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Hou Y, Lu X, Yang J, Tang C, Jiang H, Cai T, Chen M, Wei Z, Yu P. A label-free fluorescent aptamer sensor for testosterone based on SYBR Green I. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1546-1552. [PMID: 36883443 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that plays an indispensable role in the normal metabolism of organisms. However, exogenous testosterone, even as low as nmol L-1, will harm the human body due to accumulation. In this study, we developed an unlabeled fluorescent sensor for testosterone based on SYBR Green I. SYBR Green I is a fluorescent dye that can be embedded into the G-quadruplex of the testosterone aptamer T5. The fluorescence quenching effect is utilized to achieve quantitative detection, which occurs by the competition between testosterone and SYBR Green I for the T5 aptamer binding sites. In this work, we optimized the detection conditions to make the fluorescent sensor more sensitive and verify the specificity, linear range, and detection ability in the buffer and real water samples. The sensor's LOD and LOQ values were 0.27 nmol L-1 and 0.91 nmol L-1, respectively, while the detection range was linear from 0.91 nmol L-1 to 2000 nmol L-1. According to the results, the sensor shows high specificity and good performance even in real sample detection such as tap water and river water, providing an alternative method for the quantitative detection of testosterone in the environment, which is more convenient and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Hanbing Jiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Tongji Cai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Meilun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zheng Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
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Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080307. [PMID: 32727023 PMCID: PMC7463996 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.
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Ereño Artabe A, González-Gago A, Suarez Fernández A, Pitarch Motellón J, Roig-Navarro AF, Pozo OJ, Rodríguez-González P, García Alonso JI. Isotope dilution LC-ESI-MS/MS and low resolution selected reaction monitoring as a tool for the accurate quantification of urinary testosterone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 163:113-121. [PMID: 30292983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the quantification of testosterone in human urine samples by isotope dilution mass spectrometry is proposed. A standard solution of 13C2-testosterone is added to the samples at the beginning of the sample preparation procedure and then the measurements are carried out by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In the proposed method, the resolution of the first quadrupole of the tandem MS instrument is reduced to transmit the whole precursor ion cluster to the collision cell and measure the isotopic distribution of the in-cell product ions with a small number of SRM transitions. The construction of a methodological calibration graph is avoided using a labelled analogue previously characterised in terms of concentration and isotopic enrichment in combination with multiple linear regression. In this way, the molar fractions of natural and labelled testosterone are calculated in each sample injection and the amount of endogenous testosterone computed from the known amount of labelled analogue. Recovery values between 97 and 107% and precisions between 0.4 and 3.7% (as %RSD) were obtained for testosterone concentrations in urine in the range of 1 to 8 ng g-1. The proposed low resolution SRM methodology was compared for the analysis of human urine samples with the traditional IDMS method based on a calibration graph and the IDMS method based on multiple linear regression combined with standard resolution SRM. A similar accuracy and precision was obtained by the three tested approaches. However, using the low resolution SRM method there was no need to resort to calibration graphs or to specific dedicated software to calculate isotopic distributions by tandem MS and a higher sensitivity was obtained. The proposed low resolution SRM method was successfully applied to the analysis of the certified freeze-dried human urine NMIA MX005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ereño Artabe
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana González-Gago
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda Suarez Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Pitarch Motellón
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Antoni F Roig-Navarro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-González
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Ignacio García Alonso
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Spain
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Za'abi MA, Ali BH, ALOthman ZA, Ali I. Analyses of acute kidney injury biomarkers by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:69-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Za'abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health, Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Sultanate of Oman
| | - Badreldin H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health, Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zeid A. ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
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5
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Shen J, Mo X, Tang Y, Zhang L, Pang H, Qian Y, Chen Y, Tao W, Guo S, Shang E, Zhu S, Ding Y, Guo J, Liu P, Su S, Qian D, Duan JA. Analysis of herb–herb interaction when decocting together by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and fuzzy chemical identification strategy with poly-proportion design. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination and profiling of prohibited steroids in human biological matrices. A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Denoroy L, Zimmer L, Renaud B, Parrot S. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the discovery and the analysis of biomarkers of diseases: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Cheong HH, Masilamani J, Chan CYE, Chan SY, Phan TT. Metabolically Functional Hepatocyte-Like Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Lining Epithelial Cells. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:130-8. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Han Hui Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chun Yong Eric Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sui Yung Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toan Thang Phan
