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Yang X, Zhang X, Ming P, Li Y, Wang W, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li L, Xiao Y, Guo X, Yang Z. Fabricating Ultra-Narrow Precision Slit Structures with Periodically Reducing Current Over-Growth Electroforming. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:76. [PMID: 38258195 PMCID: PMC10821455 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
An ultra-narrow precision slit with a width of less than ten micrometers is the key structure of some optical components, but the fabrication of these structures is still very difficult to accomplish. To fabricate these slits, this paper proposed a periodically reducing current over-growth electroforming process. In the periodically reducing current over-growth electroforming, the electric current applied to the electrodeposition process is periodically stepped down rather than being constant. Simulations and experimentation studies were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed process, and further optimization of process parameters was implemented experimentally to achieve the desired ultra-narrow precision slits. The current values were: I1=Iinitial, I2=0.75Iinitial at Qc=0.5Qt, I3=0.5Iinitial at Qc=0.75Qt,respectively. It was shown that, compared with conventional constant current over-growth electroforming, the proposed process can significantly improve the surface quality and geometrical accuracy of the fabricated slits and can markedly enhance the achievement of the formed ultra-narrow slits. With the proposed process, slits with a width of down to 5 ± 0.1 μm and a surface roughness of less than 62.8 nm can be easily achieved. This can improve the determination sensitivity and linear range of the calibration curves of spectral imagers and food and chemical analysis instruments. Periodically reducing current over-growth electroforming is effective and advantageous in fabricating ultra-narrow precision slits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
- School of Engineering and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Hebi 458030, China
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hebi Polytechnic, Hebi 458030, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Pingmei Ming
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zongbin Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lunxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Youping Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zheng Yang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.L.); (Y.X.); (X.G.); (Z.Y.)
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Reis-Santos P, Gillanders BM, Sturrock AM, Izzo C, Oxman DS, Lueders-Dumont JA, Hüssy K, Tanner SE, Rogers T, Doubleday ZA, Andrews AH, Trueman C, Brophy D, Thiem JD, Baumgartner LJ, Willmes M, Chung MT, Charapata P, Johnson RC, Trumble S, Heimbrand Y, Limburg KE, Walther BD. Reading the biomineralized book of life: expanding otolith biogeochemical research and applications for fisheries and ecosystem-based management. REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2023; 33:411-449. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-022-09720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChemical analysis of calcified structures continues to flourish, as analytical and technological advances enable researchers to tap into trace elements and isotopes taken up in otoliths and other archival tissues at ever greater resolution. Increasingly, these tracers are applied to refine age estimation and interpretation, and to chronicle responses to environmental stressors, linking these to ecological, physiological, and life-history processes. Here, we review emerging approaches and innovative research directions in otolith chemistry, as well as in the chemistry of other archival tissues, outlining their value for fisheries and ecosystem-based management, turning the spotlight on areas where such biomarkers can support decision making. We summarise recent milestones and the challenges that lie ahead to using otoliths and archival tissues as biomarkers, grouped into seven, rapidly expanding and application-oriented research areas that apply chemical analysis in a variety of contexts, namely: (1) supporting fish age estimation; (2) evaluating environmental stress, ecophysiology and individual performance; (3) confirming seafood provenance; (4) resolving connectivity and movement pathways; (5) characterising food webs and trophic interactions; (6) reconstructing reproductive life histories; and (7) tracing stock enhancement efforts. Emerging research directions that apply hard part chemistry to combat seafood fraud, quantify past food webs, as well as to reconcile growth, movement, thermal, metabolic, stress and reproductive life-histories provide opportunities to examine how harvesting and global change impact fish health and fisheries productivity. Ultimately, improved appreciation of the many practical benefits of archival tissue chemistry to fisheries and ecosystem-based management will support their increased implementation into routine monitoring.
