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Zhao C, Guo Q, Zhang T, Han X, Usman D. Procedures from samples to sulfur isotopic data: A review. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9733. [PMID: 38591181 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sulfur isotopes have been widely used to solve some key scientific questions, especially in the last two decades with advanced instruments and analytical schemes. Different sulfur speciation and multiple isotopes analyzed in laboratories worldwide and in situ microanalysis have also been reported in many articles. However, methods of sampling to measurements are multifarious, and occasionally some inaccuracies are present in published papers. Vague methods may mislead newcomers to the field, puzzle readers, or lead to incorrect data-based correlations. METHODS We have reviewed multiple methods on sulfur isotopic analyses from the perspectives of sampling, laboratory work, and instrumental analysis in order to help reduce operational inhomogeneity and ensure the fidelity of sulfur isotopic data. We do not deem our proposed solutions as the ultimate standard methods but as a lead-in to the overall introduction and summary of the current methods used. RESULTS It has been shown that external contamination and transformation of different sulfur species should be avoided during the sampling, pretreatment, storage, and chemical treatment processes. Conversion rates and sulfur isotopic fractionations during sulfur extraction, purification, and conversion processes must be verified by researchers using standard or known samples. The unification of absence of isotopic fractionation is needed during all steps, and long-term monitoring of standard samples is recommended. CONCLUSION This review compiles more details on different methods in sampling, laboratory operation, and measurement of sulfur isotopes, which is beneficial for researchers' better practice in laboratories. Microanalyses and molecular studies are the frontier techniques that compare the bulk sample with the elemental analysis/continuous flow-gas source stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry method, but the latter is widely used. The development of sulfur isotopic measurements will lead to the innovation in scientific issues with sulfur proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqiu Zhao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tonggang Zhang
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawuda Usman
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Assonov S. Towards the compatibility of stable isotope data: review of related concepts, recent progress with reference materials and current challenges. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2024; 60:331-363. [PMID: 38864149 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2024.2355194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Comparing and combining stable isotope datasets from different laboratories and different years is essential for many research areas, such as isotope hydrology, greenhouse gas observations, food studies, isotope forensics, palaeo-reconstructions, etc. Data compatibility (i.e. the ability to combine data) is related to the data quality. The prerequisite for data comparability is data normalization to a common stable isotope scale (often referred to as calibration) based on reliable reference materials (RMs) with accurately assigned values and uncertainties. Still, that does not guarantee the data compatibility (mutual agreement). Albeit metrological concepts related to data compatibility and measurement uncertainty have been developed and applied to analytical chemistry in general, these concepts have not yet been fully applied to stable isotope research. This can affect daily calibrations, analytical data and, therefore, data compatibility. In addition, IRMS users often prepare different laboratory standards themselves. Thereafter, users should then understand the contemporary concepts used for assigning RM value and uncertainty, as well as the limitations and potential problems associated with RMs. The history of RMs, preparation reports and also some problems in the past provide lessons to be learned. These include the δ13C drift of LSVEC (the second anchor on the δ13C scale before 2017), revisions to the value assignment principles, the introduction of replacements for LSVEC, related disputes and the potential underestimation of uncertainties for secondary RMs. The review describes metrological concepts related to isotopic scales, RMs and calibration hierarchies and data compatibility. The main RMs and their uncertainties are reviewed through the lens of metrology concepts. Additional focus is given to the VPDB scale for δ13C and issues of scale discontinuity, which can significantly reduce data compatibility in δ13C. The given examples of value and uncertainty assignment for RMs should be viewed as an example of value and uncertainty calculation in daily practice.
