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Morin H, Chételat A, Stolz S, Marcourt L, Glauser G, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Wound-response jasmonate dynamics in the primary vasculature. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1484-1496. [PMID: 37598308 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The links between wound-response electrical signalling and the activation of jasmonate synthesis are unknown. We investigated damage-response remodelling of jasmonate precursor pools in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf vasculature. Galactolipids and jasmonate precursors in primary veins from undamaged and wounded plants were analysed using MS-based metabolomics and NMR. In parallel, DAD1-LIKE LIPASEs (DALLs), which control the levels of jasmonate precursors in veins, were identified. A novel galactolipid containing the jasmonate precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was identified in veins: sn-2-O-(cis-12-oxo-phytodienoyl)-sn-3-O-(β-galactopyranosyl) glyceride (sn-2-OPDA-MGMG). Lower levels of sn-1-OPDA-MGMG were also detected. Vascular OPDA-MGMGs, sn-2-18:3-MGMG and free OPDA pools were reduced rapidly in response to damage-activated electrical signals. Reduced function dall2 mutants failed to build resting vascular sn-2-OPDA-MGMG and OPDA pools and, upon wounding, dall2 produced less jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) than the wild-type. DALL3 acted to suppress excess JA-Ile production after wounding, whereas dall2 dall3 double mutants strongly reduce jasmonate signalling in leaves distal to wounds. LOX6 and DALL2 function to produce OPDA and the non-bilayer-forming lipid sn-2-OPDA-MGMG in the primary vasculature. Membrane depolarizations trigger rapid depletion of these molecules. We suggest that electrical signal-dependent lipid phase changes help to initiate vascular jasmonate synthesis in wounded leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Morin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Chételat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Specific Changes in Arabidopsis thaliana Rosette Lipids during Freezing Can Be Associated with Freezing Tolerance. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050385. [PMID: 35629889 PMCID: PMC9145600 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While the roles of a few specific lipids in plant freezing tolerance are understood, the effect of many plant lipids remains to be determined. Acclimation of plants to non-freezing cold before exposure to freezing temperatures improves the outcome of plants, compared to plants exposed to freezing without acclimation. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were subjected to one of three treatments: (1) "control", i.e., growth at 21 °C, (2) "non-acclimated", i.e., 3 days at 21 °C, 2 h at -8 °C, and 24 h recovery at 21 °C, and (3) "acclimated", i.e., 3 days at 4 °C, 2 h at -8 °C, and 24 h recovery at 21 °C. Plants were harvested at seven time points during the treatments, and lipid levels were measured by direct-infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Ion leakage was measured at the same time points. To examine the function of lipid species in relation to freezing tolerance, the lipid levels in plants immediately following the freezing treatment were correlated with the outcome, i.e., ion leakage 24-h post-freezing. Based on the correlations, hypotheses about the functions of specific lipids were generated. Additionally, analysis of the lipid levels in plants with mutations in genes encoding patatin-like phospholipases, lipoxygenases, and 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 3 (opr3), under the same treatments as the wild-type plants, identified only the opr3-2 mutant as having major lipid compositional differences compared to wild-type plants.
