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Cai F, Wang C. Comprehensive review of the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of alkamides (2016-2022). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114006. [PMID: 38309452 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Alkamides refer to a class of natural active small-molecule products composed of fatty acids and amine groups. These compounds are widely distributed in plants, and their unique structures and various pharmacological activities have caught the attention of scholars. This review provides a collection of literatures related to the phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of alkamides published in 2016-2022 and their summary to provide references for further development of this class of ingredients. A total of 234 components (including chiral isomers) were summarized, pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, analgesic, neuroprotective, insecticidal, antioxidant, and antibacterial, and miscellaneous properties of alkamides were discussed. In addition, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicity of alkamides were reviewed. However, information on the pharmacological mechanisms of the action, drug safety, and pharmacokinetics of alkamides is limited and thus requires further investigation and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhang T, Peng T, Rao J, Wang K, Qiu F. Quantitation of Diclofenac, Tolbutamide, and Warfarin as Typical CYP2C9 Substrates in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to Evaluate Linderane-Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:1900037. [PMID: 35309717 PMCID: PMC8930270 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Linderane (LDR), the main active and distinctive component of L. aggregate, is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9 in vitro, indicating the occurrence of herb-drug interactions. However, little is known about the changes of the pharmacokinetic properties of the common clinical drugs as CYP2C9 substrates after coadministration with LDR. In this study, a selective and rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of diclofenac, tolbutamide, and warfarin as CYP2C9 substrates in rat plasma has been developed. Chlorzoxazone was employed as an internal standard (IS), and protein precipitation was used for sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a UPLC BEH-C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm) with 0.1% (v:v) formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase with gradient elution. The total run time was only 3.8 min. MS analysis was performed under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with electron spray ionization (ESI) operated in the negative mode. The bioanalytical method was validated, and the selectivity, carryover effects, linearity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, and stability were acceptable. The validated method was then successfully applied for evaluating the potential pharmacokinetic interactions when LDR was used along with diclofenac, tolbutamide, and warfarin, respectively. Results showed that the C max of diclofenac in the treated group was 1287.82 ± 454.16 μg/L, which was about 5-fold of that in the control group (P < 0.01). The C max of tolbutamide in the treated group was 60.70 ± 10.70 mg/L, which was significantly decreased by about 25% when compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The V d of warfarin in the treated group was obviously increased, which was about 1.4-fold of that in the control group (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Tupe RS, Bangar N, Nisar A, Kulkarni A, Sankhe N, Chauhan R, Mistry N, Shaikh S. Piperine exhibits preventive and curative effect on erythrocytes membrane modifications and oxidative stress against in vitro albumin glycation. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13846. [PMID: 34219237 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of non-enzymatic glycation processes is an essential aspect of treating type 2 diabetes and related complications. In this study, piperine's preventative, simultaneous and curative effect in glucose-induced albumin glycation was examined by analyzing the structural and functional markers of albumin. The protective and antioxidant influence of piperine on erythrocytes was assessed by examining cellular membrane modifications with antioxidant status. Albumin glycation was performed in three different experimental sets of 21 days at 37°C in dark conditions-using different piperine concentrations (250, 500, and 1,000 μM) and time of addition of glucose (30 mM)/piperine (1,000 μM) in a respective solution at 10th day. Piperine with glycated albumin leads to decreased fructosamine, carbonyl group, and protein-bound glucose. It had protected free amino groups, thiol group, and reduced beta-amyloid, protein aggregates formation. The presence of piperine with glycated albumin prevented erythrocytes hemolysis, membrane modifications, and maintained the antioxidant status. Piperine showed the antiglycation effects in a dose-dependent manner, additionally, its pre-treatment exhibited maximum attenuation by manifesting its primarily preventive role. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Piperine is a natural alkaloid compound found in pepper, has been reported to possess anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study evaluated the antiglycation potential of piperine in albumin's glycation and it displayed preventive action, protected erythrocytes from oxidative damage induced by glycated albumin. We concluded that the daily intake of piperine can be adequate to prevent glycation-induced diabetic complications development in hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi S Tupe
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Lavale, Pune, India
| | - Nilima Bangar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Lavale, Pune, India
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Akib Nisar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Amruta Kulkarni
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Neena Sankhe
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Rohan Chauhan
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Nidhi Mistry
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Shamim Shaikh
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
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Zayed A, Babaresh WM, Darweesh RS, El-Elimat T, Hawamdeh SS. Piperine Alters the Pharmacokinetics and Anticoagulation of Warfarin in Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:169-179. [PMID: 32607007 PMCID: PMC7311098 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s257919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Piperine, the bioactive compound of black pepper, and warfarin are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes and are both highly plasma protein-bound compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effect of co-administered piperine on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulation of warfarin in rats. Methods We studied four Sprague-Dawley rat groups: a negative control group receiving only oral warfarin, a test group receiving warfarin plus piperine, a positive control group receiving warfarin plus sulfaphenazole (CYP2C inhibitor), and another positive control group receiving warfarin plus ketoconazole (CYP3A inhibitor). We also analyzed plasma concentrations of warfarin and its major metabolite, 7-hydoxywarfarin. Blood clotting time, calculated as international normalized ratio (INR), was also measured. Results Our results showed that although co-administration of piperine produced a non-significant decrease in warfarin concentrations, it resulted in significantly lower 7-hydroxywarfarin metabolite concentrations. Piperine significantly decreased, by sixfold, AUC0–∞, by eightfold, Cmax, but significantly increased, by fivefold, CL/F and, by sixfold, Vd/F of 7-hydroxywarfarin. The INR values were consistent with the decrease in warfarin concentration in the presence of piperine and showed a significant decrease at 24 h after warfarin dose. Conclusion We conclude that piperine could be a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 metabolism of warfarin in vivo and, contrary to the expectation, may reduce the plasma concentration and anticoagulation of warfarin. This interaction could have a clinical significance and should be investigated in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Wahby M Babaresh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ruba S Darweesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sahar S Hawamdeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Ren T, Xiao M, Yang M, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Hu M, Cheng Y, Xu H, Zhang C, Yan X, Zuo Z. Reduced Systemic and Brain Exposure with Inhibited Liver Metabolism of Carbamazepine After Its Long-Term Combination Treatment with Piperine for Epilepsy Control in Rats. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:90. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fender AC, Dobrev D. Bound to bleed: How altered albumin binding may dictate warfarin treatment outcome. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2019; 22:214-215. [PMID: 30963099 PMCID: PMC6437285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although non-vitamin-K anticoagulants are now the preferred option for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), warfarin is still used in a significant number of patients. Warfarin dosing requirements are susceptible to drug interactions and genetic polymorphisms in metabolising enzymes. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a candidate modifier of warfarin pharmacokinetics, with hypoalbuminemia now shown to correlate with supratherapeutic INR levels and annual bleeding risk. Warfarin is highly bound to HSA, and a relatively small shift, resulting from displacement by other xenobiotics, hypoalbuminemia or reduced binding capacity, can potentially lead to marked alterations in the free warfarin fraction. Precisely how this relates to the actual concentration of free, pharmacodynamically active, warfarin, is not clear, since measurement of this critical moiety remains an unsolved caveat. Yet awareness how disease, nutrition and polypharmacy affect warfarin binding to HAS and how this may impact (or not) on bioavailability and outcome, is essential for optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C. Fender
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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