1
|
Wu X, Wang W, Stelitano G, Riabova O, Wang B, Niu W, Cocorullo M, Shi R, Chiarelli LR, Makarov V, Lu Y, Li C, Qiao C. Benzothiozinone derivatives with anti-tubercular Activity-Further side chain investigation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115976. [PMID: 38039794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel benzothiozinone (BTZ) derivatives were designed, prepared and evaluated for antituberculosis activity. Specifically, the BTZ pharmacophore is retained and the previous heterocyclic ring linker is replaced by alkynyl or vinyl linker, the resulting compounds displayed about 5-fold improved antimycobacterial activity. We further revealed that the linker attached tail group affects the compound metabolic stability, potency and other drug like properties. This work led to the discovery of two compounds (A1 and A11) with acceptable low MICs and improved metabolic stability. The representative compound A11 demonstrated bactericidal efficacy in an acute TB infection mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Giovanni Stelitano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mario Cocorullo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Laurent R Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hallmann A, Roszkowska A, Smolarz K, Sokołowski A, Świeżak J, Dube N, Caban M. Persistence of norfluoxetine in marine mussels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115763. [PMID: 37956494 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of pharmaceuticals in coastal waters is tending towards increasing due to a shift of the human population into coastal zones. In parallel, the number of prescriptions of antidepressants, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), is constantly growing. Most of the SSRI is metabolised into active compounds; for instance, norfluoxetine (NFLU) is the main active metabolite of fluoxetine. In this study, we tested the bioaccumulation and depuration of NFLU in Mytilus trossulus at two environmentally relevant concentrations (100 and 500 ng/L, after six days of exposure and five days of depuration at 10 °C). The concentration of NFLU in the mussels' tissue seems not to be directly proportional to the exposure concentration. The levels of NFLU in the mussels' tissues after the depuration period were comparable to the levels detected at the end of exposure. This indicates that NFLU is not efficiently removed by the mussels and points to a potential risk for consumers of such marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Sokołowski
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Justyna Świeżak
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Neil Dube
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lan XF, Olaleye OE, Lu JL, Yang W, Du FF, Yang JL, Cheng C, Shi YH, Wang FQ, Zeng XS, Tian NN, Liao PW, Yu X, Xu F, Li YF, Wang HT, Zhang NX, Jia WW, Li C. Pharmacokinetics-based identification of pseudoaldosterogenic compounds originating from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots (Gancao) after dosing LianhuaQingwen capsule. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:2155-2172. [PMID: 33931765 PMCID: PMC8086230 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LianhuaQingwen capsule, prepared from an herbal combination, is officially recommended as treatment for COVID-19 in China. Of the serial pharmacokinetic investigations we designed to facilitate identifying LianhuaQingwen compounds that are likely to be therapeutically important, the current investigation focused on the component Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots (Gancao). Besides its function in COVID-19 treatment, Gancao is able to induce pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting renal 11β-HSD2. Systemic and colon-luminal exposure to Gancao compounds were characterized in volunteers receiving LianhuaQingwen and by in vitro metabolism studies. Access of Gancao compounds to 11β-HSD2 was characterized using human/rat, in vitro transport, and plasma protein binding studies, while 11β-HSD2 inhibition was assessed using human kidney microsomes. LianhuaQingwen contained a total of 41 Gancao constituents (0.01-8.56 μmol/day). Although glycyrrhizin (1), licorice saponin G2 (2), and liquiritin/liquiritin apioside (21/22) were the major Gancao constituents in LianhuaQingwen, their poor intestinal absorption and access to colonic microbiota resulted in significant levels of their respective deglycosylated metabolites glycyrrhetic acid (8), 24-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (M2D; a new Gancao metabolite), and liquiritigenin (27) in human plasma and feces after dosing. These circulating metabolites were glucuronized/sulfated in the liver and then excreted into bile. Hepatic oxidation of 8 also yielded M2D. Circulating 8 and M2D, having good membrane permeability, could access (via passive tubular reabsorption) and inhibit renal 11β-HSD2. Collectively, 1 and 2 were metabolically activated to the pseudoaldosterogenic compounds 8 and M2D. This investigation, together with such investigations of other components, has implications for precisely defining therapeutic benefit of LianhuaQingwen and conditions for its safe use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Lan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Olajide E Olaleye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun-Lan Lu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fei-Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xue-Shan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nan-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei-Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying-Fei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hong-Tao Wang
- Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Nai-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Wei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chuan Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Q, Chen Z, Chen D, Luo S, Xie L. Simultaneous quantification of vortioxetine, fluoxetine and their metabolites in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4960. [PMID: 32729624 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a specific and quick ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was fully developed and validated for simultaneous measurement of the rat plasma levels of vortioxetine (VOR), Lu AA34443 (the major metabolite of VOR), fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine with diazepam as the internal standard (IS). After a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile for sample preparation, the separation of the analytes were performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column, with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase by gradient elution. The detection was achieved on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via an electrospray ionization source. Good linearity was observed in the calibration curve for each analyte. The data of precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and stability all conformed to the bioanalytical method validation of acceptance criteria of US Food and Drug Administration recommendations. The newly developed UPLC-MS/MS method allowed simultaneous quantification of VOR, fluoxetine and their metabolites for the first time and was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingwen Chen
- Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shunbin Luo
- The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingping Xie
- The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qin Z, Jia M, Yang J, Xing H, Yin Z, Yao Z, Zhang X, Yao X. Multiple circulating alkaloids and saponins from intravenous Kang-Ai injection inhibit human cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes: potential drug-drug interactions. Chin Med 2020; 15:69. [PMID: 32655683 PMCID: PMC7339578 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kang-Ai injection is widely used as an adjuvant therapy drug for many cancers, leukopenia, and chronic hepatitis B. Circulating alkaloids and saponins are believed to be responsible for therapeutic effects. However, their pharmacokinetics (PK) and excretion in vivo and the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI) through inhibiting human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes remain unclear. METHODS PK and excretion of circulating compounds were investigated in rats using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method. Further, the inhibitory effects of nine major compounds against eleven CYP and UGT isozymes were assayed using well-accepted specific substrate for each enzyme. RESULTS After dosing, 9 alkaloids were found with C max and t 1/2 values of 0.17-422.70 μmol/L and 1.78-4.33 h, respectively. Additionally, 28 saponins exhibited considerable systemic exposure with t 1/2 values of 0.63-7.22 h, whereas other trace saponins could be negligible or undetected. Besides, over 90% of alkaloids were excreted through hepatobiliary and renal excretion. Likewise, astragalosides and protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenosides also involved in hepatobiliary and/or renal excretion. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) type ginsenosides were mainly excreted to urine. Furthermore, PPD-type ginsenosides were extensively bound (f u-plasma approximately 1%), whereas astragalosides and PPT-type ginsenosides displayed f u-plasma values of 12.35% and 60.23-87.36%, respectively. Moreover, matrine, oxymatrine, astragaloside IV, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rc, and ginsenoside Rb1 exhibited no inhibition or weak inhibition against several common CYP and UGT enzymes IC50 values between 8.81 and 92.21 μM. Through kinetic modeling, their inhibition mechanisms towards those CYP and UGT isozymes were explored with obtained Ki values. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation showed the inhibition of systemic clearance for CYP or UGT substrates seemed impossible due to [I]/Ki no more than 0.1. CONCLUSIONS We summarized the PK behaviors, excretion characteristics and protein binding rates of circulating alkaloids, astragalosides and ginsenosides after intravenous Kang-Ai injection. Furthermore, weak inhibition or no inhibition towards these CYP and UGT activities could not trigger harmful DDI when Kang-Ai injection is co-administered with clinical drugs primarily cleared by these CYP or UGT isozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Han Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intravenous formulation of Panax notoginseng root extract: human pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and potential for perpetrating drug interactions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1351-1363. [PMID: 31358899 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
XueShuanTong, a lyophilized extract of Panax notoginseng roots (Sanqi) for intravenous administration, is extensively used as add-on therapy in the treatment of ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases and comprises therapeutically active ginsenosides. Potential for XueShuanTong-drug interactions was determined; the investigation focused on cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A induction and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B inhibition. Ginsenosides considerably bioavailable for drug interactions were identified by dosing XueShuanTong in human subjects and their interaction-related pharmacokinetics were determined. The CYP3A induction potential was determined by repeatedly dosing XueShuanTong for 15 days in human subjects and by treating cryopreserved human hepatocytes with circulating ginsenosides; midazolam served as a probe substrate. Joint inhibition of OATP1B by XueShuanTong ginsenosides was assessed in vitro, and the data were processed using the Chou-Talalay method. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, and Rg1 and notoginsenoside R1 were the major circulating XueShuanTong compounds; their interaction-related pharmacokinetics comprised compound dose-dependent levels of systemic exposure and, for ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd, long terminal half-lives (32‒57 and 58‒307 h, respectively) and low unbound fractions in plasma (0.8%‒2.9% and 0.4%‒3.0%, respectively). Dosing XueShuanTong did not induce CYP3A. Based on the pharmacokinetics and inhibitory potency of the ginsenosides, XueShuanTong was predicted to have high potential for OATP1B3-mediated drug interactions (attributed chiefly to ginsenoside Rb1) suggesting the need for further model-based determination of the interaction potential for XueShuanTong and, if necessary, a clinical drug interaction study. Increased awareness of ginsenosides' pharmacokinetics and XueShuanTong-drug interaction potential will help ensure the safe use of XueShuanTong and coadministered synthetic drugs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Multiple circulating saponins from intravenous ShenMai inhibit OATP1Bs in vitro: potential joint precipitants of drug interactions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:833-849. [PMID: 30327544 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