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3
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Molecular networking-based chemical profiling and anti-influenza viral and neuroprotective effects of Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Genva M, Andersson MX, Fauconnier ML. Simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry method for the quantification of galacto-oxylipin arabidopsides in plant samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11957. [PMID: 32686714 PMCID: PMC7371884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method to quantify five different arabidopsides by HPLC—ion trap mass spectrometry in complex plant samples was developed and validated. Arabidopsides are oxidized galactolipids first described in Arabidopsis thaliana but also produced by other plant species under stress conditions. External calibration was performed using arabidopsides purified from freeze-thawed Arabidopsis leaves. Lipids were extracted and pre-purified on an SPE silica column before HPLC–MS analysis. Arabidopsides were separated on a C18 column using a gradient of mQ water and acetonitrile:mQ water (85:15) supplemented with formic acid (0.2%) and ammonium formate (12 mM). The method was validated according to European commission decision 2002/657/CE. LOD, LOQ, linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy, selectivity, matrix effects and recoveries were determined for the five metabolites. The established method is highly selective in a complex plant matrix. LOD and LOQ were, respectively, in the range 0.098–0.78 and 0.64–1.56 µM, allowing the arabidopside quantification from 25.6–62.4 nmol/g fresh weight. Calibration curve correlation coefficients were higher than 0.997. Matrix effects ranged from -2.09% to 6.10% and recoveries between 70.7% and 109%. The method was successfully applied to complex plant matrixes: Arabidopsis thaliana and Nasturtium officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Genva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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5
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Kooke R, Morgado L, Becker F, van Eekelen H, Hazarika R, Zheng Q, de Vos RCH, Johannes F, Keurentjes JJB. Epigenetic mapping of the Arabidopsis metabolome reveals mediators of the epigenotype-phenotype map. Genome Res 2018; 29:96-106. [PMID: 30504416 PMCID: PMC6314165 DOI: 10.1101/gr.232371.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of natural variation underlying metabolic differences between plants will enable a better understanding of plant metabolism and provide insights into the regulatory networks that govern plant growth and morphology. So far, however, the contribution of epigenetic variation to metabolic diversity has been largely ignored. In the present study, we utilized a panel of Arabidopsis thaliana epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) to assess the impact of epigenetic variation on the metabolic composition. Thirty epigenetic QTL (QTLepi) were detected, which partly overlap with QTLepi linked to growth and morphology. In an effort to identify causal candidate genes in the QTLepi regions and their putative trans-targets, we performed in silico small RNA and qPCR analyses. Differentially expressed genes were further studied by phenotypic and metabolic analyses of knockout mutants. Three genes were detected that recapitulated the detected QTLepi effects, providing evidence for epigenetic regulation in cis and in trans. These results indicate that epigenetic mechanisms impact metabolic diversity, possibly via small RNAs, and thus aid in further disentangling the complex epigenotype-phenotype map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Kooke
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Morgado
- Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte van Eekelen
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Hazarika
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Qunfeng Zheng
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008 Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Johannes
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Hartley SE, Eschen R, Horwood JM, Gange AC, Hill EM. Infection by a foliar endophyte elicits novel arabidopside-based plant defence reactions in its host, Cirsium arvense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:816-27. [PMID: 25266631 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live asymptomatically within plants. They are usually regarded as nonpathogenic or even mutualistic, but whether plants respond antagonistically to their presence remains unclear, particularly in the little-studied associations between endophytes and nongraminoid herbaceous plants. We investigated the effects of the endophyte Chaetomium cochlioides on leaf chemistry in Cirsium arvense. Plants were sprayed with spores; leaf material from both subsequent new growth and the sprayed leaves was analysed 2 wk later. Infection frequency was 91% and 63% for sprayed and new growth, respectively, indicating that C. cochlioides rapidly infects new foliage. Metabolomic analyses revealed marked changes in leaf chemistry with infection, especially in new growth. Changes in several novel oxylipin metabolites were detected, including arabidopsides reported here for the first time in a plant species other than Arabidopsis thaliana, and a jasmonate-containing galactolipid. The production of these metabolites in response to endophyte presence, particularly in newly infected foliage, suggests that endophytes elicit similar chemical responses in plants to those usually produced following wounding, herbivory and pathogen invasion. Whether endophytes benefit their hosts may depend on a complex series of chemically mediated interactions between the plant, the endophyte, other microbial colonists and natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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8
