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Tou K, Cawley A, Bowen C, Sornalingam K, Fu S. Measurements of Hydrocortisone and Cortisone for Longitudinal Profiling of Equine Plasma by LC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:943-952. [PMID: 35195373 PMCID: PMC9545025 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The conventional detection of exogenous drugs in equine doping samples has been used for confirmation and subsequent prosecution of participants responsible. In recent years, alternative methods using indirect detection have been investigated due to the expanding number of pharmaceutical agents available with the potential of misuse. The monitoring of endogenous biomarkers such as hydrocortisone (HC) has been studied in equine urine with an international threshold of 1 μg/ml established; however, there is no current threshold for equine plasma. The aim of this research was to investigate plasma concentrations of HC and cortisone (C) in race day samples compared to an administration of Triamcinolone Acetonide (TACA). The reference population (n = 1150) provided HC (6 to 145 ng/ml) and C (0.7 to 13 ng/ml) levels to derive the HC to C ratio (HC/C). Population reference limits (PRLs) were proposed for HC/C values at 0.2 (lower) and 61 (upper). Administration of TACA resulted in down‐regulation of HC/C values below the estimated PRLs for up to 96 h post‐administration. This indirect detection period was longer than the detection of TACA for 72 h. The use of individual reference limits (IRLs) for HC/C values was investigated to support the Equine Biological Passport (EBP), an intelligence model developed by Racing NSW for longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Tou
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Mass Spectrometry Business Unit, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Australasia), Rydalmere, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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2
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You Y, Proctor RM, Guo K, Li X, Xue E, Guan F, Robinson MA. Use of high resolution/accurate mass full scan/data-dependent acquisition for targeted/non-targeted screening in equine doping control. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1565-1575. [PMID: 33710179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a very powerful technology for equine doping control analysis. The more recently developed hybrid type of Orbitrap-based HRMS instrument allows for both targeted and non-targeted screening analyses in a single liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) run. In the present study, an LC-HRMS/MS method was developed and validated to detect prohibited substances in equine sports. The substances were recovered from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether and were separated on a C18 reversed-phase column using mobile phases of 5 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. A 7.5 min LC gradient was employed to elute substances and results indicated that the LC method generated sharp and symmetric chromatographic peaks. An in-house equine doping compound database and a spectral library were built to increase method specificity for substances of interest. Five criteria, i.e. accurate mass, retention time, isotope pattern, selected HRMS/MS fragment ions (compound database) and HRMS/MS spectra (spectral library), were employed for targeted screening. We utilized these criteria to validate targeted detection of 451 substances within our in-house equine doping compound database. By using all five criteria in screening, the false screening positive rate is significantly reduced. A screening strategy and a Microsoft Excel macro were developed to facilitate interpretation and reporting of results. As the simultaneous acquisition of the full scan HRMS data provides the opportunity for retrospective non-targeted analysis, our findings highlight the use of this novel methodology as a simple, rapid, and reliably reproducible strategy to meet the challenge of identifying an increasing number of doping substances that could potentially impact the integrity of the horse racing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Ashraf SS, El‐Gahany W, Alraeesi A, Al‐Hajj L, Al‐Maidalli A, Shah I. Analysis of illicit glucocorticoid levels in camel hair using competitive ELISA – Comparison with LC–MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:458-464. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesKhalifa University Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Wesam El‐Gahany
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Ayisha Alraeesi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Latifa Al‐Hajj
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | | | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
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Shen X, Chang H, Sun Y, Wan Y. Determination and occurrence of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in surface waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105278. [PMID: 33387883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been increasingly reported to have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, but the lack of comprehensive analytical methods for a broad number of GCs has limited the effective management of pollution by these molecules in surface and coastal waters. In this study, we developed an original analytical method for simultaneously monitoring 25 natural GCs, and 43 synthetic GCs (4 hydrocortisone types, 6 acetonide types, 8 betamethasone types, 14 halogenated esters, and 11 labile prodrug esters) in water samples. Of the river samples investigated, 15 natural and 25 synthetic compounds were detected with the concentrations ranging from 0.13 ng/L (11-epitetrahydrocortisol) to 433 ng/L (cortisone) and from 0.05 (clobetasol) to 94 ng/L (prednisolone), respectively. Thirteen natural metabolites of cortisol (CRL) were first detected, and their concentrations were up to 36 times higher than that of CRL. Hydrocortisone-type GCs were the dominant synthetic compounds (≤154 ng/L), followed by halogenated esters (≤81 ng/L), acetonide type GCs (≤57 ng/L), betamethasone type GCs (≤32 ng/L), and labile prodrug esters (≤22 ng/L). Considering the relative potencies for detected GCs compared to dexamethasone, halogenated esters predominantly contributed to the GC activities in the samples. Notably, this is the first report of the halogenated esters 11-oxo fluticasone propionate (OFP) and cloticasone propionate (CTP) in environmental waters. Untreated wastewater is the main source of GCs in the studied waters, and the concentration ratios between natural and synthetic GCs can be used as potential indicators of sewage input. Because of the high detected concentrations and bioactivity potency of halogenated GCs, they are the main contributors to GC activities in the studied waters, and deserved more study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yu Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Goh SXL, Goh HA, Lee HK. Automation of ionic liquid enhanced membrane bag-assisted-liquid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of glucocorticoids in water. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Masters AK, Berger DJ, Ware WA, Langenfeld NR, Coetzee JF, Mochel JP, Ward JL. Effects of short-term anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid treatment on clinicopathologic, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic variables in systemically healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:411-423. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu M, Li X, Li J, Wu Z, Wang F, Liu L, Tan X, Lei F. Selective separation and determination of glucocorticoids in cosmetics using dual-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and HPLC. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:124-133. [PMID: 28535412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinting polymers (MIPs) are typically prepared using a single template molecule, which allows selective separation and enrichment of only one target analyte. It is not suitable for determination of complex real samples containing multiple analytes. In order to expand the practical application of imprinted polymers, novel dual-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were synthesized by surface polymerization using hydrocortisone and dexamethasone as the dual-template molecules in this study. The dual-template MMIPs were prepared by copolymerization on the surface of Fe3O4@ SiO2-NH2, the template molecules, the functional monomer acrylamide (AM), the cross-linking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and the initiator 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile. The morphology, magnetic properties and adsorption characteristics of the obtained dual-template MMIPs were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry, and re-binding experiments. The results indicated that dual-template MMIPs had uniform particle size, strong magnetic properties, high thermal stability, and good mass transfer rate. To investigate the selectivity of dual-template MMIPs, the template molecules were mixed along with their structural analogs. The dual-template MMIPs revealed a significantly higher adsorption amount for the template molecule than its structure analog. The dual-template MMIPs can be used for the enrichment and determination of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone in cosmetic products with the recoveries of spiked cosmetic samples ranging from 86.8-107.5% and 91.2-104.3%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for hydrocortisone was <2.89%, and RSD for dexamethasone was <2.62%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zongyuan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
| | - Xuecai Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
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8
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Goh SXL, Duarah A, Zhang L, Snyder SA, Lee HK. Online solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens and glucocorticoids in water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Zhao XE, Yan P, Wang R, Zhu S, You J, Bai Y, Liu H. Sensitive determination of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones by UHPLC-MS/MS via derivatization coupled with dual ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:147-154. [PMID: 27539430 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative analysis of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones plays a vital role in diagnosing endocrine disorders and understanding disease progression, as well as in clinical medicine studies. Because of their extremely low abundance in body fluids, it remains a challenging task to develop a sensitive detection method. METHODS A hyphenated technique of dual ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (dual-UADLLME) coupled with microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) was proposed for cleansing, enrichment and sensitivity enhancement. 4'-Carboxy-substituted rosamine (CSR) was synthesized and used as derivatization reagent. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for determination of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS Parameters of dual-UADLLME, MAD and UHPLC-MS/MS were all optimized. Satisfactory linearity, recovery, repeatability, accuracy and precision, absence of matrix effect and extremely low limits of detection (LODs, 0.08-0.15 pg mL(-1) ) were achieved. CONCLUSIONS Through the combination of dual-UADLLME and MAD, a determination method for cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones in human plasma, serum and urine samples was developed and validated with high sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and perfect matrix effect results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-En Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- Hospital of University, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Renjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Herrero P, Cortés-Francisco N, Borrull F, Caixach J, Pocurull E, Marcé RM. Comparison of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry in ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography for the determination of veterinary drugs in sewage: benefits and drawbacks. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:585-96. [PMID: 25044843 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography for the determination of glucocorticoids and polyether ionophores in sewage, in order to show the major benefits and drawbacks for each mass spectrometry analyser. Overall, HRMS measurements have enhanced performance in terms of confirmatory capabilities than MS/MS measurements. Moreover, similar limits of quantification, limits of detection, linear range and repeatability for glucocorticoids with both the MS/MS and HRMS methods were compared, but in the case of polyether ionophores, slightly better limits of detection and limits of quantification were obtained with the HRMS method because of the high sensitivity obtained when diagnostic ions are used for quantification instead of selected reaction monitoring transitions for these compounds. The two methods have been applied to the analysis of several influent and effluent sewage samples from sewage treatment plants located in the Tarragona region (Catalonia, Spain), showing an excellent correlation between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Herrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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11