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Horst A, Gehre M, Fahle M, Kümmel S. Continuous-Flow Stable Sulfur Isotope Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Compounds by EA-MC-ICPMS. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8510-8517. [PMID: 38738665 PMCID: PMC11140681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Elemental analysis (EA) coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a well-established method to derive stable isotope ratios of sulfur (34S/32S). Conversion of sulfur to SO2 by EA and measurement of SO2 isotopologues by IRMS represents the simplest and most versatile method to accomplish isotope measurement of sulfur even in bulk samples. Yet, interferences by oxygen isotopes in SO2 often impair the precision and trueness of measured results. In the current study, we coupled EA to multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) to establish a method that avoids such interferences due to direct measurement of S+ ions. In addition, measurement of the 33S/32S isotope ratios is possible, thus representing the first bulk method that is suitable to study mass-independent isotope fractionation (MIF). Analytical precision (σ) of available Ag2S and BaSO4 reference materials (RMs) was, on average, 0.2 mUr for δ33S and δ34S, never exceeding 0.3 mUr within this study (1 mUr = 1‰ = 0.001). Measured δ34S values of reference materials agreed within ±0.2 mUr of officially reported values. Measurement of wood samples yielded good precision (0.2 mUr) for sulfur amounts as low as 3.5 μg, but precision deteriorated for samples at lower sulfur contents due to poor peak shape. Finally, we explored cross-calibration of organic liquids separated via gas chromatography (GC) against solid RMs combusted via EA that avoids challenging offline conversion of RMs. Results indicate good precision (≤0.08 mUr) and acceptable trueness (≤0.34 mUr) for determination of δ34S, demonstrating the future potential of such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Horst
- Department
Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research−UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Research
and Development Centre for Post-Mining Areas, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Gaglower Str. 17-18, 03048 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department
Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research−UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus Fahle
- Research
and Development Centre for Post-Mining Areas, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Gaglower Str. 17-18, 03048 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department
Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research−UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Raoult V, Phillips AA, Nelson J, Niella Y, Skinner C, Tilcock MB, Burke PJ, Szpak P, James WR, Harrod C. Why aquatic scientists should use sulfur stable isotope ratios (ẟ 34S) more often. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141816. [PMID: 38556184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, measurements of light stable isotope ratios have been increasingly used to answer questions across physiology, biology, ecology, and archaeology. The vast majority analyse carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes as the 'default' isotopes, omitting sulfur (δ34S) due to time, cost, or perceived lack of benefits and instrumentation capabilities. Using just carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios can produce results that are inconclusive, uncertain, or in the worst cases, even misleading, especially for scientists that are new to the use and interpretation of stable isotope data. Using sulfur isotope values more regularly has the potential to mitigate these issues, especially given recent advancements that have lowered measurement barriers. Here we provide a review documenting case studies with real-world data, re-analysing different biological topics (i.e. niche, physiology, diet, movement and bioarchaeology) with and without sulfur isotopes to highlight the various strengths of this stable isotope for various applications. We also include a preliminary meta-analysis of the trophic discrimination factor (TDF) for sulfur isotopes, which suggest small (mean -0.4 ± 1.7 ‰ SD) but taxa-dependent mean trophic discrimination. Each case study demonstrates how the exclusion of sulfur comes at the detriment of the results, often leading to very different outputs, or missing valuable discoveries entirely. Given that studies relying on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes currently underpin most of our understanding of various ecological processes, this has concerning implications. Collectively, these examples strongly suggest that researchers planning to use carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for their research should incorporate sulfur where possible, and that the new 'default' isotope systems for aquatic science should now be carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Raoult
- Blue Carbon Lab, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, VIC, Australia; Marine Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
| | - Alexandra A Phillips
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - James Nelson
- Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yuri Niella
- Marine Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Skinner
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Patrick J Burke
- Marine Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Szpak
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Ryan James
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chris Harrod