ShenMai, an intravenous injection prepared from steamed Panax ginseng roots (Hongshen) and Ophiopogon japonicus roots (Maidong), is used as an add-on therapy for coronary artery disease and cancer; saponins are its bioactive constituents. Since many saponins inhibit human organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP)1B, this investigation determined the inhibition potencies of circulating ShenMai saponins on the transporters and the joint potential of these compounds for ShenMai-drug interaction. Circulating saponins and their pharmacokinetics were characterized in rats receiving a 30-min infusion of ShenMai at 10 mL/kg. Inhibition of human OATP1B1/1B3 and rat Oatp1b2 by the individual saponins was investigated in vitro; the compounds' joint inhibition was also assessed in vitro and the data was processed using the Chou-Talalay method. Plasma protein binding was assessed by equilibrium dialysis. Altogether, 49 saponins in ShenMai were characterized and graded into: 10-100 μmol/day (compound doses from ShenMai; 7 compounds), 1-10 μmol/day (17 compounds), and <1 μmol/day (25 compounds, including Maidong ophiopogonins). After dosing, circulating saponins were protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Ra1, Rg3, Ra2, and Ra3, protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rg2, and Rf, and ginsenoside Ro. The protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides exhibited maximum plasma concentrations of 2.1-46.6 μmol/L, plasma unbound fractions of 0.4-1.0% and terminal half-lives of 15.6-28.5 h (ginsenoside Rg3, 1.9 h), while the other ginsenosides exhibited 0.1-7.7 μmol/L, 20.8-99.2%, and 0.2-0.5 h, respectively. The protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, ginsenosides without any sugar attachment at C-20 (except ginsenoside Rf), and ginsenoside Ro inhibited OATP1B3 more potently (IC50, 0.2-3.5 µmol/L) than the other ginsenosides (≥22.6 µmol/L). Inhibition of OATP1B1 by ginsenosides was less potent than OATP1B3 inhibition. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Ro, Ra1, Re, and Rg2 likely contribute the major part of OATP1B3-mediated ShenMai-drug interaction potential, in an additive and time-related manner.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu XW, Yang JL, Niu W, Jia WW, Olaleye OE, Wen Q, Duan XN, Huang YH, Wang FQ, Du FF, Zhong CC, Li YF, Xu F, Gao Q, Li L, Li C. Human pharmacokinetics of ginkgo terpene lactones and impact of carboxylation in blood on their platelet-activating factor antagonistic activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1935-1946. [PMID: 30054600 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpene lactones are a class of bioactive constituents of standardized preparations of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, extensively used as add-on therapies in patients with ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This investigation evaluated human pharmacokinetics of ginkgo terpene lactones and impact of their carboxylation in blood. Human subjects received oral YinXing-TongZhi tablet or intravenous ShuXueNing, two standardized ginkgo preparations. Their plasma protein-binding and platelet-activating factor antagonistic activity were assessed in vitro. Their carboxylation was assessed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) and in human plasma. After dosing YinXing-TongZhi tablet, ginkgolides A and B and bilobalide exhibited significantly higher systemic exposure levels than ginkgolides C and J; after dosing ShuXueNing, ginkgolides A, B, C, and J exhibited high exposure levels. The compounds' unbound fractions in plasma were 45-92%. Apparent oral bioavailability of ginkgolides A and B was mostly >100%, while that of ginkgolides C and J was 6-15%. Bilobalide's bioavailability was probably high but lower than that of ginkgolides A/B. Terminal half-lives of ginkgolides A, B, and C (4-7 h) after dosing ShuXueNing were shorter than their respective values (6-13 h) after dosing YinXing-TongZhi tablet. Half-life of bilobalide after dosing the tablet was around 5 h. Terpene lactones were roughly evenly distributed in various body fluids and tissues; glomerular-filtration-based renal excretion was the predominant elimination route for the ginkgolides and a major route for bilobalide. Terpene lactones circulated as trilactones and monocarboxylates. Carboxylation reduced platelet-activating factor antagonistic activity of ginkgolides A, B, and C. Ginkgolide J, bilobalide, and ginkgo flavonoids exhibited no such bioactivity. Collectively, differences in terpene lactones' exposure between the two preparations and influence of their carboxylation in blood should be considered in investigating the relative contributions of terpene lactones to ginkgo preparations' therapeutic effects. The results here will inform rational clinical use of ginkgo preparations.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong J, Olaleye OE, Jiang R, Li J, Lu C, Du F, Xu F, Yang J, Wang F, Jia W, Li C. Glycyrrhizin has a high likelihood to be a victim of drug-drug interactions mediated by hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3486-3503. [PMID: 29908072 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intravenous glycyrrhizin, having anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties, is incorporated into the management of liver diseases in China. This investigation was designed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying hepatobiliary excretion of glycyrrhizin and to investigate its potential for drug-drug interactions on organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human transporters mediating hepatobiliary excretion of glycyrrhizin were characterized at the cellular and vesicular levels and compared with rat hepatic transporters. The role of Oatp1b2 in glycyrrhizin's elimination and pharmacokinetics was evaluated in rats using the inhibitor rifampin. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for glycyrrhizin, incorporating transporter-mediated hepatobiliary excretion, was established and applied to predict potential drug-drug interactions related to glycyrrhizin in humans. KEY RESULTS Hepatobiliary excretion of glycyrrhizin involved human OATP1B1/1B3 (Oatp1b2 in rats)-mediated hepatic uptake from blood and human multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)2/breast cancer resistance protein (ABCP)/bile salt export pump (BSEP)/multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp2/Abcp/Bsep in rats)-mediated hepatic efflux into bile. In rats, rifampin impaired hepatic uptake of glycyrrhizin significantly increasing its systemic exposure. Glomerular-filtration-based renal excretion of glycyrrhizin was slow due to extensive protein binding in plasma. Quantitative analysis using the PBPK model demonstrated that OATP1B1/1B3 have critical roles in the pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin, which is highly likely to be a victim of drug-drug interactions when co-administered with potent dual inhibitors of these transporters. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Transporter-mediated hepatobiliary excretion governs glycyrrhizin's elimination and pharmacokinetics. Understanding glycyrrhizin's potential drug-drug interactions on OATP1B1/1B3 should enhance the therapeutic outcome of glycyrrhizin-containing drug combinations on liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olajide E Olaleye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPK, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feifei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhong CC, Chen F, Yang JL, Jia WW, Li L, Cheng C, Du FF, Zhang SP, Xie CY, Zhang NT, Olaleye OE, Wang FQ, Xu F, Lou LG, Chen DY, Niu W, Li C. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of anlotinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in experimental animal species. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1048-1063. [PMID: 29620050 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anlotinib is a new oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor; this study was designed to characterize its pharmacokinetics and disposition. Anlotinib was evaluated in rats, tumor-bearing mice, and dogs and also assessed in vitro to characterize its pharmacokinetics and disposition and drug interaction potential. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anlotinib, having good membrane permeability, was rapidly absorbed with oral bioavailability of 28%-58% in rats and 41%-77% in dogs. Terminal half-life of anlotinib in dogs (22.8±11.0 h) was longer than that in rats (5.1±1.6 h). This difference appeared to be mainly associated with an interspecies difference in total plasma clearance (rats, 5.35±1.31 L·h-1·kg-1; dogs, 0.40±0.06 L·h-1/kg-1). Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism was probably the major elimination pathway. Human CYP3A had the greatest metabolic capability with other human P450s playing minor roles. Anlotinib exhibited large apparent volumes of distribution in rats (27.6±3.1 L/kg) and dogs (6.6±2.5 L/kg) and was highly bound in rat (97%), dog (96%), and human plasma (93%). In human plasma, anlotinib was predominantly bound to albumin and lipoproteins, rather than to α1-acid glycoprotein or γ-globulins. Concentrations of anlotinib in various tissue homogenates of rat and in those of tumor-bearing mouse were significantly higher than the associated plasma concentrations. Anlotinib exhibited limited in vitro potency to inhibit many human P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and transporters, except for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 (in vitro half maximum inhibitory concentrations, <1 μmol/L). Based on early reported human pharmacokinetics, drug interaction indices were 0.16 for CYP3A4 and 0.02 for CYP2C9, suggesting that anlotinib had a low propensity to precipitate drug interactions on these enzymes. Anlotinib exhibits many pharmacokinetic characteristics similar to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, except for terminal half-life, interactions with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and plasma protein binding.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang N, Cheng C, Olaleye OE, Sun Y, Li L, Huang Y, Du F, Yang J, Wang F, Shi Y, Xu F, Li Y, Wen Q, Zhang N, Li C. Pharmacokinetics-Based Identification of Potential Therapeutic Phthalides from XueBiJing, a Chinese Herbal Injection Used in Sepsis Management. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
12
|
Cheng C, Du F, Yu K, Xu F, Wang F, Li L, Olaleye OE, Yang J, Chen F, Zhong C, Liu Q, Li J, Wang Z, Li C, Xiao W. Pharmacokinetics and Disposition of Circulating Iridoids and Organic Acids in Rats Intravenously Receiving ReDuNing Injection. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1853-1858. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
13
|
Cheng C, Lin JZ, Li L, Yang JL, Jia WW, Huang YH, Du FF, Wang FQ, Li MJ, Li YF, Xu F, Zhang NT, Olaleye OE, Sun Y, Li J, Sun CH, Zhang GP, Li C. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) after intravenous dosing of antiseptic XueBiJing injection in human subjects and rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:530-44. [PMID: 26838074 PMCID: PMC4820793 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) are believed to be pharmacologically important for the antiseptic herbal injection XueBiJing. This study was designed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides. METHODS Systemic exposure to Chishao monoterpene glycosides was assessed in human subjects receiving an intravenous infusion and multiple infusions of XueBiJing injection, followed by assessment of the pharmacokinetics of the major circulating compounds. Supportive rat studies were also performed. Membrane permeability and plasma-protein binding were assessed in vitro. RESULTS A total of 18 monoterpene glycosides were detected in XueBiJing injection (content levels, 0.001-2.47 mmol/L), and paeoniflorin accounted for 85.5% of the total dose of monoterpene glycosides detected. In human subjects, unchanged paeoniflorin exhibited considerable levels of systemic exposure with elimination half-lives of 1.2-1.3 h; no significant metabolite was detected. Oxypaeoniflorin and albiflorin exhibited low exposure levels, and the remaining minor monoterpene glycosides were negligible or undetected. Glomerular-filtration-based renal excretion was the major elimination pathway of paeoniflorin, which was poorly bound to plasma protein. In rats, the systemic exposure level of paeoniflorin increased proportionally as the dose was increased. Rat lung, heart, and liver exposure levels of paeoniflorin were lower than the plasma level, with the exception of the kidney level, which was 4.3-fold greater than the plasma level; brain penetration was limited by the poor membrane permeability. CONCLUSION Due to its significant systemic exposure and appropriate pharmacokinetic profile, as well as previously reported antiseptic properties, paeoniflorin is a promising XueBiJing constituent of therapeutic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jia-zhen Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun-ling Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-wei Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-hong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Fei-fei Du
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng-qing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei-juan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan-fen Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Na-ting Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Olajide E. Olaleye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Now in Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-hai Sun
- Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Gui-ping Zhang
- Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lupu D, Pop A, Cherfan J, Kiss B, Loghin F. In vitro modulation of estrogen receptor activity by norfluoxetine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 88:386-90. [PMID: 26609274 PMCID: PMC4632900 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressants increasingly prescribed for pregnancy and postpartum depression. However, these compounds can cross the placenta and also pass into breast milk, thus reaching the fetus and infant during critical developmental stages, potentially causing adverse effects. Fluoxetine, a widely used SSRI, has been shown to affect (neuro)endocrine signaling in various organisms, including humans. This compound can also interact with estrogen receptors in vitro and cause an estrogen-dependent uterotrophic response in rodents. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to assess if the active metabolite of fluoxetine, namely norfluoxetine (NFLX), shares the same capacity for estrogen receptor interaction. Methods The in vitro (anti)estrogenic activity of norfluoxetine was assessed using a firefly luciferase reporter construct in the T47D-Kbluc breast cancer cell line. These cells express nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) that can activate the transcription of the luciferase reporter gene upon binding of ER agonists. Light emission was monitored in case of cells exposed to norfluoxetine or mixtures of norfluoxetine-estradiol. Cell viability was assessed using a resazurin-based assay. Results During individual testing, NFLX was able to induce a significant increase in luciferase activity compared to control, but only at the highest concentration tested (10 μM). In binary mixtures with estradiol (30 pM constant concentration) a significant increase in luminescence was observed at low submicromolar norfluoxetine concentrations compared to estradiol alone. Conclusion Norfluoxetine can induce estrogenic effects in vitro and can potentiate the activity of estradiol. However, further studies are needed to clarify if these observed estrogenic effects may have detrimental consequences for human exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lupu
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Pop
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Julien Cherfan
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Béla Kiss
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Methylation and its role in the disposition of tanshinol, a cardiovascular carboxylic catechol from Salvia miltiorrhiza roots (Danshen). Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:627-43. [PMID: 25891082 PMCID: PMC4422947 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tanshinol is an important catechol in the antianginal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza roots (Danshen). This study aimed to characterize tanshinol methylation. METHODS Metabolites of tanshinol were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Metabolism was assessed in vitro with rat and human enzymes. The major metabolites were synthesized for studying their interactions with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters and their vasodilatory properties. Dose-related tanshinol methylation and its influences on tanshinol pharmacokinetics were also studied in rats. RESULTS Methylation, preferentially in the 3-hydroxyl group, was the major metabolic pathway of tanshinol. In rats, tanshinol also underwent considerable 3-O-sulfation, which appeared to be poor in human liver. These metabolites were mainly eliminated via renal excretion, which involved tubular secretion mainly by organic anion transporter (OAT) 1. The methylated metabolites had no vasodilatory activity. Entacapone-impaired methylation did not considerably increase systemic exposure to tanshinol in rats. The saturation of tanshinol methylation in rat liver could be predicted from the Michaelis constant of tanshinol for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Tanshinol had low affinity for human COMT and OATs; its methylated metabolites also had low affinity for the transporters. Tanshinol and its major human metabolite (3-O-methyltanshinol) exhibited negligible inhibitory activities against human cytochrome P450 enzymes, organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3, multidrug resistance protein 1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein. CONCLUSION Tanshinol is mainly metabolized via methylation. Tanshinol and its major human metabolite have low potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with synthetic antianginal agents. This study will help define the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia related to tanshinol methylation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang R, Dong J, Li X, Du F, Jia W, Xu F, Wang F, Yang J, Niu W, Li C. Molecular mechanisms governing different pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and potential for ginsenoside-perpetrated herb-drug interactions on OATP1B3. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1059-73. [PMID: 25297453 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ginsenosides are bioactive saponins derived from Panax notoginseng roots (Sanqi) and ginseng. Here, the molecular mechanisms governing differential pharmacokinetics of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Re and notoginsenoside R1 and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rc and Rd were elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Interactions of ginsenosides with human and rat hepatobiliary transporters were characterized at the cellular and vesicular levels. A rifampin-based inhibition study in rats evaluated the in vivo role of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp)1b2. Plasma protein binding was assessed by equilibrium dialysis. Drug-drug interaction indices were calculated to estimate potential for clinically relevant ginsenoside-mediated interactions due to inhibition of human OATP1Bs. KEY RESULTS All the ginsenosides were bound to human OATP1B3 and rat Oatp1b2 but only the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides were transported. Human multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)2/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/bile salt export pump (BSEP)/multidrug resistance protein-1 and rat Mrp2/Bcrp/Bsep also mediated the transport of the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Glomerular-filtration-based renal excretion of the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides was greater than that of the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type counterparts due to differences in plasma protein binding. Rifampin-impaired hepatobiliary excretion of the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides was effectively compensated by the renal excretion in rats. The 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides were potent inhibitors of OATP1B3. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Differences in hepatobiliary and in renal excretory clearances caused markedly different systemic exposure and different elimination kinetics between the two types of ginsenosides. Caution should be exercised with the long-circulating 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides as they could induce hepatobiliary herb-drug interactions, particularly when patients receive long-term therapies with high-dose i.v. Sanqi or ginseng extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen F, Li L, Xu F, Sun Y, Du F, Ma X, Zhong C, Li X, Wang F, Zhang N, Li C. Systemic and cerebral exposure to and pharmacokinetics of flavonols and terpene lactones after dosing standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts to rats via different routes of administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:440-57. [PMID: 23808355 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Flavonols and terpene lactones are putatively responsible for the properties of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts that relate to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cerebral insufficiency. Here, we characterized rat systemic and cerebral exposure to these ginkgo compounds after dosing, as well as the compounds' pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received single or multiple doses of ShuXueNing injection (prepared from GBE50 for intravenous administration) or GBE50 (a standardized extract of G. biloba leaves for oral administration). Brain delivery of the ginkgo compounds was assessed with microdialysis. Various rat samples were analysed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Slow terminal elimination features of the flavonols counterbalanced the influence of poor oral bioavailability on their systemic exposure levels, which also resulted in significant accumulation of the compounds in plasma during the subchronic treatment with ShuXueNing injection and GBE50. Unlike the flavonols, the terpene lactones had poor enterohepatic circulation due to their rapid renal excretion and unknown metabolism. The flavonol glycosides occurred as major forms in plasma after dosing with ShuXueNing injection, while the flavonol aglycone conjugates were predominant in plasma after dosing with GBE50. Cerebral exposure was negligible for the flavonols and low for the terpene lactones. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Unlike the significant systemic exposure levels, the levels of cerebral exposure to the flavonols and terpene lactones are low. The elimination kinetic differences between the two classes of ginkgo compounds influence their relative systemic exposure levels. The information gained is relevant to linking ginkgo administration to the medicinal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schrickx JA, Fink-Gremmels J. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by psychotherapeutic drugs in a canine cell model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:515-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Schrickx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the anticancer prodrug simmitecan in different experimental animals. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1437-48. [PMID: 24056706 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the pharmacokinetics and disposition of simmitecan (L-P) that was a water-soluble ester prodrug of chimmitecan (L-2-Z) with potent anti-tumor activities in different experimental animals, and to assess its drug-drug interaction potential. METHODS SD rats were injected with a single iv bolus doses of L-P (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg). The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion and metabolism of L-P and its active metabolite L-2-Z were studied through quantitative measurements and metabolite profiling with LC/MS. The binding of L-P and L-2-Z to rat plasma proteins was examined using an ultrafiltration method. Systemic exposures of beagle dogs to L-P as well as drug distribution in tumors of the nude mice xenograft model of human hepatic cancer SMMC-7721 cells were also examined. The metabolism of L-P by liver mcirosomal carboxylesterase in vitro was investigated in different species. The effects of L-P and L-2-Z on cytochrome P450 enzymes were examined using commercial screening kits. RESULTS The in vivo biotransformation of L-P to L-2-Z showed a significant species difference, with a mean elimination half-life t1/2 of approximately 1.4 h in rats and 1.9 h in dogs. The systemic exposure levels of L-P and L-2-Z were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In rats, approximately 66% of L-P and 79% of L-2-Z were bound to plasma proteins. In rats and the nude mice bearing human hepatic cancers, most organ tissues had significantly higher concentrations of L-P than the corresponding plasma levels. In the tumor tissues, the L-P levels were comparable to those of plasma, whereas the L-2-Z levels were lower than the L-P levels. In rats, L-P was eliminated mainly via biliary excretion, but metabolism played an important role in elimination of the intact L-P. Finally, L-P and L-2-Z exerted moderate inhibition on the activity of CYP3A4 in vitro. CONCLUSION L-P and L-2-Z have relatively short elimination half-lives and L-P is mainly eliminated via biliary excretion. The species difference in the conversion of L-P to L-2-Z and potential drug-drug interactions due to inhibition of CYP3A4 should be considered in further studies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Veerman CC, Verkerk AO, Blom MT, Klemens CA, Langendijk PNJ, van Ginneken ACG, Wilders R, Tan HL. Slow delayed rectifier potassium current blockade contributes importantly to drug-induced long QT syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6:1002-9. [PMID: 23995305 DOI: 10.1161/circep.113.