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Bao J, Gao X, Jones AD. Unusual negative charge-directed fragmentation: collision-induced dissociation of cyclopentenone oxylipins in negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:457-464. [PMID: 24497283 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidized fatty acids, and particularly cyclopentenone oxylipins, are electrophilic metabolites that play diverse physiological roles. Current understanding is limited regarding how ion fragmentation provides essential information about oxylipin structures. In this work, unusual products of the collisional activation of deprotonated cyclopentenone oxylipins were investigated. METHODS The cyclopentenone oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its (18)O-labeled forms were ionized using negative-ion mode electrospray ionization, and product ion tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra were generated using collision-induced dissociation (CID). CID-MS/MS spectra were also generated for several cyclopentenone prostaglandins. RESULTS Upon collisional activation, deprotonated cyclopentenone oxylipins 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinorOPDA form a characteristic and dominant product ion at m/z 165 that is attributed to charge-directed hydride migration to the electrophilic enone ring followed by elimination of neutral C7H10O2 from the carboxyl end. In contrast, pseudo-MS(3) spectra of deprotonated cyclopentenone prostaglandins exhibited a different fragmentation behavior, in that cleavage near C = C bonds is directed by the carbonyl group in the nearby cyclopentenone ring. CONCLUSIONS Two different routes of fragmentation are proposed for cyclopentenone fatty acids with saturated and unsaturated side chains. We predict that this behavior may facilitate the identification of novel cyclopentenone oxylipins and accelerate discoveries of their biological regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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9
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Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for plant metabolomics: A systematic comparison of high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight and single stage Orbitrap mass spectrometers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Marti G, Erb M, Boccard J, Glauser G, Doyen GR, Villard N, Robert CAM, Turlings TCJ, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL. Metabolomics reveals herbivore-induced metabolites of resistance and susceptibility in maize leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:621-39. [PMID: 22913585 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory by reprogramming their metabolism. Most research in this context has focused on locally induced compounds that function as toxins or feeding deterrents. We developed an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach to evaluate local and systemic herbivore-induced changes in maize leaves, sap, roots and root exudates without any prior assumptions about their function. Thirty-two differentially regulated compounds were identified from Spodoptera littoralis-infested maize seedlings and isolated for structure assignment by microflow nuclear magnetic resonance (CapNMR). Nine compounds were quantified by a high throughput direct nano-infusion tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method. Leaf infestation led to a marked local increase of 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones, phospholipids, N-hydroxycinnamoyltyramines, azealic acid and tryptophan. Only few changes were found in the root metabolome, but 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones increased in the vascular sap and root exudates. The role of N-hydroxycinnamoyltyramines in plant-herbivore interactions is unknown, and we therefore tested the effect of the dominating p-coumaroyltyramine on S. littoralis. Unexpectedly, p-coumaroyltyramine was metabolized by the larvae and increased larval growth, possibly by providing additional nitrogen to the insect. Taken together, this study illustrates that herbivore attack leads to the induction of metabolites that can have contrasting effects on herbivore resistance in the leaves and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva Switzerland
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11
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Glauser G, Wolfender JL. A non-targeted approach for extended liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of free and esterified jasmonates after wounding. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:123-134. [PMID: 23615992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Upon wounding or herbivory, plants quickly react by activating various defense mechanisms. A major part of these defenses is thought to be regulated by the jasmonate pathway through the induction of jasmonic acid and its biologically active jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate. Yet, these well-known phytohormones are only two among the numerous compounds that compose the jasmonate family. Here, we describe a method based on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry that can potentially profile the full range of known free and esterified jasmonates in a non-targeted manner. The developed approach is illustrated by the analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Glauser
- Chemical Analytical Service of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Peak capacity optimisation for high resolution peptide profiling in complex mixtures by liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Application to the Conus consors cone snail venom. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:187-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Analysis of plant galactolipids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:601-7. [PMID: 22465211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The composition of plant membrane lipids was investigated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. The data dependent methods for the analysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) have been developed. The optimised chromatographic systems were based on a 2.0 mm i.d. Nucleosil C18 column with methanol/water (MGDGs) or acetonitrile/methanol/water (DGDGs) gradients. The galactolipids were ionised by electrospray operated in the positive ion mode and identified based on their MS/MS spectra. High resolution spectra with accurate masses were found to be essential for correct interpretation of the MS data. The elution order of non-oxidised MGDGs and DGDGs followed the equivalent carbon numbers. The methods were applied for detailed characterisation of the MGDGs and DGDGs in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Melissa officinalis.
