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Frański R. Teaching mass spectrometry: A compilation of approaches to teaching theory and practice of mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2024; 30:87-102. [PMID: 38444356 DOI: 10.1177/14690667241237431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The areas of mass spectrometry applications seem to be much larger than those of any other analytical techniques. They extend from the determination of molecular mass in organic chemistry, through the analytical applications in forensic, environmental and omics sciences, the application in extra-terrestrial exploration and many others. Mass spectrometry, usually coupled with chromatographic techniques, has also found wide application in the pharmaceutical industry, forensic laboratories, laboratories of sanitary inspection or environmental inspection, etc. The growing areas of applications give rise to the demand for the comprehensive mass spectrometry education of undergraduates. This overview covers the body of literature describing various interesting ideas that can be successfully used for teaching mass spectrometry. Since mass spectrometry is a multidisciplinary field, old but dynamically developing, teaching mass spectrometry may be more problematic in comparison to teaching other analytical techniques, for example, there is the problem of position of mass spectrometry in the chemistry curriculum. On the other hand, it is obvious that the mass spectrometry community, besides difficult scientific work, does great and admirable teaching work, in order to perfectly educate undergraduates in the field of mass spectrometry and to make learning mass spectrometry as attractive as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Gozdzik P, Magkos F, Sledzinski T, Mika A. Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids: Health effects and biological mechanisms. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101226. [PMID: 37094753 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are a group of lipids that are widely present in various organisms; they take part in numerous biochemical processes and affect multiple signaling pathways. However, BCFA are not well explored in terms of their effects on human health. Recently, they have been gaining interest, especially in relation to various human diseases. This review describes the occurrence of BCFA, their dietary sources, their potential health effects, and the current state of knowledge concerning their mechanism(s) of action. Many studies have been conducted so far in cellular and animal models, which reveal potent anti-cancer, lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Research in humans is scarce. Therefore, further studies on animals and humans should be performed to confirm and expand these findings, and improve our understanding of the potential relevance of BCFA to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gozdzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Bräkling S, Hinterleitner C, Cappellin L, Vetter M, Mayer I, Benter T, Klee S, Kersten H. Gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry using parallel electron and chemical ionization with permeation tube facilitated reagent ion control for material emission analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9461. [PMID: 36565273 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by an artificial leather part for car interiors are determined using GC-MS (gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer) using simultaneous electron and chemical ionization (EI&CI). A device for swift reagent ion switching in CI mode between consecutive runs is presented. METHODS VOCs emitted from the investigated material were sampled onto Tenax® absorption tubes using micro emission chambers and subsequently injected into the GC through thermal desorption. The detector was a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) simultaneously operating in EI and CI modes during a single chromatographic run. A custom permeation tube setup allowed for swift selection between various reagent ions in CI mode, e.g., [N2 H]+ , [H3 O]+ , [(H2 O)2 H]+ , and [NH4 ]+ . RESULTS Different reagent ions are swiftly selectable between single GC runs without hardware changes. Differences in precursor ion survival yields and the selectivity of the various reactants were carefully assessed. Several examples for the improved identification of unknown compounds with the available complementary and comprehensive EI&CI data set are demonstrated for a relevant material emission application. CONCLUSION The presented technique provides additional value to the standard GC-EI/MS procedure commonly used for material emission characterization. It allows for a non-targeted analysis approach with moderate analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bräkling
- TOFWERK, Thun, Switzerland
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christina Hinterleitner
- Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering, Bern University of Applied Science, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cappellin
- TOFWERK, Thun, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ingo Mayer
- Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering, Bern University of Applied Science, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Bräkling S, Kroll K, Stoermer C, Rohner U, Gonin M, Benter T, Kersten H, Klee S. Parallel Operation of Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization for GC-MS Using a Single TOF Mass Analyzer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6057-6064. [PMID: 35388701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a novel mass spectrometer coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) that simultaneously displays the mass spectral information of electron (EI)- and chemical ionization (CI)-generated ion populations for a single chromatographic peak. After GC separation, the eluent is equally split and supplied in parallel to an EI and a novel CI source, both operating continuously. Precise switching of the ion optics provides the exact timing to consecutively extract the respective ion population from both sources and transfer them into a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. This technique enables the acquisition of complementary information from both ion populations (EI and CI) within a single chromatographic run and with sufficient data points to retain the chromatographic fidelity. The carefully designed GC transfer setup, fast ion optical switching, and synchronized TOF data acquisition system provide an automatic and straightforward spectral alignment of two ion populations. With an eluent split ratio of about 50% between the two ion sources, instrument detection limits of <40 fg on the column (octafluoronaphthalene) for the EI and <2 pg (benzophenone) for the CI source were obtained. The system performance and the additional analytical value for compound identification are demonstrated by means of different common GC standard mixtures and a commercial perfume sample of unknown composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bräkling