- Instituto Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Millennium Nucleus INVASAL, Concepción, Chile; Universidad de Antofagasta Stable Isotope Facility, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Guo D, Fan C, Hu B, Li Y, Wu X, Sun P, Hou K, Wang Q. A modified laser ablation-isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for in situ analysis of sulfur isotope composition of sulfides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9707. [PMID: 38356093 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE A novel laser ablation-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA-IRMS) method for in situ analysis of sulfur isotopes in sulfides has been developed. Instead of the in situ reaction applied by the traditional laser microprobe, the analyte gas preparation in this method is separated temporally and spatially from the LA, resulting in improved precision and accuracy. METHODS Our LA-IRMS system combines an ultraviolet LA system, an elemental analyzer (EA), a custom-built cryogenic concentration system, a continuous-flow interface, and an IRMS. The sulfide aerosol particles generated from LA were transferred by a helium carrier gas from the ablation cell into the reaction tube and were then converted into SO2 . Subsequently, SO2 was enriched in two cold traps and was finally introduced into the ion source of the IRMS through the continuous-flow interface. RESULTS We measured three synthetic and four natural sulfide reference materials to test the performance of this method. Precisions of ±0.25‰-±0.48‰ and ±0.32‰-±0.64‰ (1SD, n = 5) for δ34 S values of synthetic and natural sulfide standards can be obtained for spot sizes ranging from 64 to 80 μm. Measured values and their recommended values showed a good linear relationship (R2 within 0.998 and 0.9995) with the slope of approaching unity (within 1.0509 and 1.1313). CONCLUSIONS Data from the measurement of reference materials showed that the precision and accuracy of our method were satisfactory. This method is a powerful tool for in situ sulfur isotope measurement of sulfides and can be further applied to in situ carbon and oxygen isotope analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Guo
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Changfu Fan
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhe Li
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- Drug and Food Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kejun Hou
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kagawa M, Katsuta N, Naito S, Masuki Y, Yoshimizu C, Chiba H, Tayasu I. Sample pretreatment effects on isotopic compositions of oxygen and sulfur in BaSO 4 derived from atmospheric sulfate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9659. [PMID: 37953543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preparation of BaSO4 from samples of atmospheric rain, snow, and aerosols has been used for δ18 O and δ34 S analyses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of various sample pretreatments on δ18 O and δ34 S values determined from a Na2 SO4 reagent solution and samples of atmospheric precipitation to improve assay time and cost efficiency. METHODS BaSO4 was prepared from a Na2 SO4 solution by (a) evaporative concentration, (b) evaporation to dryness, (c) evaporation to dryness after adding HCl, and (d) evaporation to concentration after adding HCl, followed by cooling and then precipitation using a BaCl2 solution. To analyze the atmospheric precipitation samples for δ18 O, BaSO4 prepared from the samples was treated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and SO4 2- and separated chromatographically. The values of δ18 O and δ34 S were measured using a continuous-flow elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS The δ34 S values in BaSO4 precipitated from Na2 SO4 solution determined by methods (a)-(c) were consistent within precisions of ±0.5‰. The δ18 O values of methods (a) and (b) were consistent within ±0.2‰, whereas the δ18 O values of methods (c) and (d) increased with increasing HCl concentrations. Similar results were obtained from samples of atmospheric precipitations. The δ18 O values from DTPA-treated BaSO4 were consistent with those obtained by chromatographic separation within ±0.5‰. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant differences in the effects of various pretreatments (acidification, heating, concentration, and drying) on δ18 O and δ34 S values in sulfate from samples of atmospheric precipitation and aerosols extracted as BaSO4 if HCl was not added to the sample before heating and BaSO4 was treated with DTPA for the δ18 O analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayuri Naito
- Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuma Masuki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Leyden E, Farkas J, Gilbert S, Hutson J, Mosley LM. A simple and rapid ICP-MS/MS determination of sulfur isotope ratios ( 34S/ 32S) in complex natural waters: A new tool for tracing seawater intrusion in coastal systems. Talanta 2021; 235:122708. [PMID: 34517581 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional sulfur isotope measurements in complex natural liquid or solid samples via GS-IRMS are complicated, time consuming and relatively expensive. Here we assessed a novel 'collision cell' based ICP-MS/MS approach which can determine the sulfur isotope abundances (i.e., 34S/32S ratios, expressed as δ34S) in complex coastal waters rapidly, accurately and with minimal sample preparation. The approach was validated via repeated ICP-MS/MS measurement of S isotope certified reference materials (CRM) providing accurate and reproducible results, with a typical uncertainty on δ34S of around 1.1-1.5‰ (1SD). This novel