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Samarakoon T, Shiva S, Lowe K, Tamura P, Roth MR, Welti R. Arabidopsis thaliana membrane lipid molecular species and their mass spectral analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 918:179-268. [PMID: 22893293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-995-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, current approaches to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based analyses of membrane lipid molecular species found in Arabidopsis thaliana are summarized. Additionally, the identities of over 500 reported membrane lipid molecular species are assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilani Samarakoon
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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15
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Vu HS, Tamura P, Galeva NA, Chaturvedi R, Roth MR, Williams TD, Wang X, Shah J, Welti R. Direct infusion mass spectrometry of oxylipin-containing Arabidopsis membrane lipids reveals varied patterns in different stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:324-39. [PMID: 22086419 PMCID: PMC3252110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.190280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Direct infusion electrospray ionization triple quadrupole precursor scanning for three oxidized fatty acyl anions revealed 86 mass spectral peaks representing polar membrane lipids in extracts from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 expressing AvrRpt2 (PstAvr). Quadrupole time-of-flight and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry provided evidence for the presence of membrane lipids containing one or more oxidized acyl chains. The membrane lipids included molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The oxidized chains were identified at the level of chemical formula and included C(18)H(27)O(3) (abbreviated 18:4-O, to indicate four double bond equivalents and one oxygen beyond the carbonyl group), C(18)H(29)O(3) (18:3-O), C(18)H(31)O(3) (18:2-O), C(18)H(29)O(4) (18:3-2O), C(18)H(31)O(4) (18:2-2O), and C(16)H(23)O(3) (16:4-O). Mass spectral signals from the polar oxidized lipid (ox-lipid) species were quantified in extracts of Arabidopsis leaves subjected to wounding, infection by PstAvr, infection by a virulent strain of P. syringae, and low temperature. Ox-lipids produced low amounts of mass spectral signal, 0.1% to 3.2% as much as obtained in typical direct infusion profiling of normal-chain membrane lipids of the same classes. Analysis of the oxidized membrane lipid species and normal-chain phosphatidic acids indicated that stress-induced ox-lipid composition differs from the basal ox-lipid composition. Additionally, different stresses result in the production of varied amounts, different timing, and different compositional patterns of stress-induced membrane lipids. These data form the basis for a working hypothesis that the stress-specific signatures of ox-lipids, like those of oxylipins, are indicative of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (H.S.V., P.T., M.R.R., R.W.); Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 (N.A.G., T.D.W.); Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203–5017 (R.C., J.S.); Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 (X.W.); Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (X.W.)
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Ibrahim A, Schütz AL, Galano JM, Herrfurth C, Feussner K, Durand T, Brodhun F, Feussner I. The Alphabet of Galactolipids in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:95. [PMID: 22639619 PMCID: PMC3355575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids constitute the major lipid class in plants. In recent years oxygenated derivatives of galactolipids have been detected. They are discussed as signal molecules during leaf damage, since they accumulate in wounded leaves in high levels. Using different analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, infra-red spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) earlier reports focused on the analysis of either oxidized or non-oxidized species and needed high levels of analytes. Here, we report on the analysis of the galactolipid subfraction of the Arabidopsis leaf lipidome by an improved HPLC/MS(2)-based method that is fast, robust, and comparatively simple in its performance. Due to a combination of phase partitioning, solid phase fractionation, liquid chromatography, and MS(2) experiments this method has high detection sensitivity and requires only low amounts of plant material. With this method 167 galactolipid species were detected in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Out of these 79 being newly described species. From all species the head group and acyl side chains were identified via MS(2) experiments. Moreover, the structural identification was supported by HPLC/time-of-flight (TOF)-MS and gas chromatography (GC)/MS analysis. The quantification of different galactolipid species that accumulated 30 min after a mechanical wounding in A. thaliana leaves showed that the oxidized acyl side chains in galactolipids are divided into 65% cyclopentenones, 27% methyl-branched ketols, 3.8% hydroperoxides/straight-chain ketols, 2.0% hydroxides, and 2.6% phytoprostanes. In comparison to the free cyclopentenone derivatives, the esterified forms occur in a 149-fold excess supporting the hypothesis that galactolipids might function as storage compounds for cyclopentenones. Additional analysis of the ratio of non-oxidized to oxidized galactolipid species in leaves of wounded plants was performed resulting in a ratio of 2.0 in case of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), 8.1 in digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and 0.6 in the acylated MGD. This indicates that galactolipid oxidation is a major and rapid metabolic process that occurs class specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schütz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Durand