- CellResearch Corporation Pte. Ltd., Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wang F, Chen J, Cheng H, Tang Z, Zhang G, Niu Z, Pang S, Wang X, Lee FSC. Multi-residue method for the confirmation of four avermectin residues in food products of animal origin by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:627-39. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.563367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Kaur-Atwal G, Reynolds JC, Mussell C, Champarnaud E, Knapman TW, Ashcroft AE, O'Connor G, Christie SDR, Creaser CS. Determination of testosterone and epitestosterone glucuronides in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:3911-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15450h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Mather J, Rainville PD, Potts WB, Smith NW, Plumb RS. Development of a high sensitivity bioanalytical method for alprazolam using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:11-8. [PMID: 20878881 DOI: 10.1002/dta.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, specific, assay was developed for the benzodiapine alprazolam in rat plasma using sub-2 µm particle liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The limit of quantification using protein precipitation was determined to 10 pg/mL, whereas the limit of quantification using solid-phase extraction (SPE) was determined to be 1.0 pg/mL. The assay was optimized for throughput and resolution of the analyte of interest from the hydroxy metabolite. During the method development process the plasma matrix signal was monitored, for lipids and other endogenous metabolites, to maximize signal response and minimize ion suppression. This was achieved by using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a novel collision cell design which allowed for the simultaneous collection of full scan MS and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data. The lipid profile from the SPE process was significantly less than obtained with the protein precipitation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Mather
- Pharmaceutical Business Operations, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
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Shou WZ, Zhang J. Recent development in high-throughput bioanalytical support forin vitroADMET profiling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:321-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903547829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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You Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Guan F, Li X, Rudy JA, Liu Y, Chen J. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in high-throughput detection, quantification and confirmation of anabolic steroids in equine plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2035-2044. [PMID: 19504479 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method for fast-throughput analysis of eight anabolic and androgenic steroids (AAS) in equine plasma is reported. Analytes were recovered by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether, separated on a 1.9 microm C(18) reversed-phase column, and analyzed in positive electrospray ionization mode on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and full product ion scans. Two SRM ion transitions were monitored for each AAS during screening to obtain highly selective screening results. Full product ion spectra of excellent quality for AAS, at 100 pg/0.5 mL in plasma, devoid of interfering spectra from impurities in plasma, were obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the acquisition of full product ion spectra at such a low analyte concentration and plasma volume using a triple quadrupole instrument. In addition to product ion intensity ratios obtained from three SRM scans for identifying AAS in equine plasma, full product ion spectra were used as supporting evidence for confirmation. For quantification, deuterium-labeled testosterone and stanozolol were used as internal standards (ISs). The limits of detection, quantification and confirmation were 6.25-12.5 pg/0.5 mL, 25 pg/0.5 mL and 50-100 pg/0.5 mL, respectively. There was no significant matrix effect on the analysis of all eight AAS. Intra-day precision and accuracy were 2-15% and 91-107%, respectively. Inter-day precision and accuracy were 1-21% and 94-110%, respectively. Total analysis time was 5 min. To date, the method has been successfully used in the analysis of >12,000 samples for AAS in plasma samples from racehorses competing in the State of Pennsylvania. The method is fast, selective, reproducible, and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Comparison of fused-core and conventional particle size columns by LC-MS/MS and UV: application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:491-500. [PMID: 19540084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic performance of fused-core (superficially porous) HPLC packing materials was compared with conventional fully porous particle materials for LC-MS/MS analysis of two pharmaceuticals in rat plasma. Two commercially available antidepressants, imipramine and desipramine, were assayed using a conventional analytical C(18) column (5 microm, 2.0 mm x 30 mm) and a fused-core C(18) column (2.7 microm, 2.1 mm x 30 mm). Retention time, column efficiency, pressure drop, resolution, and loading capacity were compared under the same operating conditions. The fused-core column demonstrated reduced assay time by 34% and 2-3-fold increased efficiency (N). Loading capacity up to 25 microl of extract injected on column showed no peak distortion. The registered back-pressure from a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min did not exceed 3400 psi making it compatible with standard HPLC equipment (typically rated to 6000 psi). Two mobile phases were examined, and morpholine as an organic base modifier yielded a 2-5-fold increase in S/N near the limit of detection over triethylamine. The 2.7 microm fused-core column was applied to the analysis of imipramine and desipramine in extracted, protein precipitated rat plasma by LC-MS/MS. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.5-1000 ng/ml for both imipramine and desipramine. Intra-run precisions (%CV) and accuracies (%bias) were within +/-7.8% and +/-7.3% at three QC levels and within 14.7% and 14.4% at the LOQ level for both analytes. Following a single method qualification run, the method was applied to the quantitation of pharmacokinetic study samples after oral administration of imipramine to male rats.