Graphical abstract
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Martino JC, Doubleday ZA, Chung MT, Gillanders BM. Experimental support towards a metabolic proxy in fish using otolith carbon isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/6/jeb217091. [PMID: 32220900 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rate underpins our understanding of how species survive, reproduce and interact with their environment, but can be difficult to measure in wild fish. Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) in ear stones (otoliths) of fish may reflect lifetime metabolic signatures but experimental validation is required to advance our understanding of the relationship. To this end, we reared juvenile Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), an iconic fishery species, at different temperatures and used intermittent-flow respirometry to calculate standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS). Subsequently, we analysed δ13C and oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in otoliths using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. We found that under increasing temperatures, δ13C and δ18O significantly decreased, while SMR and MMR significantly increased. Negative logarithmic relationships were found between δ13C in otoliths and both SMR and MMR, while exponential decay curves were observed between proportions of metabolically sourced carbon in otoliths (M oto) and both measured and theoretical SMR. We show that basal energy for subsistence living and activity metabolism, both core components of field metabolic rates, contribute towards incorporation of δ13C into otoliths and support the use of δ13C as a metabolic proxy in field settings. The functional shapes of the logarithmic and exponential decay curves indicated that physiological thresholds regulate relationships between δ13C and metabolic rates due to upper thresholds of M oto Here, we present quantitative experimental evidence to support the development of an otolith-based metabolic proxy, which could be a powerful tool in reconstructing lifetime biological trends in wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin C Martino
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Zoë A Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ming-Tsung Chung
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Bronwyn M Gillanders
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Willmes M, Lewis LS, Davis BE, Loiselle L, James HF, Denny C, Baxter R, Conrad JL, Fangue NA, Hung TC, Armstrong RA, Williams IS, Holden P, Hobbs JA. Calibrating temperature reconstructions from fish otolith oxygen isotope analysis for California's critically endangered Delta Smelt. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1207-1220. [PMID: 30993783 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18 O values) of fish otoliths (ear bones) are valuable geochemical tracers of water conditions and thermal life history. Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) are osmerid forage fish endemic to the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA, that are on the verge of extinction. These fish exhibit a complex life history that allows them to survive in a dynamic estuarine environment; however, a rapidly warming climate threatens this thermally sensitive species. Here we quantify the accuracy and precision of using δ18 O values in otoliths to reconstruct the thermal life histories of Delta Smelt. METHODS Delta Smelt were reared for 360 days using three different water sources with different ambient δ18 Owater values (-8.75‰, -5.28‰, and -4.06‰) and different water temperatures (16.4°C, 16.7°C, 18.7°C, and 20.5°C). Samples were collected after 170 days (n = 28) and 360 days (n = 14) post-hatch. In situ δ18 O values were measured from the core of the otolith to the dorsal edge using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to reconstruct temporally resolved thermal life histories. RESULTS The δ18 Ootolith values for Delta Smelt varied as a linear inverse function of water temperature: 1000 ln α = 18.39 (±0.43, 1SE)(103 TK-1 ) - 34.56 (±1.49, 1SE) and δ18 Ootolith(VPDB) - δ18 Owater (VPDB) = 31.34(±0.09, 1SE) - 0.19(±0.01, 1SE) × T ° C. When the ambient δ18 Owater value is known, this species-specific temperature-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation model facilitated the accurate (0.25°C) and precise (±0.37°C, 2σ) reconstruction of the water temperature experienced by the fish. In contrast, the use of existing general fractionation equations resulted in inaccurate temperature reconstructions. CONCLUSIONS The species-specific δ18 Ootolith fractionation equation allowed for accurate and precise reconstructions of water temperatures experienced by Delta Smelt. Characterization of ambient δ18 Owater values remains a critical next step for reconstructing thermal life histories of wild Delta Smelt. This tool will provide new insights into habitat utilization, potential thermal refugia, and resilience to future warming for this critically endangered fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Willmes
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Levi S Lewis
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brittany E Davis
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California Department of Water Resources, 1416 9th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Liane Loiselle
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hannah F James
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christian Denny
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Randall Baxter
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1416 9th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - J Louise Conrad
- California Department of Water Resources, 1416 9th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Armstrong
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ian S Williams
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Holden
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - James A Hobbs
