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Xu X, Li T, Zhang K, Cao Y, Liu L, Zhang S, Tu P, Song Y, Zhao Y, Li J. Direct Flavonoid-Focused Chemical Comparison among Three Epimedium Plants by Online Liquid Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061520. [PMID: 33802139 PMCID: PMC7998785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is usually a tedious task to profile the chemical composition of a given herbal medicine (HM) using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) due to the time-consuming sample preparation and laborious post-acquisition data processing procedures. Even worse, some labile compounds may face degradation risks when exposed to organic solvents for a relatively long period. As one of the most popular HMs, the promising therapeutic benefits of Epimedii Herba (Chinese name: Yinyanghuo) are well defined; however, the chemical profile, and in particular those flavonoids that have been claimed to be responsible for the efficacy, remains largely unknown. Attempts are devoted here to achieve direct LC–MS measurement and efficient post-acquisition data processing, and chemome comparison among three original sources of Epimedii Herba, such as Epimedium sagittatum (Esa), E. pubescens (Epu), and E. koreanum (Eko) was employed to illustrate the strategy utility. A home-made online liquid extraction (OLE) module was introduced at the front of the analytical column to comprehensively transfer the compounds from raw materials onto the LC–MS instrument. A mass defect filtering approach was programmed to efficiently mine the massive LC–MS dataset after which a miniature database was built involving all chemical information of flavonoids from the genus Epimedium to draw a pentagonal frame to rapidly capture potential quasi-molecular ions (mainly [M–H]−). A total of 99 flavonoids (66 in Esa, 84 in Eko, and 66 in Epu) were captured, and structurally annotated by summarizing the mass fragmentation pathways from the mass spectrometric data of authentic compounds and an in-house data library as well. Noteworthily, neutral loss of 144 Da was firstly assigned to the neutral cleavage of rhamnosyl residues. Significant species-differences didn’t occur among their chemical patterns. The current study proposed a robust strategy enabling rapid chemical profiling of, but not limited to, HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ting Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Cao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Li Liu
- Guizhou Hanfang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550014, China; (L.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shilin Zhang
- Guizhou Hanfang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550014, China; (L.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-010-6428-6350 (Y.Z.)
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.X.); (T.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.C.); (P.T.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-010-6428-6350 (Y.Z.)
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Tang XY, Zeng JX, Dai ZQ, Chen MH, Ye MN, Yao ZH, Dai Y, Yao XS. Identification and characterization of chemical constituents in Qi-Lin pills and their metabolites in rat bio-samples after oral administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113402. [PMID: 32544759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Qi-Lin pill (QLP), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), composed of fifteen herbal medicines, has been widely used for the treatment of male infertility. However, an in-depth understanding of the chemical constituents of QLP and its in vivo metabolic study is lacking. In this study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was established for comprehensive analysis of chemical constituents of QLP and their metabolites in plasma, urine, bile and feces after gastric perfusion. The method guaranteed the fast discovery of representative structural fragment information and provided efficient structure clues for identification based on data from MSE mode. As a result, a total of 202 constituents were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized. In addition, a total of 203 QLP-related xenobiotics were characterized, including 41 (22 prototypes and 19 metabolites) in plasma, 144 (47 prototypes and 97 metabolites) in urine, 50 (27 prototypes and 23 metabolites) in bile and 68 (51 prototypes and 17 metabolites) in feces. The metabolism reactions included phase I reactions (demethylation, hydroxylation, deglycosylation, deoxygenation, hydrogenation, dehydration, oxidation and hydrolysis) and phase II reactions (methylation, conjugation with glucuronide and sulfate). This was the first comprehensive investigation on chemical constituents and metabolic profiles of QLP in vivo, and the results provided chemical foundation for further research on effective substances and action mechanism of QLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Tang