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Florian Brodhun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
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Bonaventure G, Schuck S, Baldwin IT. Revealing complexity and specificity in the activation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis: a specific role of the Nicotiana attenuata GLA1 lipase in the activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis in leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1507-20. [PMID: 21554327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of enzymatic oxylipin biosynthesis upon wounding, herbivory and pathogen attack depends on the biochemical activation of lipases that make polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) available to lipoxygenases (LOXs). The identity and number of the lipases involved in this process remain controversial and they probably differ among plant species. Analysis of transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants (ir-gla1) stably reduced in the expression of the NaGLA1 gene showed that this plastidial glycerolipase is a major supplier of trienoic fatty acids for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in leaves and roots after wounding and simulated herbivory, but not during infection with the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica (var. nicotianae). NaGLA1 was not essential for the developmental control of JA biosynthesis in flowers and for the biosynthesis of C(6) volatiles by the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathway; however, it affected the metabolism of divinyl ethers (DVEs) early during infection with P. parasitica (var. nicotianae) and the accumulation of NaDES1 and NaLOX1 mRNAs. Profiling of lysolipids by LC-MS/MS was consistent with a rapid activation of NaGLA1 and indicated that this lipase utilizes different lipid classes as substrates. The results revealed the complexity and specificity of the regulation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis, highlighting the existence of pathway- and stimulus-specific lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Dave A, Hernández ML, He Z, Andriotis VM, Vaistij FE, Larson TR, Graham IA. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid accumulation during seed development represses seed germination in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:583-99. [PMID: 21335376 PMCID: PMC3077774 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana COMATOSE (CTS) encodes an ABC transporter involved in peroxisomal import of substrates for β-oxidation. Various cts alleles and mutants disrupted in steps of peroxisomal β-oxidation have previously been reported to exhibit a severe block on seed germination. Oxylipin analysis on cts, acyl CoA oxidase1 acyl CoA oxidase2 (acx1 acx2), and keto acyl thiolase2 dry seeds revealed that they contain elevated levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic acid (JA), and JA-Ile. Oxylipin and transcriptomic analysis showed that accumulation of these oxylipins occurs during late seed maturation in cts. Analysis of double mutants generated by crossing cts with mutants in the JA biosynthesis pathway indicate that OPDA, rather than JA or JA-Ile, contributes to the block on germination in cts seeds. We found that OPDA was more effective at inhibiting wild-type germination than was JA and that this effect was independent of CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 but was synergistic with abscisic acid (ABA). Consistent with this, OPDA treatment increased ABA INSENSITIVE5 protein abundance in a manner that parallels the inhibitory effect of OPDA and OPDA+ABA on seed germination. These results demonstrate that OPDA acts along with ABA to regulate seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Hummel J, Segu S, Li Y, Irgang S, Jueppner J, Giavalisco P. Ultra performance liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of plant lipids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:54. [PMID: 22629264 PMCID: PMC3355513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Holistic analysis of lipids is becoming increasingly popular in the life sciences. Recently, several interesting, mass spectrometry-based studies have been conducted, especially in plant biology. However, while great advancements have been made we are still far from detecting all the lipids species in an organism. In this study we developed an ultra performance liquid chromatography-based method using a high resolution, accurate mass, mass spectrometer for the comprehensive profiling of more than 260 polar and non-polar Arabidopsis thaliana leaf lipids. The method is fully compatible to the commonly used lipid extraction protocols and provides a viable alternative to the commonly used direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics approaches. The whole process is described in detail and compared to alternative lipidomic approaches. Next to the developed method we also introduce an in-house developed database search software (GoBioSpace), which allows one to perform targeted or un-targeted lipidomic and metabolomic analysis on mass spectrometric data of every kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hummel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Shruthi Segu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Susann Irgang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Jessica Jueppner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrick Giavalisco, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. e-mail:
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20
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Grienenberger E, Geoffroy P, Mutterer J, Legrand M, Heitz T. The interplay of lipid acyl hydrolases in inducible plant defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1181-1186. [PMID: 20861688 PMCID: PMC3115345 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.10.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid acyl hydrolases (LAH) have received recently increased attention in the context of plant defense. Multiple structurally unrelated gene families have been annotated in Arabidopsis as encoding potential lipid deacylating enzymes with numerous members being transcriptionally activated upon biotic stress. Confirming in silico predictions, experimental data have illustrated the wide subcellular distribution of LAHs indicating they likely interact with distinct membrane systems to initiate specific cellular responses. While recombinant LAHs are active in vitro on a small set of polar lipids, precise knowledge of in vivo substrates and hydrolysis products is generally lacking. Functional analysis of a few LAHs has revealed their roles in initiating oxylipin biosynthesis, cell death execution, signalling or direct antimicrobial activity. The picture emerging is that pathogenic challenge triggers a complex network of lipid hydrolysis events across the cellular compartments resulting in changes in membrane structures and release of signal precursors involved in the building-up of an adequate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), UPR 2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, France
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21
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Gaquerel E, Heiling S, Schoettner M, Zurek G, Baldwin IT. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for induced changes in Nicotiana attenuata leaves during simulated herbivory. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9418-27. [PMID: 20701244 DOI: 10.1021/jf1017737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS) procedure was developed to characterize changes induced in Nicotiana attenuata leaves 1 h and 5 days after wounding and application of Manduca sexta elicitors. The constancy of the measurement conditions was first confirmed for 22 selected analytes spanning the entire chromatogram. Using the Profile Analysis software, we extracted 367 buckets, which were analyzed by principal component analysis and two-factorial ANOVA. One hundred seventy-three buckets were found to be statistically regulated, 128 due to time effects, and 85 due to treatment effects. In vivo 15N-isotope labeling was used to facilitate the annotation and the interpretation of the fragmentation pattern of nitrogen-containing metabolites, and a correlation analysis was performed to test mathematical relationships existing among potential in-source fragments. Additionally, tandem MS measurements of the most regulated ions are presented. Altogether, this study defines a framework for the mining and annotation of major herbivory-elicited changes in Nicotiana attenuata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
ARABIDOPSIS IS A SUPERB MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF AN IMPORTANT SUBGROUP OF OXYLIPINS: the jasmonates. Jasmonates control many responses to cell damage and invasion and are essential for reproduction. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a prohormone and is conjugated to hydrophobic amino acids to produce regulatory ligands. The major receptor for active jasmonate ligands is closely related to auxin receptors and, as in auxin signaling, jasmonate signaling requires the destruction of repressor proteins. This chapter uses a frequently asked question (FAQ) approach and concludes with a practical section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván F. Acosta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to
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Glauser G, Dubugnon L, Mousavi SAR, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Velocity estimates for signal propagation leading to systemic jasmonic acid accumulation in wounded Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34506-13. [PMID: 19846562 PMCID: PMC2787311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound response prohormone jasmonic acid (JA) accumulates rapidly in tissues both proximal and distal to injury sites in plants. Using quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after flash freezing of tissues, we found that JA accumulated within 30 s of injury in wounded Arabidopsis leaves (p = 3.5 e(-7)). JA augmentation distal to wounds was strongest in unwounded leaves with direct vascular connections to wounded leaves wherein JA levels increased significantly within 120 s of wounding (p = 0.00027). This gave conservative and statistically robust temporal boundaries for the average velocity of the long distance signal leading to distal JA accumulation in unwounded leaves of 3.4-4.5 cm min(-1). Like JA, transcripts of the JA synthesis gene LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2) and the jasmonate response gene JAZ10.3 also accumulated to higher levels in directly interconnected leaves than in indirectly connected leaves. JA accumulation in a lox2-1 mutant plant was initiated rapidly after wounding then slowed progressively compared with the wild type (WT). Despite this, JAZ10.3 expression in the two genotypes was similar. Free cyclopentenone jasmonate levels were similar in both resting WT and lox2-1. In contrast, bound cyclopentenone jasmonates (arabidopsides) were far lower in lox2-1 than in the WT. The major roles of LOX2 are to generate arabidopsides and the large levels of JA that accumulate proximal to the wound. LOX2 is not essential for some of the most rapid events elicited by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Glauser