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Agrawal K, Ebel JG, Bischoff K. A rapid screen for four corticosteroids in equine synovial fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:272-9. [PMID: 24713534 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most antidoping method development in the equine industry has been for plasma and urine, though there has been recent interest in the analysis of synovial fluid for evidence of doping by intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Published methods for corticosteroid analysis in synovial fluid are primarily singleplex methods, do not screen for all corticosteroids of interest and are not adequately sensitive. The purpose of this study is to develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) screening method for the detection of four of the most common intra-articularly administered corticosteroids--betamethasone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate and triamcinolone acetonide. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation followed by a basified liquid-liquid extraction. LC-MS-MS experiments consisted of a six-min isocratic separation using a Phenomenex Polar-RP stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of 35% acetonitrile, 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid in nanopure water. The detection system used was a triple quadrupole mass analyzer with thermospray ionization, and compounds were identified using selective reaction monitoring. The method was validated to the ISO/IEC 17025 standard, and real synovial fluid samples were analyzed to demonstrate the application of the method in an antidoping context. The method was highly selective for the four corticosteroids with limits of detection of 1-3 ng/mL. The extraction efficiency was 50-101%, and the matrix effects were 14-31%. These results indicate that the method is a rapid and sensitive screen for the four corticosteroids in equine synovial fluid, fit for purpose for equine antidoping assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Agrawal
- 1Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Fiori J, Andrisano V. LC–MS method for the simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids in pharmaceutical formulations and counterfeit cosmetic products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 91:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abdel-Khalik J, Björklund E, Hansen M. Simultaneous determination of endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:58-77. [PMID: 23598050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methodologies based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of two or more endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum has received increased attention the last few years. Especially in the clinical setting steroid profiling is of major importance in disease diagnostics. This paper discusses recent findings in such multi-steroid hormone procedures published from 2001 to 2012. The aim was to elucidate possible relationships between chosen analytical technique and the obtained analyte sensitivity for endogenous steroid hormones. By evaluating the success, at which the currently applied techniques have been utilized, more general knowledge on the field is provided. Furthermore the evaluation provides directions in which future studies may be interesting to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Toxicology Laboratory, Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Pressurised liquid extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine endogenous and synthetic glucocorticoids in sewage sludge. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Nam YS, Kwon IK, Lee Y, Lee KB. Quantitative monitoring of corticosteroids in cosmetic products manufactured in Korea using LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220:e23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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SOMA LR, UBOH CE, LIU Y, LI X, ROBINSON MA, BOSTON RC, COLAHAN PT. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone following intra-articular, intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in horses and its effects on endogenous hydrocortisone. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:181-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Fidani M, Pompa G, Mungiguerra F, Casati A, Fracchiolla ML, Arioli F. Investigation of the presence of endogenous prednisolone in equine urine by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:879-886. [PMID: 22396023 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE After the detection of low concentrations of prednisolone in racehorse urine samples collected at Italian racetracks, a study was initiated to investigate the accuracy of the analytical protocol used and the possible endogenous origin of detected prednisolone. METHODS Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS(2) acquisition with a triple quadrupole (n = 780) and full scan MS(2) and MS(3) (n = 180) acquisition with a linear ion trap were checked. As a further confirmation, ten urine samples were analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). RESULTS The study showed the difficulty of identifying prednisolone, probably due to interfering compounds with the same molecular weight (360 Da) present in the matrix. The characteristic transitions for prednisolone were identified, both in MS(2) and MS(3), as the ions 187 and 280; the ion 295 was also used for identification. The concentrations detected with the triple quadrupole and the linear ion trap were not statistically different. The exact mass of prednisolone formiate (the adduct acting as a molecular ion) was identified by HRMS. CONCLUSIONS The very high frequency of prednisolone detection in the samples (78.5%), the low concentration of this steroid and, importantly, the narrow range of the 95% confidence limits (0.97-1.05 in MS(2) mode and 0.88-1.04 in MS(3) mode), could represent evidence that its presence is endogenous. In the light of these results, this hypothesis seems the most probable, even if further studies are required to confirm it. Furthermore, a microbiological origin (i.e. fermentation of cortisol after sample collection) could not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidani