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jia-Xing Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zi-Qin Dai
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ming-Hao Chen
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Meng-Nan Ye
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yi Dai
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Tao H, Cui B, Zhang H, Bekhit AED, Lu F. Identification and characterization of flavonoids compounds in cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by HPLC/FTICR-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1626879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiteng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Feijie Lu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
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Mi N, Cheng T, Li H, Yang P, Mu X, Wang X, Zu X, Qi X, Guo X, Ye J, Zhang W. Metabolite profiling of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet: An integrated strategy based on UPLC-QTOF/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:70-85. [PMID: 30359841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are becoming active substances of pharmacologically as well as promising sources for discovering new drugs. However, detection and identification of constituents in vivo remains a challenge for TCM, due to massive endogenous interference and low abundance of metabolites in biological matrix. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet (DZT), a well-established TCM formula developed based on years of clinical experiences, was widely used to treat cerebral infraction disease. In this study, an integrated strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was adopted to comprehensively identify the prototype and metabolite constituents of DZT. The potential constituents were screened by cross orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Automatic matching analysis was performed on UNIFI platform based on the function of predicting metabolites. Using this strategy, a total of 170 compounds, including 51 prototype constituents and 119 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified in rat plasma. Furthermore, 31 compounds have also been detected in rat cerebrospinal fluid. The metabolism reactions included phase I reactions (hydroxylation, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, hydrogenation, demethylation and dehydroxylation) and phase II reactions (conjugation with glutatione, cysteine, acetylcysteine, glucuronide, sulfate). It is the first systematic metabolic study of DZT in vivo and some metabolites were also reported for the first time, which could provide a scientific basis for explaining the multiple functions of DZT. More importantly, the integrated strategy also shows promising perspectives in the identification of the metabolites in TCM from a complicated biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mi
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peiming Yang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Mu
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaopo Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Metabolic profiling of Gegenqinlian decoction in rat plasma, urine, bile and feces after oral administration by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1079:69-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Icaritin requires Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling to counteract skeletal muscle atrophy following mechanical unloading. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20300. [PMID: 26831566 PMCID: PMC4735824 DOI: 10.1038/srep20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Counteracting muscle atrophy induced by mechanical unloading/inactivity is of great clinical need and challenge. A therapeutic agent that could counteract muscle atrophy following mechanical unloading in safety is desired. This study showed that natural product Icaritin (ICT) could increase the phosphorylation level of Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) at p110 catalytic subunit and promote PI3K/Akt signaling markers in C2C12 cells. This study further showed that the high dose ICT treatment could significantly attenuate the decreases in the phosphorylation level of PI3K at p110 catalytic subunit and its downstream markers related to protein synthesis, and inhibit the increases in protein degradation markers at mRNA and protein levels in rat soleus muscle following 28-day hindlimb unloading. In addition, the decreases in soleus muscle mass, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, twitch force, specific force, contraction time and half relaxation time could be significantly attenuated by the high dose ICT treatment. The low dose ICT treatment could moderately attenuate the above changes induced by unloading. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K at p110 catalytic subunit, could abolish the above effects of ICT in vitro and in vivo, indicating that PI3K/Akt signaling could be required by ICT to counteract skeletal muscle atrophy following mechanical unloading.