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Abstract
This review focuses on the chromatography research that has been carried out within industry or in close cooperation with industry and that has been reported in the scientific literature between 2006 and mid-2008. Companies in the health care sector, such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, are the largest contributors. Industrial research seems to take place in an open environment in cooperation with academia, peer companies, and institutions. Industry appears ready to embrace new technologies as they emerge, but they focus strongly on making chromatography work robustly, reliably, rapidly, and automatically. "Hyphenated" systems that incorporate on-line sample-preparation techniques and mass-spectrometric detection are the rule rather than the exception. Various multidimensional separation methods are finding numerous applications. Strategies aimed at speeding up the development of new chromatographic methods remain the focus of attention. Also, there is a clear trend toward exploring chromatographic methods for parallel processing along with other strategies for high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- Polymer Analysis Group, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mallett DN, Ramírez-Molina C. The use of partially porous particle columns for the routine, generic analysis of biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies in drug discovery by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Singh RJ. Validation of a high throughput method for serum/plasma testosterone using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Steroids 2008; 73:1339-44. [PMID: 18703076 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone, the major androgenic hormone in humans, is commonly measured to aid in the diagnosis of clinical conditions related to its excess or deficiency. In addition, testosterone measurements are used to monitor testosterone replacement-, or antiandrogen therapy. Most commonly, automated direct immunoassays have been used to measure testosterone in human serum. Their advantage compared with other methodologies, lies in high- and rapid sample throughput with minimal human intervention. However, many automated testosterone immunoassays suffer from poor accuracy at the low concentration levels (<50ng/dL) seen in women and children, or in men undergoing anti-androgen therapy. Our objective was to develop a LC-MS/MS method which measures testosterone in human serum while fulfilling the following criteria: Rapid pre-analytical sample processing with minimal manual sample manipulation; Minimize sample volume requirements; Accurate, precise and unambiguous measurement; Functional sensitivity of 5-10ng/dL; Sample throughput of at least 30 samples per hour. Our validation criteria for precision, accuracy, and linearity was to have accuracy and linearity within mean limits of +/-10%; Intra and inter-assay precision of <15% throughout the reporting range. We also wanted to compare our results to a previously validated LC-MS/MS assay which utilized a manual liquid-liquid extraction and to an automated commercial immunoassay (Bayer ACS:180). We describe here a sensitive and rapid testosterone assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) utilizing on-line sample extraction and multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder J Singh
- Hilton 730, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Automated liquid–liquid extraction based on 96-well plate format in conjunction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) for the quantitation of methoxsalen in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 872:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Sun Y, Sun J, Wen B, Shi S, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Pan C, Zhang C, Zhang T, He Z. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of cytarabine and its valyl prodrug valcytarabine in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 870:121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Hsieh Y. Potential of HILIC-MS in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs and drug metabolites. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1481-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Li F, Hsieh Y. Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry for chemical analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1231-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Chen J, Wang F, Liu J, Lee FSC, Wang X, Yang H. Analysis of alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch by accelerated solvent extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatographic analysis with photodiode array and tandem mass spectrometry detections. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:184-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Shen JX, Merka EA, Dreyer DP, Clement RP, Hayes RN. Stereoselective quantitation of a serine protease inhibitor using LC-MS/MS at elevated column temperature. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:242-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hsieh Y. HPLC-MS/MS in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 4:93-101. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Hsieh Y, Duncan CJG, Liu M. A mixed-mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of cytarabine in mouse plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:8-12. [PMID: 17448737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel mixed-mode high performance liquid chromatographic system (HPLC) interfaced with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source and a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) was developed for the determination of cytarabine (ara-C) in mouse plasma to support pharmacodynamic studies. The mixed-mode reversed-phase ion-exchange chromatography column was adapted for sufficient retention and separation of a small and polar analyte. The impact of the mobile phase composition on both chromatographic separation and the ionization efficiency of the test compound in the positive mode was investigated. The potential of ionization suppression from endogenous biological matrices on the mixed-mode LC-APCI/MS/MS method was evaluated using the post-column infusion technique. Furthermore, the feasibility of using the mixed-mode HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of the plasma concentrations of cytarabine in mice was demonstrated by comparing those obtained by the ion-pairing HPLC-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Hsieh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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27