approach is suitable for water samples with sulfur concentrations at or above 2 μg/mL (ppm). Matrix matching between samples and the CRM was necessary when seawater-like solutions were analysed addressing common matrix related errors. The ICP-MS/MS approach was used to investigate δ34S signature of porewaters from a variety of coastal systems in South Australia (including acid sulfate soils), and how they responded to progressive seawater inundation. Importantly, inundation induced a shift in S isotope ratio in affected porewaters in which δ34S approached that of seawater. The simple sample preparation, with rapid and accurate δ34S determination of complex natural waters using the ICP MS/MS approach, greatly increases the applicability of sulfur isotope tracing studies to identify and monitor sources and bio-geochemical pathways of S in coastal and near-surface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Leyden
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Juraj Farkas
- School of Physical Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Metal Isotope Group (MIG), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Adelaide Microscopy, Division of Research and Innovation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Hutson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Luke M Mosley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Assonov S, Fajgelj A, Allison C, Gröning M. On the metrological traceability and hierarchy of stable isotope reference materials aimed at realisation of the VPDB scale: Revision of the VPDB δ 13 C scale based on multipoint scale-anchoring RMs. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9018. [PMID: 33615572 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, the primary reference material (RM) for the VPDB scale, NBS19, has become unavailable, and the RM used for low-end scale-anchoring, LSVEC, was found unsuitable due a drift in the δ13 C value. Given these problems, new RMs aimed at realising the VPDB δ13 C scale with low uncertainty were produced. Establishing the consistency of the new RMs with the "old" RMs prompted our revision of the underlying principles of RM value assignments, and the VPDB δ13 C scale realisation and its long-term sustainability. METHODS Analysis of major developments of the VPDB scale, a review of the contemporary requirements for RMs, and comparison with well-established measurement scales have been performed, with the aim of revising the VPDB δ13 C scale, principles of RM value assignments, and calibrator hierarchy. Requirements for scale-anchoring RMs with low uncertainty and measures to establish the scale sustainability have been formulated. RESULTS The revised scale realisation is based on multiple reference points, well-defined calibration hierarchy and the use of well-understood methods for value assignment. The realisation scheme includes the new primary RM IAEA-603 and scale-anchoring RMs IAEA-610, IAEA-611 and IAEA-612, covering δ13 C from +2.46 to -36.7 ‰ VPDB, with uncertainties, including inhomogeneity and stability assessment, of less than 0.015 ‰. The values of these four RMs were assigned in a mutually consistent way; agreement between measurements made using this realisation with those made using the VPDB scale of 2006 has been demonstrated on NIST CO2 RMs 8562-8564. CONCLUSIONS Multipoint-anchoring of the VPDB δ13 C scale provides several distinct "points" on the scale as means for cross-measurements to check the stability and viability of RMs and detect drift of values, if any. This ensures that the δ13 C scale is suitable for the most demanding applications, and provides options for developing further RMs with high accuracy inside a robust scale realisation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Assonov
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
| | - Ales Fajgelj
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
| | - Colin Allison
- CSIRO, Climate Science Centre, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195, Australia
| | - Manfred Gröning
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
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Kümmel S, Horst A, Gelman F, Strauss H, Richnow HH, Gehre M. Simultaneous Compound-Specific Analysis of δ 33S and δ 34S in Organic Compounds by GC-MC-ICPMS Using Medium- and Low-Mass-Resolution Modes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14685-14692. [PMID: 33095571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis of sulfur (δ34S-CSIA) in organic compounds was established in the last decade employing gas chromatography connected to multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-MC-ICPMS). However, δ33S-CSIA has not yet been reported so far. In this study, we present a method for the simultaneous determination of δ33S and δ34S in organic compounds by GC-MC-ICPMS applying medium- and also low-mass-resolution modes. The method was validated using the international isotope reference materials IAEA-S-1, IAEA-S-2, and IAEA-S-3. Overall analytical uncertainty including normalization and reproducibility for δ33S and δ34S was usually better than ±0.2 mUr (σ) for analytes containing at least 100 pmol of S. Further, it is demonstrated that, despite small isobaric interferences, results obtained at low mass resolution are indistinguishable from medium mass resolution offering the benefit of increased sensitivity and versatility of this method. Additionally, the method was applied for the δ33S and δ34S isotope analysis of industrially produced organic compounds to investigate potential mass-independent fractionation (MIF). The relation between δ34S and δ33S in these compounds followed a mass-dependent fractionation trend (MDF; Δ33S ≤ ±0.2 mUr). Degradation of dimethyl disulfide by direct photolysis caused a small but significant MIF (Δ33S = 0.55 ± 0.04 mUr, n = 3), demonstrating sufficient sensitivity of the method for these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Horst