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Chen XJ, Tang ZH, Li XW, Xie CX, Lu JJ, Wang YT. Chemical Constituents, Quality Control, and Bioactivity of Epimedii Folium (Yinyanghuo). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:783-834. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epimedii Folium (Yinyanghuo in Chinese) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines. Its main active components are flavonoids, which exhibit multiple biological activities, such as promotion of bone formation and sexual function, protection of the nervous system, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids also show anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Various effective methods, including genetic and chemical approaches, have been developed for the quality control of Yinyanghuo. In this review, the studies conducted in the last decade about the chemical constituents, quality control, and bioactivity of Yinyanghuo are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cai-Xiang Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Oh YC, Jeong YH, Cho WK, Ha JH, Lee SJ, Ma JY. Inhibitory Effects of Epimedium Herb on the Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26224028 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1550055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epimedium Herb (EH) is a medicinal herb used in traditional Eastern Asia. In this study described, we investigated the biological effects of Epimedium Herb water extract (EHWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in macrophages and local inflammation in vivo. We also investigated the biological effects of EHWE on the production of inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines and related products, as well as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The analgesic effect of the acetic acid-induced writhing response and inhibitory activity on xylene-induced ear edema was also evaluated in mice. EHWE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. In addition, EHWE strongly suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a NO synthesis enzyme, induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and inhibited NF-κB activation as well as MAPK pathway phosphorylation. Furthermore, EHWE exhibited an analgesic effect on the writhing response and an inhibitory effect on ear edema in mice. For the first time, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects and inhibitory mechanism in macrophages, as well as the inhibitory activity of EHWE in vivo. Our results indicate a potential use of EHWE as an inflammatory therapeutic agent developed from a natural substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chang Oh
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jeong
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Ha
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- Toxicity Screening Research Center, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 660-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Du LY, Qian DW, Shang EX, Liu P, Jiang S, Guo JM, Su SL, Duan JA, Xu J, Zhao M. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based screening and identification of the main flavonoids and their metabolites in rat bile, urine and feces after oral administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:156-162. [PMID: 25926286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are increasingly used in combination with Western medicine. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) is a widely used TCM in treating various diseases. However, the in vivo metabolism of its main bioactive flavonoids, baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin, needs further study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique combined with Metabolynx(TM) software was developed to speculate the metabolites and excretion profiles of the main flavonoids in S. baicalensis extract in rats bile, urine and feces samples after oral administration of the extract. RESULTS Four parent components and a total of 15 metabolites were tentatively detected in vivo. All metabolites were detected including sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, hydroxylated, methylated, acetylated and deoxygenated products. Twelve metabolites were from the rat urine, five from the feces and two from the bile. Among them, several products were reported firstly. CONCLUSION The research provided useful information for further study of the pharmacology and mechanism of action of S. baicalensis extract in vivo and a proposed method which could develop an integrated template approach to analyze screening and identification of biological samples after oral administration of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-yue Du
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Da-wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Er-xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jian-ming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu-lan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Lv L, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Zhang G. Identification and differentiation of major flavonoids in two kinds ofEpimediumextracts and rat plasma by rapid-resolution liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang C, Wu C, Zhang J, Jin Y. Systematic considerations for a multicomponent pharmacokinetic study of Epimedii wushanensis herba: From method establishment to pharmacokinetic marker selection. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:487-497. [PMID: 25925971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenylflavonoids are major active components of Epimedii wushanensis herba (EWH). The global pharmacokinetics of prenylflavonoids are unclear, as these compounds yield multiple, often unidentified metabolites. PURPOSE This study successfully elucidated the pharmacokinetic profiles of EWH extract and five EWH-derived prenylflavonoid monomers in rats. STUDY DESIGN The study was a comprehensive analysis of metabolic pathways and pharmacokinetic markers. METHODS Major plasma compounds identified after oral administration of EWH-derived prototypes or extract included: (1) prenylflavonoid prototypes, (2) deglycosylated products, and (3) glucuronide conjugates. To select appropriate EWH-derived pharmacokinetic markers, a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneously monitor 14 major compounds in unhydrolyzed plasma and 10 potential pharmacokinetic markers in hydrolyzed plasma. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic profiles indicated that the glucuronide conjugates of icaritin were the principle circulating metabolites and that total icaritin accounted for ∼99% of prenylflavonoid exposure after administration of EWH-derived materials to rats. To further investigate icaritin as a prospective pharmacokinetic marker, correlation analysis was performed between total icaritin and its glucuronide conjugates, and a strong correlation (r > 0.5) was found, indicating that total icaritin content accurately reflected changes in the exposure levels of the glucuronide conjugates over time. Therefore, icaritin is a sufficient pharmacokinetic marker for evaluating dynamic prenylflavonoid exposure levels. Next, a mathematical model was developed based on the prenylflavonoid content of EWH and the exposure levels in rats, using icaritin as the pharmacokinetic marker. This model accurately predicted exposure levels in vivo, with similar predicted vs. experimental area under the curve (AUC)(0-96 h) values for total icaritin (24.1 vs. 32.0 mg/L h). CONCLUSION Icaritin in hydrolyzed plasma can be used as a pharmacokinetic marker to reflect prenylflavonoid exposure levels, as well as the changes over time of its glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Cho WK, Weeratunga P, Lee BH, Park JS, Kim CJ, Ma JY, Lee JS. Epimedium koreanum Nakai displays broad spectrum of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing cellular antiviral state. Viruses 2015; 7:352-77. [PMID: 25609307 PMCID: PMC4306843 DOI: 10.3390/v7010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimedium koreanum Nakai has been extensively used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Despite the plant's known immune modulatory potential and chemical make-up, scientific information on its antiviral properties and mode of action have not been completely investigated. In this study, the broad antiviral spectrum and mode of action of an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai was evaluated in vitro, and moreover, the protective effect against divergent influenza A subtypes was determined in BALB/c mice. An effective dose of Epimedium koreanum Nakai markedly reduced the replication of Influenza A Virus (PR8), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. Mechanically, we found that an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of the antiviral state in cells. Among various components present in the extract, quercetin was confirmed to have striking antiviral properties. The oral administration of Epimedium koreanum Nakai exhibited preventive effects on BALB/c mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 and H9N2). Therefore, an extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its components play roles as immunomodulators in the innate immune response, and may be potential candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against diverse viruses in animal and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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13
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Geng JL, Dai Y, Yao ZH, Qin ZF, Wang XL, Qin L, Yao XS. Metabolites profile of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, in rats by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zhao L, Liang S, Lv L, Zhang H, guo-Tan G, Chai Y, Zhang G. Screening and analysis of metabolites in rat urine after oral administration ofApocynum venetumL. extracts using HPLC-TOF-MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:515-26. [PMID: 24376178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Guang guo-Tan
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
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15
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UPLC-Q-TOF/MS for Analysis of the Metabolites of Flavone Glycosides from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi by Human Fecal Flora in Vitro. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Jin Y, Wu CS, Zhang JL, Li YF. A new strategy for the discovery of epimedium metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:111-7. [PMID: 23473257 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new strategy of drug metabolite discovery and identification was established using high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and a mass spectral trees similarity filter (MTSF) technique. The MTSF technique was developed as a means to rapidly discover comprehensive metabolites from multiple active components in a complicated biological matrix. Using full-scan mass spectra as the stem and data-dependent subsequent stage mass spectra to form branches, the HRMS and multiple-stage mass spectrometric data from detected compounds were converted to mass spectral trees data. Potential metabolites were discovered based on the similarity between their mass spectral trees and that known compounds or metabolites in a mass spectra trees library. The threshold value for match similarity scores was set at above 200, allowing approximately 80% of interference to be filtered out. A total of 115 metabolites of five flavonoid monomers (epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, and baohuoside I) and herbal extract of epimedium were discovered and identified in rats via this new strategy. As a result, a metabolic profile for epimedium was obtained and a metabolic pathway was proposed. In addition, comparing to the widely used neutral loss filter (NLF), product ion filter (PIF), and mass defect filter (MDF) techniques, the MTSF technique was shown superior efficiency and selectivity for discovering and identifying metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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17
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Metabolite profiling of four major flavonoids of Herba Epimedii in zebrafish. Molecules 2012; 17:420-32. [PMID: 22217555 PMCID: PMC6268998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish model organism was applied first in a metabolic study of icariin, baohuoside I, epimedin A and epimedin C, which are flavonoids in Herba Epimedii. Metabolites of these compounds in zebrafish after exposure for 24 h were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS, whereby the separation was performed with a Zorbax C-18 column using a gradient elution of 0.05% formic acid acetonitrile-0.05% formic acid water. The quasi-molecular ions of compounds were detected in simultaneous negative and positive ionization modes. Metabolic products of icariin and epimedin C via cleavage of glucose residue instead of rhamnose residues were found, which coincided with the results using regular metabolic analysis methods. In addition, the zebrafish model was used to predict the metabolism of the trace component epimedin A, whose metabolic mechanisms haven't been clearly elucidated with the current metabolism model. The metabolic pathway of epimedin A in zebrafish was similar to those of its homologue icariin and epimedin C. Our study demonstrated that the zebrafish model can successfully imitate the current models in elucidating metabolic pathways of model flavonoids, which has advantages of lower cost, far less amount of compound needed, easy set up and high performance. This novel model can also be applied in quickly predicting the metabolism of Chinese herb components, especially trace compounds.