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Wang H, Edom RW, Kumar S, Vincent S, Shen Z. Separation and quantification of two diastereomers of a Drug Candidate in rat plasma by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:26-34. [PMID: 17442640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is a relatively new technology which utilizes chromatographic media with a 1.7 microm particle size. This technology has the potential to offer significant advantages in resolution, speed, and sensitivity for analytical determinations, particularly when coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Drug Candidate A, under development at Merck Research Laboratories, contains two chiral centers which have the absolute configuration R, S. Under in vivo and ex vivo conditions, one of the chiral centers readily epimerizes to produce the R, R diastereomer. Initially, a traditional high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to separate and quantify these two diastereomers in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of the two analytes was 2 ng/mL, and a chromatographic run time of approximately 11 min was needed to separate R, S-(A) and R, R-(A). In this study, we explored a simple and robust UHPLC-MS/MS method in order to increase sample throughput and productivity. We were able to achieve a two-fold reduction in the lower limit of quantification and a three-fold reduction in retention time utilizing the UHPLC method, while keeping the same sample extraction procedure and similar MS/MS methodology. The new method exhibited good intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision, and was linear over a dynamic range of 1-500 ng/mL for each diastereomer. The method was successfully applied for the determination of R, S-(A) and R, R-(A) concentrations for in vitro and in vivo studies of epimerization of A in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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28
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Xu RN, Fan L, Rieser MJ, El-Shourbagy TA. Recent advances in high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:342-55. [PMID: 17360141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has played an important role in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies at various drug development stages since its introduction to the pharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the most recent advances in sample preparation, separation, and the mass spectrometric aspects of high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis of drug and metabolites in biological matrices. Newly introduced techniques such as ultra-performance liquid chromatography with small particles (sub-2 microm) and monolithic chromatography offer improvements in speed, resolution and sensitivity compared to conventional chromatographic techniques. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) on silica columns with low aqueous/high organic mobile phase is emerging as a valuable supplement to the reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation formatted to 96-well plates has allowed for semi-automation of off-line sample preparation techniques, significantly impacting throughput. On-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) utilizing column-switching techniques is rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor required to produce bioanalytical results. Extraction sorbents for on-line SPE extend to an array of media including large particles for turbulent flow chromatography, restricted access materials (RAM), monolithic materials, and disposable cartridges utilizing traditional packings such as those used in Spark Holland systems. In the end, this paper also discusses recent studies of matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis and how to reduce/eliminate matrix effect in method development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Naxing Xu
- Abbott Laboratories, Department of Drug Analysis, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6126, USA.
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29
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Wang D, Zhang M. Rapid quantitation of testosterone hydroxyl metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:290-4. [PMID: 17604702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify seven monohydroxyl testosterone metabolites (16alpha-, 2alpha-, 7alpha-, 6alpha-, 2beta-, 6beta-, and 16beta-hydroxyl testosterones) in rat liver microsomes. The UPLC system used a short 1.7-microm particle size column coupled to a Sciex 4000 Q trap in multiple reaction monitor (MRM) mode. All hydroxyl testosterones were resolved within 2.5 min. A 4-day validation was performed to determine the linearity, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of the method in rat liver microsomes. This method is applicable to the measurement of the testosterone hydroxylase activity in biological matrices such as the liver microsome incubates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA.