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced long QT syndrome is generally ascribed to inhibition of the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr). Effects on the slow delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) are less recognized. Triggered by a patient who carried the K422T mutation in KCNQ1 (encoding the α-subunit of the IKs channel), who presented with excessive QT prolongation and high serum levels of norfluoxetine, we investigated the effects of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine on IKs. METHODS AND RESULTS ECG data from mutation carriers and noncarriers revealed that the K422T mutation per se had mild clinical effects. Patch clamp studies, performed on HEK293 cells, showed that heterozygously expressed K422T KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels had a positive shift in voltage dependence of activation and an increase in deactivation rate. Fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine both inhibited KCNQ1/KCNE1 current, with norfluoxetine being the most potent. Moreover, norfluoxetine increased activation and deactivation rates. Computer simulations of the effects of norfluoxetine on IKs and IKr demonstrated significant action potential prolongation, to which IKs block contributed importantly. Although the effects of the mutation per se were small, additional IKs blockade by norfluoxetine resulted in more prominent QTc prolongation in mutation carriers than in noncarriers, demonstrating synergistic effects of innate and drug-induced IKs blockade on QTc prolongation. CONCLUSIONS IKs blockade contributes importantly to drug-induced long QT syndrome, especially when repolarization reserve is reduced. Drug safety tests might have to include screening for IKs blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan C Veerman
- Heart Center, and Departments of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Cardiology, Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Reinier de Graaf Group Hospitals, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xue X, Gong LK, Maeda K, Luan Y, Qi XM, Sugiyama Y, Ren J. Critical role of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 in kidney accumulation and toxicity of aristolochic acid I. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2183-92. [PMID: 21980933 DOI: 10.1021/mp100418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of aristolochic acid (AA), especially its major constituent aristolochic acid I (AAI), results in severe kidney injury known as aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Although hepatic cytochrome P450s metabolize AAI to reduce its kidney toxicity in mice, the mechanism by which AAI is uptaken by renal cells to induce renal toxicity is largely unknown. In this study, we found that organic anion transporters (OATs) 1 and 3, proteins known to transport drugs from the blood into the tubular epithelium, are responsible for the transportation of AAI into renal tubular cells and the subsequent nephrotoxicity. AAI uptake in HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human OAT1 or OAT3 was greatly increased compared to that in the control cells, and this uptake was dependent on the AAI concentration. Administration of probenecid, a well-known OAT inhibitor, to the mice reduced AAI renal accumulation and its urinary excretion and protected mice from AAI-induced acute tubular necrosis. Further, AAI renal accumulation and severe kidney lesions induced by AAl in Oat1 and Oat3 gene knockout mice all were markedly suppressed compared to those in the wild-type mice. Together, our results suggest that OAT1 and OAT3 have a critical role in AAl renal accumulation and toxicity. These transporters may serve as a potential therapeutic target against AAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li W, Zhang J, Tse FLS. Strategies in quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of unstable small molecules in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:258-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Guo B, Huang Z, Wang M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Chen B, Li Y, Yan H, Yao S. Simultaneous direct analysis of benzimidazole fungicides and relevant metabolites in agricultural products based on multifunction dispersive solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4796-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Sun Y, Dai J, Hu Z, Du F, Niu W, Wang F, Liu F, Jin G, Li C. Oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine, a tetrahydroprotoberberine agonist at dopamine D(1) and antagonist at D(2) receptors, in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1302-12. [PMID: 19788498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE (-)-Stepholidine has high affinity for dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors. The aims of the present study were to examine the oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine and to gain understanding of mechanisms governing its transport across the enterohepatic barrier and the blood-brain barrier. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacokinetics of (-)-stepholidine was studied in rats and microdialysis was used to measure delivery to the brain. These studies were supported by biological measurement of unbound (-)-stepholidine. Membrane permeability was assessed using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Metabolite profiling of (-)-stepholidine in rat bile and plasma was performed. Finally, in vitro metabolic stability and metabolite profile of (-)-stepholidine were examined to compare species similarities and differences between rats and humans. KEY RESULTS Orally administered (-)-stepholidine was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; two plasma concentration peaks were seen, and the second peak might result from enterohepatic circulation. Due to extensive pre-systemic metabolism, the oral bioavailability of (-)-stepholidine was poor (<2%). However, the compound was extensively transported across the blood-brain barrier, demonstrating an AUC (area under concentration-time curve) ratio of brain : plasma of approximately 0.7. (-)-Stepholidine showed good membrane permeability that was unaffected by P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. In vitro (-)-stepholidine was metabolized predominantly by glucuronidation and sulphation in rats and humans, but oxidation of this substrate was very low. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although (-)-stepholidine exhibits good brain penetration, future development efforts should aim at improving its oral bioavailability by protecting against pre-systemic glucuronidation or sulphation. In this regard, prodrug approaches may be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Discovery of novel dual functional agent as PPARγ agonist and 11β-HSD1 inhibitor for the treatment of diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5722-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Lu T, Yang J, Gao X, Chen P, Du F, Sun Y, Wang F, Xu F, Shang H, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wan R, Liu C, Zhang B, Li C. Plasma and urinary tanshinol from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) can be used as pharmacokinetic markers for cardiotonic pills, a cardiovascular herbal medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1578-86. [PMID: 18474682 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotonic pills are a type of cardiovascular herbal medicine. To identify suitable pharmacokinetic (PK) marker(s) for indicating systemic exposure to cardiotonic pills, we examined the in vivo PK properties of putatively active phenolic acids from the component herb Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae). We also performed in vitro and in silico assessments of permeability and solubility. Several phenolic acids were investigated, including tanshinol (TSL); protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA); salvianolic acids A, B, and D; rosmarinic acid; and lithospermic acid. Plasma TSL exhibited the appropriate PK properties in dogs, including dose-dependent systemic exposure in area under concentration-time curve (AUC) and a 0.5-h elimination half-life. In rats, more than 60% of i.v. TSL was excreted intact into the urine. In humans, we found a significant correlation between the urinary recovery of TSL and its plasma AUC. The absorption rate and bioavailability of TSL were not significantly different whether cardiotonic pills were given p.o. or sublingually. The gender specificity in plasma AUC disappeared after body-weight normalization, but the renal excretion of TSL was significantly greater in women than in men. PCA was predicted to be highly permeable according to in vitro and in silico studies; however, extensive presystemic hepatic elimination and degradation in the erythrocytes led to extremely low plasma levels and poor dose proportionality. Integrated in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies on the other phenolic acids showed poor gut permeability and nearly undetectable levels in plasma and urine. In conclusion, plasma and urinary TSL are promising PK markers for cardiotonic pills at the tested dose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nouws HPA, Delerue‐Matos C, Barros AA, Rodrigues JA, Santos‐Silva A, Borges F. Square‐Wave Adsorptive‐Stripping Voltammetric Detection in the Quality Control of Fluoxetine. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701297059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Li L, Liang S, Du F, Li C. Simultaneous quantification of multiple licorice flavonoids in rat plasma. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:778-82. [PMID: 17291779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important naturally occurring polyphenols with antioxidant properties. In this study, we report the development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method capable of simultaneously quantifying multiple active licorice flavonoids (including liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritigenin) in plasma. Electrospray ionization was used to efficiently generate precursor deprotonated molecules of all the analytes and the [M-H]- ions were used to produce characteristic product ions for MS/MS analysis. We found that inclusion of a very low concentration of HCOONH4 (0.01 per thousand) in the LC mobile phase dramatically improved the detection limit for the tested flavonoids and decreased the interference by matrix effects, which have been referred to as "LC-electrolyte effects." Liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was effective for isolation of all the analytes and resulted in the lowest matrix effects of several tested sample cleanup methods. This bioanalytical method showed good linearity between 0.32 ng/mL and 1 microg/mL analyte in 50-microL plasma samples. The accuracy and precision at different analyte concentrations varied from 85 to 110% and from 0.8 to 8.8%, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of this method in a pilot pharmacokinetic study of rats receiving an oral dose of Xiaochaihu-tang, an important Chinese herbal remedy for chronic hepatitis. The use of a low concentration of HCOONH4 in the LC mobile phase could be used to improve LC-mass spectroscopy- or LC-MS/MS-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zheng M, Xu C, Ma J, Sun Y, Du F, Liu H, Lin L, Li C, Ding J, Chen K, Jiang H. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of a novel series of triaminotriazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1815-27. [PMID: 17157510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of triaminotriazine derivatives (compounds 5a-f, 6a-x, and 7a-g) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibition activities to colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29). Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate anti-proliferatory effects on both HCT-116 and HT-29 cell lines at the concentration of 10 microM. The inhibitory activities against HCT-116 and HT-29 cell lines were discussed to develop the structure-activity relationships of this new series. Compounds 6l and 6o exhibited prominent inhibition activities toward HCT-116, with IC50s of 0.76 and 0.92 microM, respectively. The in vivo antitumor studies and pharmacokinetics of compound 6l showed that it might be a promising new hit for further development of antitumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nguyen DTT, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast analysis in liquid chromatography using small particle size and high pressure. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1836-48. [PMID: 16970187 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance chromatographic performances in terms of efficiency and rapidity, LC has recently evolved in the development of short columns packed with small particles (sub-2 microm) working at high pressures (> 400 bar). This approach has been described 30 years ago according to the fundamental chromatographic equations. However, systems and columns compatible with such high pressures have been introduced in the market in 2004 only. Advantages of small particles working at high pressure will be discussed in terms of sensitivity, efficiency, resolution, and analysis time. Potential problems encountered with high pressure in terms of frictional heating and solvent compressibility will also be discussed even if systems working at a maximum pressure of 1000 bar are not influenced by these parameters and give reliable and reproducible results. Several applications will highlight the potential and interest of this new technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao T T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|