- U.N.I.R.E. Lab. S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019, Settimo Milanese (MI), Italy
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Herrero P, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marcé R. Determination of glucocorticoids in sewage and river waters by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1224:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of total budesonide levels in dog plasma after inhalation exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1209-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Soma LR, Uboh CE, You Y, Guan F, Boston RC. Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular, intravenous, and intramuscular administration of triamcinolone acetonide and its effect on endogenous plasma hydrocortisone and cortisone concentrations in horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1234-42. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Chen JW. Efficient Use of Retention Time for the Analysis of 302 Drugs in Equine Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS with Scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Instant Library Searching for Doping Control. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6834-41. [PMID: 21806004 DOI: 10.1021/ac2016163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Cornelius E. Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Youwen You
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Jin-Wen Chen
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
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22
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Kolanović BS, Bilandžić N, Varenina I. Validation of a multi-residue enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for qualitative screening of corticosteroids in liver, urine and milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1175-86. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.580457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Solomun Kolanović
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control , Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143 , HR-10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - N. Bilandžić
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control , Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143 , HR-10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - I. Varenina
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control , Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143 , HR-10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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23
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Sparidans RW, van Velsen SG, de Roos MP, Schellens JH, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for clobetasol propionate in human serum from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter reviews drug and medication control in equestrian sports and addresses the rules of racing, the technological advances that have been made in drug detection and the importance of metabolism studies in the development of effective drug surveillance programmes. Typical approaches to screening and confirmatory analysis are discussed, as are the quality processes that underpin these procedures. The chapter also addresses four specific topics relevant to equestrian sports: substances controlled by threshold values, the approach adopted recently by European racing authorities to control some therapeutic substances, anabolic steroids in the horse and LC-MS analysis in drug testing in animal sports and metabolism studies. The purpose of discussing these specific topics is to emphasise the importance of research and development and collaboration to further global harmonisation and the development and support of international rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Houghton
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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25
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Optimization and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) method for analysis of corticosteroids in bovine liver: Evaluation of Keyhole Limpet β-glucuronidase/sulfatase enzyme extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:635-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Heinig K, Wirz T, Bucheli F. Determination of Glucocorticoids in Animal Plasma, Urine and Tissues by Column-Switching LC–Tandem-MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Song L, Bai J, Zhou W. Determination of Betamethasone and Dexamethasone in Human Urine and Serum by MEKC After an Experimental Design. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Yu NH, Ho EN, Tang FP, Wan TS, Wong AS. Comprehensive screening of acidic and neutral drugs in equine plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:426-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Difrancesco R, Frerichs V, Donnelly J, Hagler C, Hochreiter J, Tornatore KM. Simultaneous determination of cortisol, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mycophenolic acid and mycophenolic acid glucuronide in human plasma utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:42-51. [PMID: 17928278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic combination immunosuppressive regimens are commonly prescribed to renal transplant recipients. To develop an assay method for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of multiple immunosuppressives, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approach for the simultaneous analysis of several glucocorticoids, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) was investigated. The resultant method utilized a gradient reverse phase separation over a Symmetry C18 column using an ammonium acetate-methanol mobile phase at pH 3.5. The analytes were detected by coupling the chromatography system via electrospray to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Multiple-reaction monitoring in the negative mode ion (MH-/product) was employed selecting MPA at 319.1/190.9, MPAG at 495.1/191.0, dexamethasone at 391.0/361.0, hydrocortisone at 361.1/331.1, methylprednisolone at 373.1/343.1, prednisone at 357.1/327.2, and prednisolone at 359.1/329.1. The calibration curve concentrations ranged from 3.60 ng/mL to 50 microg/mL with the lowest limit of quantitation for corticosteroids being 3.60-7.20 ng/mL and 0.656-6.75 microg/mL for MPA and MPAG, respectively. The relative standard deviation for quality control intraday variation and interday variation was between 0.76% and 9.57% for all analytes. This assay offers a versatile, unique method for multi-analyte immunosuppressive determinations during combination immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Difrancesco