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz Street, Jerusalem 9692100, Israel
| | - Harald Strauss
- Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Schimmelmann A, Qi H, Dunn PJH, Camin F, Bontempo L, Potočnik D, Ogrinc N, Kelly S, Carter JF, Abrahim A, Reid LT, Coplen TB. Food Matrix Reference Materials for Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur Stable Isotope-Ratio Measurements: Collagens, Flours, Honeys, and Vegetable Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10852-10864. [PMID: 32893631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An international project developed, quality-tested, and measured isotope-delta values of 10 new food matrix reference materials (RMs) for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur stable isotope-ratio measurements to support food authenticity testing and food provenance verification. These new RMs, USGS82 to USGS91, will enable users to normalize measurements of samples to isotope-delta scales. The RMs include (i) two honeys from Canada and tropical Vietnam, (ii) two flours from C3 (rice) and C4 (millet) plants, (iii) four vegetable oils from C3 (olive, peanut) and C4 (corn) plants, and (iv) two collagen powders from marine fish and terrestrial mammal origins. An errors-in-variables regression model included the uncertainty associated with the measured and assigned values of the RMs, and it was applied centrally to normalize results and obtain consensus values and measurement uncertainties. Utilization of these new RMs should facilitate mutual compatibility of stable isotope data if accepted normalization procedures are applied and documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Schimmelmann
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-1405, United States
| | - Haiping Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Philip J H Dunn
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Camin
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Doris Potočnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Simon Kelly
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1 Friedenstrasse, Seibersdorf, Vienna A-2440, Austria
| | - James F Carter
- Health Support Queensland, QH Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane QLD4108, Australia
| | - Aiman Abrahim
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1 Friedenstrasse, Seibersdorf, Vienna A-2440, Austria
| | - Lauren T Reid
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Tyler B Coplen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
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Dunn PJH, Malinovsky D, Goenaga-Infante H. Calibration hierarchies for light element isotope delta reference materials. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8711. [PMID: 31860750 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J H Dunn
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Dmitry Malinovsky
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
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Martinez M, Garcia-Alonso JI, Parat C, Encinar JR, Hécho IL. Anion-Specific Sulfur Isotope Analysis by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Multicollector ICPMS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10088-10094. [PMID: 31295999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An accurate method has been developed to measure, in a single analytical run, δ34S in sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate in water samples by liquid chromatography combined with multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). The method is based on the anionic exchange separation of sulfur species prior to their online isotope ratio determination by MC-ICPMS. Mass bias correction was accomplished by a novel approach based on the addition of an internal sulfur-containing standard to the sample. This innovative approach was compared to the sample-standard bracketing procedure. On-column isotopic fractionation was observed and therefore corrected by external calibration. Isotopic ratios were calculated by linear regression slope (LRS), an advantageous method for transient signals, leading to a combined uncertainty of δ34S below 0.25‰ and a reproducibility below 0.5‰ for the injection of 1 μg of S. The method was successfully applied to the measurement of δ34S in synthetic solutions and environmental water samples. Matrix effects leading to δ34S overestimation were observed for sulfate in some samples with high sodium/sulfate mass ratios. The developed analytical procedure simplifies the δ34S analysis of liquid environmental samples since preparation steps are no longer required and allows the analysis of several sulfur-containing species in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Martinez
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/E2S UPPA , Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux , UMR5254 , 64000 Pau , France
| | - Jose Ignacio Garcia-Alonso
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Corinne Parat
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/E2S UPPA , Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux , UMR5254 , 64000 Pau , France
| | - Jorge Ruiz Encinar
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/E2S UPPA , Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux , UMR5254 , 64000 Pau , France