- TOFWERK, Thun 3645, Switzerland.,Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
| | - Kai Kroll
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
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Bräkling S, Kroll K, Klee S, Benter T, Kersten H. Hydrogen Plasma-Based Medium Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for GC-TOFMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:499-509. [PMID: 35164508 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction, critical evaluation, and performance assessment of a medium-pressure (2-13 mbar), high-temperature chemical ionization (CI) source for application in GC-MS is described. The ion source is coupled to a commercial time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Reagent ions are generated in a two staged process. The first stage uses a filament free, helical resonator plasma (HRP) driven ion source for H3+ generation. Reagent gases, for example, nitrogen, isobutane, and methane are added in a second stage to the H3+ stream, which leads to the formation of final protonation reagents. The GC effluent is added subsequently to the reagent ion gas stream. Designed for the hyphenation with gas chromatography, this GC-CI-TOFMS combination produces GC limited Gaussian peak shapes even for high boiling point compounds. Limits of detection for the compounds investigated are determined as 0.4-1.2 pg on column with nitrogen, 0.6-12.6 pg with isobutane, and 2 pg to >25 pg with methane as reagent gas, respectively. An EPA 8270 LCS mix containing 78 main EPA pollutants is used to evaluate the selectivity of the different reagent ions. Using nitrogen as reagent gas, 74 of 78 compounds are detected. In comparison, 41 of 78 compounds and 62 of 78 compounds are detected with isobutane or methane as CI reagent gas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bräkling
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kai Kroll
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Mazur DM, Detenchuk EA, Sosnova AA, Artaev VB, Lebedev AT. GC-HRMS with Complementary Ionization Techniques for Target and Non-target Screening for Chemical Exposure: Expanding the Insights of the Air Pollution Markers in Moscow Snow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:144506. [PMID: 33360203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure assessment is an important step in establishing a list of local priority pollutants and finding the sources of the threats for proposing appropriate protection measures. Exposome targeted and non-targeted analysis as well as suspect screening may be applied to reveal these pollutants. The non-targeted screening is a challenging task and requires the application of the most powerful analytical tools available, assuring wide analytical coverage, sensitivity, identification reliability, and quantitation. Moscow, Russia, is the largest and most rapidly growing European city. That rapid growth is causing changes in the environment which require periodic clarification of the real environmental situation regarding the presence of the classic pollutants and possible new contaminants. Gas chromatography - high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HR-TOFMS) with electron ionization (EI), positive chemical ionization (PCI), and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) ion sources were used for the analysis of Moscow snow samples collected in the early spring of 2018 in nine different locations. Collection of snow samples represents an efficient approach for the estimation of long-term air pollution, due to accumulation and preservation of environmental contaminants by snow during winter period. The high separation power of GC, complementary ionization methods, high mass accuracy, and wide mass range of TOFMS allowed for the identification of several hundred organic compounds belonging to the various classes of pollutants, exposure to which could represent a danger to the health of the population. Although quantitative analysis was not a primary aim of the study, targeted analysis revealed that some priority pollutants exceeded the established safe levels. Thus, dibutylphthalate concentration was over 10-fold higher than its safe level (0.001 mg/L), while benz[a]pyrene concentration exceeded Russian maximal permissible concentration value of 5 ng/L in three samples. The large amount of information generated during the combination of targeted and non-targeted analysis and screening samples for suspects makes it feasible to apply the big data analysis to observe the trends and tendencies in the pollution exposome across the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E A Detenchuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A A Sosnova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V B Artaev
- LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, MI, USA.
| | - A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Gruber B, David F, Sandra P. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Current trends and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Gas chromatography in combination with fast high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Technical overview and perspectives for data visualization. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Powers JB, Campagna SR. Design and Evaluation of a Gas Chromatograph-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for an Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2369-2379. [PMID: 31512224 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various separation and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have furthered our ability to study complex mixtures, and the desire to measure every analyte in a system is of continual interest. For many complex mixtures, such as the total molecular content of a cell, it is becoming apparent that no one single separation technique or analysis is likely to achieve this goal. Therefore, having a variety of tools to measure the complexity of these mixtures is prudent. Orbitrap MSs are broadly used in systems biology studies due to their unique performance characteristics. However, GC-Orbitraps have only recently become available, and instruments that can use gas chromatography (GC) cannot use liquid chromatography (LC) and vice versa. This limits small molecule analyses, such as those that would be employed for metabolomics, lipidomics, or toxicological studies. Thus, a simple, temporary interface was designed for a GC and Thermo Scientific™ Ion Max housing unit. This interface enables either GC or LC separation to be used on the same MS, an Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap, and utilizes an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The GC-APCI interface was tested against a commercially available atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) interface for three types of analytes that span the breadth of typical GC analyses: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and saturated hydrocarbons. The GC-APCI-Orbitrap had similar or improved performance to the APPI and other reported methods in that it had a lower limit of quantitation, better signal to noise, and lower tendency to fragment analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA.