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Lucie Dubugnon
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seyed A. R. Mousavi
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wolfender JL, Glauser G, Boccard J, Rudaz S. MS-based Plant Metabolomic Approaches for Biomarker Discovery. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900401019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, which aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples, is playing an increasingly important role in plant science. Various biological issues have been successfully studied by this holistic approach that includes global metabolite composition assessment, mutant characterization, taxonomy, developmental processes, stress response, interaction with environment, quality control assessment and mode of action of herbal medicine. This review summarizes the main mass spectrometry methods used for performing these studies and discusses the potential, but also the current limitations of the various approaches. The intention is not to cover exhaustively the field, which has considerably grown over about one decade, but to give a brief insight into the methods commonly employed and discuss some applications that reveal the potential of metabolomics in phytochemistry and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20, Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20, Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20, Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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25
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Göbel C, Feussner I. Methods for the analysis of oxylipins in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1485-503. [PMID: 19735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins comprise a highly diverse and complex class of molecules that are derived from lipid oxidation. The initial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may either occur by enzymatic or chemical reactions. A large variety of oxylipin classes are generated by an array of alternative reactions further converting hydroperoxy fatty acids. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by their occurrence either as free fatty acid derivatives or as esters in complex lipids. Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as a response to environmental changes. The oxylipins formed may perform various biological roles; some of them have signaling functions. In order to elucidate the roles of oxylipins in a given biological context, comprehensive analytical assays are available for determining the oxylipin profiles of plant tissues. This review summarizes indirect methods to estimate the general peroxidation state of a sample and more sophisticated techniques for the identification, structure determination and quantification of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Göbel
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Lee HK, Ho CS, Iu YPH, Lai PSJ, Shek CC, Lo YC, Klinke HB, Wood M. Development of a broad toxicological screening technique for urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Grata E, Guillarme D, Glauser G, Boccard J, Carrupt PA, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL. Metabolite profiling of plant extracts by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography at elevated temperature coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5660-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Mosblech A, Feussner I, Heilmann I. Oxylipins: structurally diverse metabolites from fatty acid oxidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:511-7. [PMID: 19167233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are lipophilic signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Initial fatty acid oxidation occurs mainly by the enzymatic or chemical formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides. An array of alternative reactions further converting fatty acid hydroperoxides gives rise to a multitude of oxylipin classes, many with reported signaling functions in plants. Oxylipins include the phytohormone, jasmonic acid, and a number of other molecules including hydroxy-, oxo- or keto-fatty acids or volatile aldehydes that may perform various biological roles as second messengers, messengers in inter-organismic signaling, or even as bactericidal agents. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by esterification of the compounds in plastidial glycolipids, for instance the Arabidopsides, or by conjugation of oxylipins to amino acids or other metabolites. The enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and comprise a multitude of examples with interesting and unusual catalytic properties. In addition, the interplay of different subcellular compartments during oxylipin biosynthesis suggests complex mechanisms of regulation that are not well understood. This review aims at giving an overview of plant oxylipins and the multitude of enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mosblech
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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