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Yan Z, Chen Y, Li T, Zhang J, Yang X. Identification of metabolites of Si-Ni-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, in rat plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/triple-quadrupole spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 885-886:73-82. [PMID: 22226767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Si-Ni-San (SNS) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) in treating various diseases. However, the in vivo integrated metabolism of its multiple components remains unknown. In this paper, a liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and triple-quadrupole spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS/MS) method was developed for detection and identification of SNS metabolites in rat plasma and urine at a normal clinical dosage. Accurate structural elucidation was performed using MS/MS, UV data and n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Based on the proposed strategy, 36 absorbed compounds and 29 metabolites in plasma and 33 metabolites in urine were detected by a highly sensitive MRM method. Our results indicated that phase II reactions (e.g., methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation) were the main metabolic pathways of gallic acid and flavanones, while phase I reactions (e.g., hydroxylation) were the major metabolic reaction for triterpenoid saponins. The metabolite profile analysis of SNS provided a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo metabolic fates of constituents in SNS. Moreover, the results in this work demonstrated the present strategy based on the combination of chromatographic, spectrophotometric, mass-spectrometric, and software prediction to detect and identify metabolites was effective and reliable. And such a strategy may also be extended to investigate the metabolism of other TCMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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Chen Y, Wang J, Jia X, Tan X, Hu M. Role of intestinal hydrolase in the absorption of prenylated flavonoids present in Yinyanghuo. Molecules 2011; 16:1336-48. [PMID: 21285919 PMCID: PMC6259646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii) is a traditional Chinese herb containing prenylated flavonoids as its active constituents. The aim of this study was to examine the significance of the intestinal hydrolysis of prenylated flavonoids by lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), an enzyme at the brush border membrane of intestinal cells. METHODS A four-site perfused rat intestinal model was used. The concentration of the flavonoids of interest and their metabolites in different intestinal segements were analyzed by HPLC, and the apparent permeabilities were calculated. A lactase phlorizin hydrolase inhibitor (gluconolactone) was employed to investigate the mechanism of the intestinal absorption, and the metabolites of the four flavonoids were identified using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS Diglycosides (icariin) or triglycosides (epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C) were hydrolyzed rapidly in duodenum and jejunum producing one or two metabolites, while a monoglycoside (baohuoside I) was absorbed directly. When co-perfused with glucono-lactone, both the hydrolysis of diglycosides and triglycosides were significantly inhibited, with inhibition rates for icariin (62%, 50%, 40%, 46%), epimedin A, (55%, 26%, 21%, 14%); epimedin B (42%, 40%, 74%, 22%), and epimedin C (42%, 40%, 52%, 35%) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively. Also the metabolites of icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C were identified as baohuoside I (one of two), sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, and 2"-O-rhamnosylicariside II, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that lactase phlorizin hydrolase was a major determinant of the intestinal absorption of prenylated flavonoids present in Yinyanghuo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (J.W.); (X.T.)
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (J.W.); (X.T.)
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (J.W.); (X.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-25-85608672; Fax: +86-25-85637809
| | - Xiaobin Tan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (J.W.); (X.T.)
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail: (M.H.)