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Helser TE, Kastelle CR, McKay JL, Orland IJ, Kozdon R, Valley JW. Evaluation of micromilling/conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry of δ 18 O values in fish otoliths for sclerochronology. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1781-1790. [PMID: 29993156 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18 O values) measured in fish otoliths can provide valuable detailed information on fish life history, fish age determination, and ocean thermography. Traditionally, otoliths are sampled by micromilling followed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), but direct analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is becoming more common. However, these two methods have not been compared to determine which, if either, is better for fish age validation studies. Hence, the goals were to: (1) determine if the δ18 O signatures from the two different methods are similar, (2) determine which method is better for fish age validation studies, and (3) examine biogeographic and migration history. METHODS Both analytical techniques, micromilling/IRMS and SIMS, were used to measure δ18 O values in six Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) otoliths. A series of measurements was made from the center of each otolith to its edge to develop a life-history δ18 O signature for each fish. RESULTS The sampling resolution of SIMS analyses was 2-3 times greater than that obtained by micromilling/IRMS. We found an offset between SIMS and micromilling/IRMS δ18 O values, about 0.5‰ on average, with SIMS yielding lower values. However, the δ18 O patterns from both methods (i.e., the number of δ18 O maxima) correspond to the estimated age determined by otolith growth-zone counts, validating fish age determination methods. CONCLUSIONS Both techniques resolved δ18 O life-history signatures and showed patterns consistent with seasonal variation in temperatures and changes due to fish migration. When otoliths are large, micromilling/IRMS can provide adequate resolution for fish age validation. However, SIMS is the better option if greater sampling resolution is required, such as when otoliths are small or specimens are longer lived and have compact growth zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Helser
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Craig R Kastelle
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Jennifer L McKay
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ian J Orland
- WiscSIMS Laboratory, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Reinhard Kozdon
- WiscSIMS Laboratory, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John W Valley
- WiscSIMS Laboratory, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Quaeck-Davies K, Bendall VA, MacKenzie KM, Hetherington S, Newton J, Trueman CN. Teleost and elasmobranch eye lenses as a target for life-history stable isotope analyses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4883. [PMID: 29888128 PMCID: PMC5991300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incrementally grown, metabolically inert tissues such as fish otoliths provide biochemical records that can used to infer behavior and physiology throughout the lifetime of the individual. Organic tissues are particularly useful as the stable isotope composition of the organic component can provide information about diet, trophic level and location. Unfortunately, inert, incrementally grown organic tissues are relatively uncommon. The vertebrate eye lens, however, is formed via sequential deposition of protein-filled fiber cells, which are subsequently metabolically inert. Lenses therefore have the potential to serve as biochemical data recorders capturing life-long variations in dietary and spatial ecology. Here we review the state of knowledge regarding the structure and formation of fish eye lenses in the context of using lens tissue for retrospective isotopic analysis. We discuss the relationship between eye lens diameter and body size, describe the successful recovery of expected isotopic gradients throughout ontogeny and between species, and quantify the isotopic offset between lens protein and white muscle tissue. We show that fish eye lens protein is an attractive host for recovery of stable isotope life histories, particularly for juvenile life stages, and especially in elasmobranchs lacking otoliths, but interpretation of lens-based records is complicated by species-specific uncertainties associated with lens growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Quaeck-Davies
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A Bendall
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart Hetherington
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Newton
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Clive N Trueman
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Torniainen J, Kainz MJ, Jones RI, Keinänen M, Vuorinen PJ, Kiljunen M. Influence of the marine feeding area on the muscle and egg fatty-acid composition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spawners estimated from the scale stable isotopes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1717-1733. [PMID: 28101948 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids in muscle tissue and eggs of female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spawners were analysed to evaluate the dietary quality of their final feeding areas in the Baltic Sea. The final likely feeding area was identified by comparing stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of the outermost growth region (final annulus) of scales of returned S. salar with that of reference S. salar caught from different feeding areas. Some overlap of stable-isotope reference values among the three areas, in addition to prespawning fasting, decreased the ability of muscle tri-acylglycerols to discriminate the final likely feeding area and the area's dietary quality. Among three long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), the proportions of ARA in total lipids of spawning S. salar muscle and eggs showed a significant negative correlation with increasing probability of S. salar having returned from the Baltic Sea main basin (i.e. the Baltic Sea proper). The results suggest that ARA in muscle and eggs is the best dietary indicator for dietary characteristics of final marine feeding area dietary characteristics among S. salar in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Torniainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- University of Jyvaskyla, Natural History Museum, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - M J Kainz
- WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz, A-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - R I Jones
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - M Keinänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P. O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P. O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kiljunen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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8
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Torniainen J, Lensu A, Vuorinen PJ, Sonninen E, Keinänen M, Jones RI, Patterson WP, Kiljunen M. Oxygen and carbon isoscapes for the Baltic Sea: Testing their applicability in fish migration studies. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2255-2267. [PMID: 28405289 PMCID: PMC5383481 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional tags applied to individuals have been used to investigate animal movement, but these methods require tagged individuals be recaptured. Maps of regional isotopic variability known as “isoscapes” offer potential for various applications in migration research without tagging wherein isotope values of tissues are compared to environmental isotope values. In this study, we present the spatial variability in oxygen (δ18OH2O) and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) isotope values of Baltic Sea water. We also provide an example of how these isoscapes can reveal locations of individual animal via spatial probability surface maps, using the high‐resolution salmon otolith isotope data from salmon during their sea‐feeding phase in the Baltic Sea. A clear latitudinal and vertical gradient was found for both δ18OH2O and δ13CDIC values. The difference between summer and winter in the Baltic Sea δ18OH2O values was only slight, whereas δ13CDIC values exhibited substantial seasonal variability related to algal productivity. Salmon otolith δ18Ooto and δ13Coto values showed clear differences between feeding areas and seasons. Our example demonstrates that dual isotope approach offers great potential for estimating probable fish habitats once issues in model parameterization have been resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Torniainen
- Natural History Museum University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Anssi Lensu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| | | | - Eloni Sonninen
- Laboratory of Chronology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Roger I Jones
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - William P Patterson
- Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory Department of Geological Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Mikko Kiljunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
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9
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Chang NN, Liu EY, Liao YC, Shiao JC. Vertical habitat shift of viviparous and oviparous deep-sea cusk eels revealed by otolith microstructure and stable-isotope composition. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:845-853. [PMID: 25613184 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Otolith stable-oxygen-isotope composition and microstructure were analysed in order to investigate the vertical habitat shift of deep-sea cusk eels (Ophidiiformes). Otolith δ18 O profiles suggested that both viviparous blind cusk eels and oviparous cusk eels experienced a pelagic larval stage and then settled to the deep-sea floor over a vertical distance that ranged among individuals from 200 to >1000 m. This result shows that the larvae of viviparous Barathronus maculatus undertake an ontogenetic vertical migration after a period of larval drift that may facilitate their wide distribution on the sea floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Chang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - E Y Liu
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Y C Liao
- National Museum of Marine Science and Technology, No. 367, Pei-Ning Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - J C Shiao
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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10
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Matta ME, Orland IJ, Ushikubo T, Helser TE, Black BA, Valley JW. Otolith oxygen isotopes measured by high-precision secondary ion mass spectrometry reflect life history of a yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:691-699. [PMID: 23418148 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The oxygen isotope ratio (δ(18)O value) of aragonite fish otoliths is dependent on the temperature and the δ(18)O value of the ambient water and can thus reflect the environmental history of a fish. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) offers a spatial-resolution advantage over conventional acid-digestion techniques for stable isotope analysis of otoliths, especially given their compact nature. METHODS High-precision otolith δ(18)O analysis was conducted with an IMS-1280 ion microprobe to investigate the life history of a yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera), a Bering Sea species known to migrate ontogenetically. The otolith was cut transversely through its core and one half was roasted to eliminate organic contaminants. Values of δ(18)O were measured in 10-µm spots along three transects (two in the roasted half, one in the unroasted half) from the core toward the edge. Otolith annual growth zones were dated using the dendrochronology technique of crossdating. RESULTS Measured values of δ(18)O ranged from 29.0 to 34.1‰ (relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Ontogenetic migration from shallow to deeper waters was reflected in generally increasing δ(18)O values from age-0 to approximately age-7 and subsequent stabilization after the expected onset of maturity at age-7. Cyclical variations of δ(18)O values within juvenile otolith growth zones, up to 3.9‰ in magnitude, were caused by a combination of seasonal changes in the temperature and the δ(18)O value of the ambient water. CONCLUSIONS The ion microprobe produced a high-precision and high-resolution record of the relative environmental conditions experienced by a yellowfin sole that was consistent with population-level studies of ontogeny. Furthermore, this study represents the first time that crossdating has been used to ensure the dating accuracy of δ(18)O measurements in otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Matta