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Sales C, Cervera MI, Gil R, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J. Quality classification of Spanish olive oils by untargeted gas chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and metabolomics-based statistical approach. Food Chem 2016; 216:365-73. [PMID: 27596432 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source has been used in combination with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for determination of volatile components of olive oil, enhancing its potential for classification of olive oil samples according to their quality using a metabolomics-based approach. The full-spectrum acquisition has allowed the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in olive oil samples, including Extra Virgin, Virgin and Lampante qualities. A dynamic headspace extraction with cartridge solvent elution was applied. The metabolomics strategy consisted of three different steps: a full mass spectral alignment of GC-MS data using MzMine 2.0, a multivariate analysis using Ez-Info and the creation of the statistical model with combinations of responses for molecular fragments. The model was finally validated using blind samples, obtaining an accuracy in oil classification of 70%, taking the official established method, "PANEL TEST", as reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - M I Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - R Gil
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - E Pitarch
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Beltran
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J, López F, Calatayud C, Company B, Hernández F. Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging. Food Chem 2015; 188:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mairinger T, Steiger M, Nocon J, Mattanovich D, Koellensperger G, Hann S. Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Determination of Isotopologue and Tandem Mass Isotopomer Fractions of Primary Metabolites for (13)C-Metabolic Flux Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11792-802. [PMID: 26513365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the first time an analytical work flow based on accurate mass gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOFMS) with chemical ionization for analysis providing a comprehensive picture of (13)C distribution along the primary metabolism is elaborated. The method provides a powerful new toolbox for (13)C-based metabolic flux analysis, which is an emerging strategy in metabolic engineering. In this field, stable isotope tracer experiments based on, for example, (13)C are central for providing characteristic patterns of labeled metabolites, which in turn give insights into the regulation of metabolic pathway kinetics. The new method enables the analysis of isotopologue fractions of 42 free intracellular metabolites within biotechnological samples, while tandem mass isotopomer information is also accessible for a large number of analytes. Hence, the method outperforms previous approaches in terms of metabolite coverage, while also providing rich isotopomer information for a significant number of key metabolites. Moreover, the established work flow includes novel evaluation routines correcting for isotope interference of naturally distributed elements, which is crucial following derivatization of metabolites. Method validation in terms of trueness, precision, and limits of detection was performed, showing excellent analytical figures of merit with an overall maximum bias of 5.8%, very high precision for isotopologue and tandem mass isotopomer fractions representing >10% of total abundance, and absolute limits of detection in the femtomole range. The suitability of the developed method is demonstrated on a flux experiment of Pichia pastoris employing two different tracers, i.e., 1,6(13)C2-glucose and uniformly labeled (13)C-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mairinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences-BOKU Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Steiger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences-BOKU Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Justyna Nocon
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences-BOKU Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences-BOKU Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences-BOKU Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Chu DB, Troyer C, Mairinger T, Ortmayr K, Neubauer S, Koellensperger G, Hann S. Isotopologue analysis of sugar phosphates in yeast cell extracts by gas chromatography chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2865-75. [PMID: 25673246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis is based on the measurement of isotopologue ratios. In this work, a new GC-MS-based method was introduced enabling accurate determination of isotopologue distributions of sugar phosphates in cell extracts. A GC-TOFMS procedure was developed involving a two-step online derivatization (ethoximation followed by trimethylsilylation) offering high mass resolution, high mass accuracy and the potential of retrospective data analysis typical for TOFMS. The information loss due to fragmentation intrinsic for isotopologue analysis by electron ionization could be overcome by chemical ionization with methane. A thorough optimization regarding pressure of the reaction gas, emission current, electron energy and temperature of the ion source was carried out. For a substantial panel of sugar phosphates both of the glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, sensitive determination of the protonated intact molecular ions together with low abundance fragment ions was successfully achieved. The developed method was evaluated for analysis of Pichia pastoris cell extracts. The measured isotopologue ratios were in the range of 55:1-2:1. The comparison of the experimental isotopologue fractions with the theoretical fractions was excellent, revealing a maximum bias of 4.6% and an average bias of 1.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Binh Chu