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260-1200, United States
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30
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Leung GNW, Leung DKK, Wan TSM, Wong CHF. High throughput screening of sub-ppb levels of basic drugs in equine plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:271-9. [PMID: 17054971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a high throughput LC-MS-MS method for the screening of 75 basic drugs in equine plasma at sub-ppb levels. The test scope covers diversified classes of drugs including some alpha- and beta-blockers, alpha- and beta-agonists, antihypotensives, antihypertensives, analgesics, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, antidiabetics, antipsychotics, antiulcers, anxiolytics, bronchodilators, CNS stimulants, decongestants, sedatives, tranquilizers and vasodilators. A plasma sample was first deproteinated by addition of trichloroacetic acid. Basic drugs were then extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a Bond Elut Certify cartridge, and analysed by LC-MS-MS in positive electrospray ionization (+ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Liquid chromatography was performed using a short C(8) column (3.3 cm L x 2.1mm ID with 3 microm particles) to provide fast analysis time. The overall instrument turnaround time was 8 min, inclusive of post-run and equilibration time. No interference from the matrices at the expected retention times of the targeted masses was observed. Over 60% of the drugs studied gave limits of detection (LoD) at or below 25 pg/mL, with some LoDs reaching down to 0.5 pg/mL. The inter-day precision for the relative retention times ranged from 0.01 to 0.54%, and that for the relative peak area ratios (relative to the internal standard) ranged from 4 to 37%. The results indicated that the method has acceptable precision to be used on a day-to-day basis for qualitative identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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31
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Touber ME, van Engelen MC, Georgakopoulus C, van Rhijn JA, Nielen MWF. Multi-detection of corticosteroids in sports doping and veterinary control using high-resolution liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:137-46. [PMID: 17386705 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) method was developed using the latest high-resolution LC column technology, the ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive ion mode. Gradient UPLC separation conditions were optimized for a group of 22 analytes comprising 17 glucocorticosteroids, specific designer steroids such as tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and specific beta2-agonists such as formoterol. The UPLC/TOFMS separation obtained required 5.5 min only for all the substances tested. Even the critical pair of dexamethasone and betamethasone isomers was almost completely resolved. Thanks to the over 10,000 full-width at half maximum (FWHM) mass resolution and high mass accuracy features of TOFMS 50 mDa window accurate mass chromatograms could be reconstructed for the individual analytes. Sensitive screening in human and calf urine samples fortified at the glucocorticosteroids minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 30 microg L(-1) (human urine, sports doping) and 2 microg L(-1) (calf urine, veterinary control) could be obtained. The potential of UPLC/TOFMS for confirmatory analysis was shown by determining the accurate mass of all compounds and fragment ions upon in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) at different energies. The exact mass measurement errors for all glucocorticosteroids were found to be within 6 ppm. Considering veterinary control, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined for most of the analytes in calf urine and found to range from 0.1 to 3.3 and from 0.4 to 4.4 microg L(-1), respectively. The method can be easily extended with other banned substances of interest, as demonstrated by the addition of 21 beta2-agonists to the original analyte mixture in urine, without causing any interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Touber
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, 6700 AE, The Netherlands
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32
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Chu KO, Ho TC, Chiang WY, Wang CC, Lam DSC, Pang CP. Measuring triamcinolone acetonide in aqueous humor by gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 847:199-204. [PMID: 17097356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection has been used in the treatment of various posterior segment diseases. One of the side effects of IVTA is raised intraocular pressure, which may be secondary to triamcinolone acetonide (TAA)'s effects on the trabecular meshwork that affects aqueous outflow. In order to study the biological effects of TAA on the trabecular meshwork, we firstly need to reliably and accurately detect the concentration of TAA in tissue cells or fluids. In this study we have described a technique of using gas chromatography-electron-capture-negative-ion mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) to develop a simple, sensitive, selective and validated method to detect TAA in aqueous humor (AH) of rabbits following IVTA and subconjunctival TAA injections. We derivatized TAA from extracted aqueous sample by acetic anhydride and BSTFA, respectively, and analyzed by GC-NCI-MS. The detection limit was 0.3ng/ml, linearity over 0.995 from 0 to 300ng/ml. The reproducibility ranged from 10.4 to 3.9 for concentrations from 3 to 300ng/ml, and recovery was over 95% for the concentrations 10, 60, and 200ng/ml. No interference was found from 159 aqueous samples. There was no TAA residue carried to the next injection from previously high concentration injection, 10,000ng/ml. We have provided an alternative, rapid, and robust method other than LC-MS-MS for TAA detection in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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