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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11
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Preparation techniques alter the mineral and organic fractions of fish otoliths: insights using Raman micro-spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4787-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Walther BD, Limburg KE. The use of otolith chemistry to characterize diadromous migrations. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:796-825. [PMID: 22803736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical constituents in otoliths have become a valuable tool for fish ecologists seeking to reconstruct migratory patterns and life-history diversity in a wide range of species worldwide. This approach has proved particularly effective with fishes that move across substantial salinity gradients over the course of their life, including many diadromous species. Freshwater endmembers of several elemental and isotope ratios (e.g. Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and (87)Sr:(86)Sr) are typically identifiably distinct from marine values, and often differ among freshwater tributaries at fine spatial scales. Because these chemical tags are generally incorporated in proportion to their ambient dissolved concentrations, they can be effective proxies for quantifying the presence, duration and frequency of movements between freshwater and marine habitats. The development of high precision probe-based analytical techniques, such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and microbeam methods, has allowed researchers to glean increasingly detailed life-history profiles of these proxies across otoliths. Researchers are also combining multiple chemical proxies in an attempt to refine interpretations of habitat residence patterns. A thorough understanding of the spatial and temporal variation in water chemistry as well as environmental and physiological controls on incorporation of specific elements into otoliths is required for confident estimation of lifetime salinity experience. First some assumptions, methodological considerations and data processing options that are particularly relevant to diadromous otolith chemistry studies are discussed. Insights into diadromous migrations obtained from decades of otolith chemistry research, highlighting the increasingly recognized importance of contingent behaviour and partial migration are then discussed. Finally, areas for future research and the need to integrate otolith chemistry studies into comprehensive assessments of the effects of global environmental change are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Walther
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
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Trueman CN, MacKenzie KM, Palmer MR. Identifying migrations in marine fishes through stable-isotope analysis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:826-847. [PMID: 22803737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of many elements varies across both land and ocean surfaces in a predictable fashion. These stable-isotope ratios are transferred into animal tissues, potentially providing a powerful natural geospatial tag. To date, most studies using stable isotopes as geolocators in marine settings have focussed on mammals and seabirds conducting large ocean-basin scale migrations. An increasing understanding of isotopic variation in the marine environment, and improved sampling and analytical techniques, however, means that stable isotopes now hold genuine promise as a natural geolocation tag in marine fishes. Here, the theoretical background underpinning the use of stable isotopes of C, N and O in otolith, scale and muscle tissues as geolocation tools in the marine environment is reviewed, and examples of their applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Trueman
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK.
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14
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Gerdeaux D, Dufour E. Inferring occurrence of growth checks in pike (Esox lucius) scales by using sequential isotopic analysis of otoliths. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:785-792. [PMID: 22368058 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sequential analysis of otolith oxygen isotope (δ(18) O(oto) ) values was performed by classical mechanical microdrilling and dual inlet mass spectrometry to infer the timing of growth checks in pike (Esox lucius) scales from Lake Annecy (France). It indicated that the first check on scales occurs before the first winter of life of the fish. METHODS Eleven fish caught in February and June 2008 were studied. Intra-individual isotopic profiles exhibit cyclic variations that are consistent with that of modeled δ(18) O(oto) values using variations in epilimnion temperature and otolith-specific isotope fractionation equations. The positions of growth checks on scales were compared with the periodic variations of δ(18) O(oto) values on otolith radii using an allometric relationship. RESULTS All individuals presented at least one check deposited before the first winter. Deposition of some checks might be linked to a shift in fish diet or habitat or to catch-and-release induced stress. CONCLUSIONS Although coupling between sequential analysis of δ(18) O(oto) values and observation of scale growth features has been shown to be useful, there are limitations in the methodology, especially for the growth-attenuated region of otoliths associated with older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerdeaux
- INRA, Station d'hydrobiologie lacustre, 75 Avenue de Corzent, BP 511, 74203, Thonon-les-Bains, France.
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