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Portolés T, Mol J, Sancho J, López FJ, Hernández F. Validation of a qualitative screening method for pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 838:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Portolés T, Mol JGJ, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Use of electron ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening and identification of organic pollutants in waters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:145-53. [PMID: 24674644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for multiclass screening of organic contaminants in water based on the use of gas chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-(APCI)QTOF MS). The soft ionization promoted by the APCI source allows effective and wide-scope screening based on the investigation of the molecular ion and/or protonated molecule. This is in contrast to electron ionization (EI) where ionization typically results in extensive fragmentation, and diagnostic ions and/or spectra need to be known a priori to facilitate detection of the analytes in the raw data. Around 170 organic contaminants from different chemical families were initially investigated by both approaches, i.e. GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and a notable number of pesticides and relevant metabolites. The new GC-(APCI)QTOF MS approach easily allowed widening the number of compounds investigated (85 additional compounds), with more pesticides, personal care products (UV filters, musks), polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs), antimicrobials, insect repellents, etc., most of them considered as emerging contaminants. Both GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF methodologies have been applied, evaluating their potential for a wide-scope screening in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G J Mol
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Online spectral library for GC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-ToF MS. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:1515-25. [PMID: 23795930 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invented more than three decades ago by Horning, GC-MS under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-APCI-MS) has only recently emerged from years of obscurity. However, the general acceptance of GC-APCI-MS is certainly constrained by the lack of spectral libraries, which make the traditional GC-MS approaches so powerful. RESULTS Here we present a concept of a GC-APCI-QqToF spectral library. The library is web-based, fully searchable and at moment includes spectra of 150 compounds from the most common chemical families. The fragmentation pattern of some chemical families is explained and a protocol for de novo identification has been provided in order to facilitate the identification of unknown compounds. CONCLUSION A library for GC-APCI-QqToF is now publicly available online.
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Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Qualitative nontarget analysis of landfill leachate using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rojas-Cherto M, Peironcely JE, Kasper PT, van der Hooft JJJ, de Vos RCH, Vreeken R, Hankemeier T, Reijmers T. Metabolite Identification Using Automated Comparison of High-Resolution Multistage Mass Spectral Trees. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5524-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2034216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Rojas-Cherto
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Julio E. Peironcely
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
- TNO Research Group Quality and Safety, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist,
The Netherlands
| | - Piotr T. Kasper
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Justin J. J. van der Hooft
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Plant Research
International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box
16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Dreijenlaan
3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Plant Research
International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box
16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Vreeken
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Theo Reijmers
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Ibáñez M, Abad E, Portolés T, Mattioli L. Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the environmental sciences. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1251-64. [PMID: 22362279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used in the environmental sciences with the objective of investigating the presence of organic pollutants. MS has been widely coupled with chromatographic techniques, both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), because of their complementary nature when facing a broad range of organic pollutants of different polarity and volatility. A clear trend has been observed, from the very popular GC-MS with a single quadrupole mass analyser, to tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and, more recently, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). For years GC has been coupled to HR magnetic sector instruments, mostly for dioxin analysis, although in the last ten years there has been growing interest in HRMS with time-of-flight (TOF) and Orbitrap mass analyzers, especially in LC-MS analysis. The increasing interest in the use of HRMS in the environmental sciences is because of its suitability for both targeted and untargeted analysis, owing to its sensitivity in full-scan acquisition mode and high mass accuracy. With the same instrument one can perform a variety of tasks: pre- and post-target analysis, retrospective analysis, discovery of metabolite and transformation products, and non-target analysis. All these functions are relevant to the environmental sciences, in which the analyst encounters thousands of different organic contaminants. Thus, wide-scope screening of environmental samples is one of the main applications of HRMS. This paper is a critical review of current use of HRMS in the environmental sciences. Needless to say, it is not the intention of the authors to summarise all contributions of HRMS in this field, as in classic descriptive reviews, but to give an overview of the main characteristics of HRMS, its strong potential in environmental mass spectrometry and the trends observed over the last few years. Most of the literature has been acquired since 2005, coinciding with the growth and popularity of HRMS in this field, with a few exceptions that deserve to be mentioned because of their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Wachsmuth CJ, Almstetter MF, Waldhier MC, Gruber MA, Nürnberger N, Oefner PJ, Dettmer K. Performance Evaluation of Gas Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Fingerprinting and Profiling. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7514-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Wachsmuth
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin F. Almstetter
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena C. Waldhier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael A. Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Nürnberger
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Straße 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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