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Seibert SL, Böttcher ME, Schubert F, Pollmann T, Giani L, Tsukamoto S, Frechen M, Freund H, Waska H, Simon H, Holt T, Greskowiak J, Massmann G. Iron sulfide formation in young and rapidly-deposited permeable sands at the land-sea transition zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:264-283. [PMID: 30173034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic-poor, permeable quartz sands are often present at land-sea transition zones in coastal regions. Yet, the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and iron are not well studied here. The aim of this work was, therefore, to improve our understanding regarding the chemical processes in these prominent coastal sediments. A 10 m core was collected at a dune base of the barrier island Spiekeroog, Germany, for this purpose. Additionally, groundwater was sampled from a multi-level well for one year to record seasonal hydrochemical variations. Methods included the analyses of geochemical (total carbon, total inorganic carbon, reactive iron, total sulfur, reduced inorganic sulfur) and hydrochemical parameters (field parameters, major ions, DOC, and molecular compositions of DOM), as well as stable sulfur isotopes (δ34S-sulfate, -sulfide, -total reduced inorganic sulfur). Moreover, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied. Results show that the core sediments are very young (<500 a) and were rapidly deposited. They are characterized by remarkably low contents of organic carbon (<0.1% dw.), reactive iron (~10 mmol/kg), and iron sulfides (<3 mmol/kg). Groundwater salinities were low in the top core sediments and increased at depth during most times of the year. However, the sampling site is subject to (seasonally) varying salinities, which could be linked to the biogeochemical cycles. For instance, the infiltration of seawater-derived labile DOM during inundation events drives microbial respiration besides sedimentary organic matter. Oxygen and nitrate were the dominant electron acceptors for the decomposition of organic matter in near-surface groundwater, while sulfate reduction was constrained to the lower brackish sediments. Here, authigenic pyrite formation was inferred based on the detection of dissolved sulfide, intact pyrite framboids, and matching stable sulfur isotope signatures of dissolved and solid sulfides. We concluded that the extremely low organic carbon contents limit pyrite formation in the organic-poor, permeable quartz sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan L Seibert
- Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Michael E Böttcher
- Geochemistry and Isotope Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Marine Geology, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Florian Schubert
- Geochemistry and Isotope Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Marine Geology, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Thomas Pollmann
- Soil Science Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luise Giani
- Soil Science Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sumiko Tsukamoto
- Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), S3: Geochronology and Isotope Hydrology, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Frechen
- Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), S3: Geochronology and Isotope Hydrology, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Freund
- Geoecology Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Hannelore Waska
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heike Simon
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Holt
- Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Janek Greskowiak
- Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Massmann
- Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Winde V, Böttcher ME, Voss M, Mahler A. Bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) as a multi-isotope bio-monitor in an urbanized fjord of the western Baltic Sea. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:563-579. [PMID: 28475364 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2017.1316980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial variations in the elemental and stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope composition of bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) growing along the shore line of the semi-enclosed urbanized Kiel Fjord (western Baltic Sea) was investigated at more than 60 sites. The analyses of the carbon-nitrogen-sulphur (CNS) stoichiometry and C and N stable isotope signature of F. vesiculosus displayed substantial differences between the north-western and the south-eastern parts of the Kiel Fjord. Different size classes displayed in part differences in C:N and C:S ratios, and the carbon isotope composition, reflecting the impact of the boundary conditions during growth. Whereas the sulphur isotope composition was controlled by the assimilation of seawater sulphate, the carbon isotope composition reflected the difference in the composition of surface waters. The δ15N values of the organic tissue tend to be an integrated monitor of anthropogenic impacts on the fjord. Results are compared to the composition of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Winde
- a Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) , Warnemünde , Germany
| | - Michael E Böttcher
- a Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) , Warnemünde , Germany
| | - Maren Voss
- a Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) , Warnemünde , Germany
| | - Annika Mahler
- a Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) , Warnemünde , Germany
