei GJ, Wang Y, Ho CT, Hwang LS. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, tissue distribution and excretion of tangeretin in rat. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:849-857. [PMID: 29567257 PMCID: PMC9322208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tangeretin, 4′,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone, is one of the major polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) existing in citrus fruits, particularly in the peels of sweet oranges and mandarins. Tangeretin has been reported to possess several beneficial bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and neuroprotective effects. To achieve a thorough understanding of the biological actions of tangeretin in vivo, our current study is designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, distribution and excretion of tangeretin in rats. After oral administration of 50 mg/kg bw tangeretin to rats, the Cmax, Tmax and t1/2 were 0.87 ± 0.33 μg/mL, 340.00 ± 48.99 min and 342.43 ± 71.27 min, respectively. Based on the area under the curves (AUC) of oral and intravenous administration of tangeretin, calculated absolute oral bioavailability was 27.11%. During tissue distribution, maximum concentrations of tangeretin in the vital organs occurred at 4 or 8 h after oral administration. The highest accumulation of tangeretin was found in the kidney, lung and liver, followed by spleen and heart. In the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentrations of tangeretin in the stomach and small intestine were found at 4 h, while in the cecum, colon and rectum, tangeretin reached the maximum concentrations at 12 h. Tangeretin excreted in the urine and feces was recovered within 48 h after oral administration, concentrations were only 0.0026% and 7.54%, respectively. These results suggest that tangeretin was mainly eliminated as metabolites. In conclusion, our study provides useful information regarding absorption, distribution, as well as excretion of tangeretin, which will provide a good base for studying the mechanism of its biological effects.
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Shin HS, Kang SI, Ko HC, Park DB, Kim SJ. Tangeretin Improves Glucose Uptake in a Coculture of Hypertrophic Adipocytes and Macrophages by Attenuating Inflammatory Changes. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:93-100. [PMID: 28484748 PMCID: PMC5409214 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.1.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin
resistance, which are aggravated by the interaction between hypertrophic
adipocytes and macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of
tangeretin on inflammatory changes and glucose uptake in a coculture of
hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. Tangeretin decreased nitric oxide
production and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis
factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in a coculture
of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 cells. Tangeretin also increased glucose
uptake in the coculture system, but did not affect the phosphorylation of
insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and Akt. These results suggest that tangeretin
improves insulin resistance by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in
adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Shin
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Seong-Il Kang
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ko
- Jeju Sasa Industry Development Agency, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Deok-Bae Park
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea
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The Multifunctional Effects of Nobiletin and Its Metabolites In Vivo and In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2918796. [PMID: 27761146 PMCID: PMC5059563 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2918796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nobiletin (NOB) chemically known as 5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone is a dietary polymethoxylated flavonoid found in Citrus fruits. Recent evidences show that NOB is a multifunctional pharmaceutical agent. The various pharmacological activities of NOB include neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, antimetabolic disorder, anticancer, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation. These events may be underpinned by modulation of signaling cascades, including PKA/ERK/MEK/CREB, NF-κB, MAPK, Ca2+/CaMKII, PI3K/Akt1/2, HIF-1α, and TGFβ signaling pathways. The metabolites may exhibit stronger beneficial effects than NOB on diseases pathogenesis. The biological activities of NOB have been clarified on many systems. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological effects of NOB with specific mechanisms of actions. NOB may become a promising candidate for potential drug development. However, further investigations of NOB on specific intracellular targets and clinical trials are still needed, especially for in vivo medical applications.
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Hajiaghaalipour F, Khalilpourfarshbafi M, Arya A. Modulation of glucose transporter protein by dietary flavonoids in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:508-24. [PMID: 25892959 PMCID: PMC4400383 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient or inefficient insulin secretory response. This chronic disease is a global problem and there is a need for greater emphasis on therapeutic strategies in the health system. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids have recently attracted attention as source materials for the development of new antidiabetic drugs or alternative therapy for the management of diabetes and its related complications. The antidiabetic potential of flavonoids are mainly through their modulatory effects on glucose transporter by enhancing GLUT-2 expression in pancreatic β cells and increasing expression and promoting translocation of GLUT-4 via PI3K/AKT, CAP/Cb1/TC10 and AMPK pathways. This review highlights the recent findings on beneficial effects of flavonoids in the management of diabetes with particular emphasis on the investigations that explore the role of these compounds in modulating glucose transporter proteins at cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hajiaghaalipour
- 1. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manizheh Khalilpourfarshbafi
- 2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Aditya Arya
- 1. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Evans M, Judy WV, Wilson D, Rumberger JA, Guthrie N. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the effect of Diabetinol(®) on glycemic control of subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015; 8:275-86. [PMID: 26150732 PMCID: PMC4485843 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s79450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the efficacy of Diabetinol(®) in people with diabetes on medication but not meeting the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid targets. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty subjects, aged 18-75 years, with fasting blood glucose ≤15.4 mmol/L, hemoglobin A1c levels ≤12%, and a body mass index between 25 and 40 kg/m(2), were enrolled in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Diabetinol(®) or placebo was administered as 2×525 mg capsules/day. RESULTS In the Diabetinol(®) group, 14.3% versus 0% in the placebo group, 33.3% versus 15.4% in placebo, 20.0% versus 12.5% in placebo, and 83.3% versus 60% in placebo achieved the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association targets for hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, respectively. There was no difference in the maximum concentration (Cmax) of serum glucose or area under the curve (AUC)0-240 minutes. The time to Cmax was longer for participants on Diabetinol(®) than placebo group at week 12 (P=0.01). Fasting blood glucose increased from baseline to week 24 in both groups; however, this increase was 14.3 mg/dL lower in the Diabetinol(®) group versus placebo. The Diabetinol(®) group showed an increase of 5.53 mg/dL in fasting insulin at week 12 (P=0.09) and 3.2 mg/dL at week 24 (P=0.41) over and above the placebo group. A decrease of 1.5% in total cholesterol, 5.8% in low-density lipoprotein, and a 1.6% increase in high-density lipoprotein concentrations were seen in the Diabetinol(®) group. Diabetinol(®) improved 6-month oral glucose tolerance test and 2-hour postprandial glucose profiles in participants between 40 and 60 years of age. CONCLUSION The current study suggests a role for Diabetinol(®) as an adjunctive therapy for glycemic maintenance and for decreasing the risk of diabetes-associated comorbidities in type 2 diabetic patients on conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkanthi Evans
- KGK Synergize Inc., London, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Malkanthi Evans, KGK Synergize Inc., 255 Queens Avenue, London, ON, N6A 5R8, Canada, Tel +1 519 438 9374 extn 239, Fax +1 519 438-8314, Email
| | | | - Dale Wilson
- London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Ma N, Lai CS, Chung CH, Yang JM, Hsu KC, Chen CY, Chung TS, Li S, Ho CT, Pan MH. 5-Demethyltangeretin is more potent than tangeretin in inhibiting dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin tumorigenesis. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Ma X, Jin S, Zhang Y, Wan L, Zhao Y, Zhou L. Inhibitory Effects of Nobiletin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro
and In Vivo. Phytother Res 2013; 28:560-7. [PMID: 23818450 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shaoju Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan 750004 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
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