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30
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Cunliffe JM, Adams-Hall SB, Maloney TD. Evaluation and comparison of very high pressure liquid chromatography systems for the separation and validation of pharmaceutical compounds. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1214-23. [PMID: 17595957 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography using sub-2 microm particles is becoming increasingly popular due to the potential for increased speed, resolution, sensitivity, and peak capacity. To meet the demand, various vendors have re-engineered traditional LC systems to operate at pressures of up to 15000 psi to accommodate the elevated backpressures associated with using sub-2 microm particles. This report investigates and compares the performance of three very high pressure LC (VHPLC) systems: Waters Acquity, Agilent 1200 SL, and Thermo Accela. Specifications for the pump, autosampler, column compartment, detector, and software for each instrument are presented. To assess the chromatographic performance of the three instruments, method development and validation were performed for three pharmaceutical compounds and the results are compared and discussed. The material presented herein serves to highlight the different features of the VHPLC instruments, and assess their suitability for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cunliffe
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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31
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Want EJ, Nordström A, Morita H, Siuzdak G. From exogenous to endogenous: the inevitable imprint of mass spectrometry in metabolomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:459-68. [PMID: 17269703 DOI: 10.1021/pr060505+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an established technology in drug metabolite analysis and is now expanding into endogenous metabolite research. Its utility derives from its wide dynamic range, reproducible quantitative analysis, and the ability to analyze biofluids with extreme molecular complexity. The aims of developing mass spectrometry for metabolomics range from understanding basic biochemistry to biomarker discovery and the structural characterization of physiologically important metabolites. In this review, we will discuss the techniques involved in this exciting area and the current and future applications of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Hsieh Y, Duncan CJG, Lee S, Liu M. Comparison of fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric methods for simultaneous determination of cladribine and clofarabine in mouse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:492-7. [PMID: 17368998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several fast high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization/tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-API/MS/MS) methods were evaluated for the simultaneous determination of cladribine and clofarabine in mouse plasma samples. The chemical separation for analytes under reversed-phase conditions were achieved by using either ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) or micro-column HPLC coupled to either a quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap MS) or a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) interfaces in the positive mode were employed prior to mass spectrometric detection. The effects of various dopant solvents on the APPI sensitivities of analytes and the internal standard were investigated. The matrix ionization suppression potential for the test compounds in plasma samples on fast HPLC-MS/MS methods was examined by a post-column infusion technique. In this work, these proposed approaches were successfully employed to determine the concentrations of cladribine and clofarabine in mouse plasma in the low ng/ml region. The mouse plasma levels of all analytes obtained by these fast HPLC-MS/MS methods were compared and found to be well correlated in terms of analytical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Hsieh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Schering Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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33
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:266-277. [PMID: 17262881 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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34
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Ong ES, Ong CN. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of toosendanin in Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc (Meliaceae) with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:589-98. [PMID: 17262897 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN) is a triterpenoid derivative found in Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc (Meliaceae) or chinaberry. TSN present in the medicinal plants was first isolated and established by spectroscopic methods. In this report, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation using columns of smaller particle size with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) was used for the rapid determination of TSN in botanical extracts. A comparison of different fragmentation patterns shows that the results from positive and negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS(n) are complementary. The two modes can yield structurally significant information for the characterization and rapid identification of TSN in botanical extracts. The data obtained showed that MS(3) generated more characteristic ions that are useful for the identification of TSN in unknown samples. The separation of TSN was achieved with a water/acetonitrile gradient system using a short C18 reversed-phase column with small particle size (50 x 2.0 mm, 3.5 microm). With LC/MS, the quantitative analysis of TSN in the botanical extracts was done using external standard calibration and the method precision was found to vary from 4.3 to 7.6% (RSD, n = 5) on different days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Shi Ong
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore.
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Hsieh Y, Duncan CJG, Brisson JM. Porous graphitic carbon chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric determination of cytarabine in mouse plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:629-34. [PMID: 17279490 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system using a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase interfaced with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) for the analysis of cytarabine (ara-C) in mouse plasma samples has been developed in support of a pharmacodynamic study. The graphitized carbon column was adopted for the separation of ara-C and endogenous peaks from mouse plasma samples under the reversed-phase phase mode in liquid chromatography. The retention characteristics of the PGC column and the ionization efficiencies of all analytes based on the experimental factors such as the composition of mobile phases were investigated. The potential of ionization suppression resulting from the endogenous biological matrices on the PGC column during HPLC/ESI-MS/MS was investigated using post-column infusion. The concentrations of ara-C in mouse plasma obtained by using PGC-HPLC/MS/MS and ion-pairing HPLC/MS/MS were found to be in good agreement in terms of analytical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Hsieh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Schering Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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