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20
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Ni S, Qian D, Duan JA, Guo J, Shang EX, Shu Y, Xue C. UPLC–QTOF/MS-based screening and identification of the constituents and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine after oral administration of Glechoma longituba extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2741-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Wu C, Zhang J, Zhou T, Guo B, Wang Y, Hou J. Simultaneous determination of seven flavonoids in dog plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a bioequivalence study of bioactive components in Herba Epimedii and Er-Xian Decoction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:186-91. [PMID: 20705408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass method has been developed and validated for the identification and determination of 7 flavonoids in dog plasma for the first time: epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, sagittatoside B, 2″-O-rhamnosyl icariside II, and baohuoside I. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent Zorbax-SB C(18) column (50 mm × 2.1mm, 1.8 μm) with a gradient elution system composed of 0.3% acetic acid and 0.3% acetic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Detection was based on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using a multiple reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ionization source. All of the calibration curves showed good linearity (r>0.99) within the tested concentration ranges. The lower limits of quantification of the seven analytes were all lower than 0.0654 ng/mL. The relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-batches of the seven analytes were less than 13.7% and 14.9%, respectively, at four concentration levels of quality control samples, and the recoveries were between 92.8% and 114.5%, respectively. In addition, the seven flavonoids were found to be stable in dog plasma samples under short- and long-term storage and processing conditions. The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study in dog plasma after the oral administration of extracts of Herba Epimedii and Er-Xian Decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caisheng Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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22
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Evaluation of 60Co-gamma radiosterilization on Chinese medicines with HPLC/FTIR. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1179-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Wang Y, Ding C, Du K, Xiao Y, Wu C, Zhang J, Qin H, Du G. Identification of active compounds and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry from Xiao-xu-ming decoction (XXMD). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2724-2732. [PMID: 19639616 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Xiao-xu-ming decoction (XXMD) prescription is a traditional Chinese prescription that has been widely used to treat theoplegia and the sequela of theoplegia. Modern pharmacological research has also indicated that the active fraction from XXMD is able to treat cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease. In the study reported here, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (HPLC/FTICR-MS) was developed to identify active compounds and their metabolites after oral administration of active fraction from Xiao-xu-ming decoction to rats, using parent mass list triggered data-dependent multiple-stage mass analysis at a resolving power of 100,000 in the external calibration mode. The mass accuracies obtained for full-scan MS were within 2 ppm in most cases. Fifteen constituents were identified in the active fraction from XXMD and the biological samples of rats. The fragmentation behaviors of these constituents were summarized which would be helpful for structural characterization. The profiles of the constituents in the active fraction and biological samples of rats were obtained which provided us with much information for a better understanding of the chemical basis of the pharmacologic actions of XXMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Li CY, Qi LW, Li P, Wen XD, Zhu YF, Liu EH, Gong Z, Yang XL, Ren MT, Li YJ, Ge XX. Identification of metabolites of Danggui Buxue Tang in rat urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1977-1988. [PMID: 19504482 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A method coupling liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOF/MS) has been developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of rat urinary metabolite profile of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a well-known Chinese herbal formula. After oral administration of DBT, urine samples were collected during 0-24 h, and then pretreated by solid-phase extraction. A total of 68 compounds including 13 parent compounds and 55 metabolites were detected in the drug-containing urines compared with blank urines. The total analytical time was less than 20 min. Metabolites of DBT were identified using dynamic adjustment of the fragmentor voltage to produce structure-relevant fragment ions. By using this approach, the mass accuracy of precursor and fragment ions was typically within +/-5 ppm of the theoretical values, and enabled the identification of 43 metabolites including 27 isoflavanoid and 16 phthalide metabolites. Our results indicated that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic pathways of isoflavonoids, while glutathione conjugation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways of phthalides. No saponin-related metabolites were detected. The results of the present study provided important structural information relating to the metabolism of DBT. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the LC/ESI-TOF/MS approach for identification of metabolites from Chinese herbal medicines in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
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