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Reyes C, Dellwig O, Dähnke K, Gehre M, Noriega-Ortega BE, Böttcher ME, Meister P, Friedrich MW. Bacterial communities potentially involved in iron-cycling in Baltic Sea and North Sea sediments revealed by pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw054. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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In situ sulfur isotopes (δ 34 S and δ 33 S) analyses in sulfides and elemental sulfur using high sensitivity cones combined with the addition of nitrogen by laser ablation MC-ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 911:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ishida T, Tayasu I, Takenaka C. Quantitative Reconstruction of Sulfur Deposition Using a Mixing Model Based on Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Tree Rings. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1800-1808. [PMID: 26641332 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.11.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of sulfur (S) deposition is critical to deciphering the environmental archive of S in terrestrial ecosystems. Here we propose a mixing model that quantifies S deposition based on the S isotope ratio (δS) in tree rings. We collected samples from Japanese cedar ( D. Don) stumps from two sites: one near Yokkaichi City (YOK), which is well known for having the heaviest S air pollution in the world, and one at Inabu-cho (INA) in central Japan, which has been much less affected by air pollution. The δS profiles at both sites are consistent with S air pollution and contributions of anthropogenic S. The minimum value in YOK is lower than the δS values of anthropogenic S or any other possible source. Because the δS in the tree rings is affected by fractionation in the forest ecosystems, we used a mixing model to account for the isotope effects and to distinguish the sources of S. Based on the model results, we infer that the peak of S emissions at YOK occurred sometime between the late 1960s and early 1970s (489 mmol m yr). This estimated value is comparable with the highest reported values in Europe. This is the first quantitative estimate of anthropogenic input of S in forest systems based on δS in tree rings. Our results suggest that tree ring data can be used when monitoring stations of atmospheric S are lacking and that estimates of S deposition using δS in tree rings will advance our understanding of the local-scale S dynamics and the effect of human activities on it.
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18
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Böttcher ME, Hoefs J. Sulphur tales: a tribute on the occasion of the 90th birthday of Heimo Nielsen. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2012; 48:1-6. [PMID: 22320123 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2012.655273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Mittermayr F, Bauer C, Klammer D, Böttcher ME, Leis A, Escher P, Dietzel M. Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2012; 48:105-117. [PMID: 22321257 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2012.641964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary sulphate minerals such as thaumasite, ettringite and gypsum is a process causing severe damage to concrete constructions. A major key to understand the complex reactions, involving concrete deterioration is to decipher the cause of its appearance, including the sources of the involved elements. In the present study, sulphate attack on the concrete of two Austrian tunnels is investigated. The distribution of stable sulphur isotopes is successfully applied to decipher the source(s) of sulphur in the deteriorating sulphate-bearing minerals. Interestingly, δ(34)S values of sulphate in local groundwater and in the deteriorating minerals are mostly in the range from+14 to+27 ‰. These δ(34)S values match the isotope patterns of regional Permian and Triassic marine evaporites. Soot relicts from steam- and diesel-driven trains found in one of the tunnels show δ(34)S values from-3 to+5 ‰, and are therefore assumed to be of minor importance for sulphate attack on the concretes. In areas of pyrite-containing sedimentary rocks, the δ(34)S values of sulphate from damaged concrete range between-1 and+11 ‰. The latter range reflects the impact of sulphide oxidation on local groundwater sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mittermayr
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Mann JL, Kelly WR. Measurement of the delta34S value in methionine by double spike multi-collector thermal ionization mass spectrometry using Carius tube digestion. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2673-2679. [PMID: 20740545 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid and is the primary source of sulfur for humans. Using the double spike ((33)S-(36)S) multi-collector thermal ionization mass spectrometry (MC-TIMS) technique, three sample bottles of a methionine material obtained from the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements have been measured for delta(34)S and sulfur concentration. The mean delta(34)S value, relative to Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite (VCDT), determined was 10.34 +/- 0.11 per thousand (n = 9) with the uncertainty reported as expanded uncertainties (U). These delta(34)S measurements include a correction for blank which has been previously ignored in studies of sulfur isotopic composition. The sulfur concentrations for the three bottles range from 56 to 88 microg/g. The isotope composition and concentration results demonstrate the high accuracy and precision of the DS-MC-TIMS technique for measuring sulfur in methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Mann
- Inorganic Chemical Metrology Group, Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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