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Zhang R, Li P, Shi X, Zhang R, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Insights into the metabolic mechanism of PBDEs catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4: A QM/MM study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130430. [PMID: 33836398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the metabolic mechanism and the derivatives of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is significant to risk assessment. This study delineated the metabolic mechanism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) catalyzed by P450 enzymes using a combination of molecular dynamic (MD), quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and density functional theory (DFT). The calculation results reveal that the electrophilic addition is the main pathway for the biotransformation of BDE-47 catalyzed by P450 enzymes. 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47) is a more kinetically preferable product than 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47). Electrophilic addition reaction can lead to the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). The ecotoxicity assessment indicates that the final products of BDE-47 are still toxic to aquatic organisms, but the solubility increase of the hydroxylated products can accelerate their excretion from the body. We expect that the established metabolic mechanism and the derivatives will be used to predict the biotransformation of other PBDE congeners catalyzed by P450 enzymes in human livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xiangli Shi
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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2
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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3
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Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Moukas AI, Maragou NC, Thomaidis NS, Calokerinos AC. Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Surface Water by Liquid Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1339713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Moukas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki C. Maragou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios C. Calokerinos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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5
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Riddell N, van Bavel B, Ericson Jogsten I, McCrindle R, McAlees A, Chittim B. Coupling of supercritical fluid chromatography to mass spectrometry for the analysis of Dechlorane Plus: Examination of relevant negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mechanisms. Talanta 2017; 171:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Analysis of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs) by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 161:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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8
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Iparraguirre A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Bizkarguenaga E, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Cela R, Fernández LA. Matrix solid-phase dispersion of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogues in lettuce, carrot and soil. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:57-65. [PMID: 25130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel analytical method for the simultaneous determination of ten polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and seven hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) in soil, lettuce and carrot samples was developed. The procedure was based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Under optimum conditions, 0.5g of sample (freeze-dried in the case of lettuce and carrot samples) was dispersed with 0.5g of octadecyl-functionalized silica (C18) and 1.75g of acidified silica (10% H2SO4, w/w) was used as clean-up sorbent. A two-step fractionated elution was carried out. First, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were eluted in 75:25% (v/v) n-hexane/dichloromethane mixture and, then, the retained OH-PBDEs were eluted in pure dichloromethane. Both extracts were analyzed by GC-NCI-MS separately, in the case of OH-PBDEs after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy for soil, lettuce and carrot matrices, spiked at two fortification levels (5 and 25ngg(-1)). After correction with the corresponding surrogate, apparent recovery values (defined as the recovery obtained after correction with the corresponding surrogate) were in the 80-129% range. Precision (as relative standard deviation) in the 1-21% range and method detection limits (MDLs) in the 0.003 and 0.3ngg(-1) range for soil and in the 0.003-0.4ngg(-1) range (dry weight) for lettuce and carrot samples were obtained. For PBDEs the method was also validated with a standard reference material (SRM-2585) of house dust. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of target analytes in soil, lettuce and carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Petropoulou SSE, Duong W, Petreas M, Park JS. Fast liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method using mixed-mode phase chromatography and solid phase extraction for the determination of 12 mono-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:138-47. [PMID: 25001336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are formed from the oxidative metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans, rats and mice, but their quantitation in human blood and other matrices with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques has been a challenge. In this study, a novel analytical method was developed and validated using only 250 μL of human serum for the quantitation of twelve OH-PBDEs, fully chromatographically separated in a 15 min analytical run. This method includes two novel approaches: an enzymatic hydrolysis procedure and a chromatographic separation using a mixed mode chromatography column. The enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) was found critical for 4'-OH-BDE17, which was not detectable without it. For the sample clean up, a solid phase extraction protocol was developed and validated for the extraction of the 12 congeners from human serum. In addition, for the first time baseline resolution of two components was achieved that correspond to a single peak previously identified as 6'-OH-BDE99. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, limit of quantification, limit of detection, sample stability and overall efficiency. Recoveries (absolute and relative) ranged from 66 to 130% with relative standard deviations <21% for all analytes. Limit of detection and quantitation ranged from 4 to 90 pg mL(-1) and 6-120 pg mL(-1), respectively, with no carry over effects. This method was applied in ten commercially available human serum samples from the general US population. The mean values of the congeners detected in all samples are 4'-OH-BDE17 (34.2 pg mL(-1)), 4-OH-BDE42 (33.9 pg mL(-1)), 5-OH-BDE47 (17.5 pg mL(-1)) and 4'-OH-BDE49 (12.4 pg mL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Av, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Wendy Duong
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Av, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Av, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Av, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
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10
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Barco-Bonilla N, Plaza-Bolaños P, Tarifa NMV, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Highly sensitive determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water by GC coupled to high-resolution MS according to the EU Water Directive 2008/105/EC. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:69-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Barco-Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Noelia Ma Valera Tarifa
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
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Gosavi RA, Knudsen GA, Birnbaum LS, Pedersen LC. Mimicking of estradiol binding by flame retardants and their metabolites: a crystallographic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:1194-9. [PMID: 23959441 PMCID: PMC3801471 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), used in many types of consumer goods, are being studied because of concerns about possible health effects related to endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), the most widely used BFR, and human metabolites of certain congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (e.g., 3-OH-BDE-47) have been suggested to inhibit estrogen sulfotransferase, potentially affecting estrogen metabolism. OBJECTIVES Our primary goal was to understand the structural mechanism for inhibition of the hormone-metabolizing enzyme estrogen sulfotransferase by certain BFRs. We also sought to understand various factors that facilitate the binding of flame retardants in the enzyme binding pocket. METHODS We used X-ray crystallography to obtain atomic detail of the binding modes of TBBPA and 3-OH-BDE-47 to estrogen sulfotransferase for comparison with binding of the endogenous substrate estradiol. RESULTS The crystal structures reveal how BFRs mimic estradiol binding as well as the various interactions between the compounds and protein residues that facilitate its binding. In addition, the structures provide insights into the ability of the sulfotransferase substrate binding pocket to accommodate a range of halogenated compounds that satisfy minimal structural criteria. CONCLUSIONS Our results show how BFRs or their metabolites can bind to and inhibit a key hormone-metabolizing enzyme, potentially causing endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendrakumar A Gosavi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Development of a liquid chromatography–electrospray chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for analysis of eleven hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Sun Z, Dong H, Qiu L, Gu J, Zhou J, Wang X, Wang SL. Cytochrome P450 3A1 mediates 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether-induced reduction of spermatogenesis in adult rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66301. [PMID: 23762486 PMCID: PMC3676375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) is the dominant PBDE congener in humans, wildlife, and the environment. It has been reported to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Still, the effects of BDE47 on spermatogenesis failure are attracting an increasing amount of attention. However, it is unclear whether CYP-mediated metabolism contributes to BDE47-induced reproductive toxicity. Methodology and Principal Findings The role of cytochrome P450 3A1 (CYP3A1) in the formation of oxidative metabolites of BDE47 and its induced spermatogenesis failure was investigated in SD rats. BDE47 significantly increased the expression and activity of CYP3A1 in rat liver, and 3-OH-BDE47, the major oxidative metabolite of BDE47, dose-dependently increased in rat liver, serum, and testis, which was aggravated by dexamethasone (DEX), an inducer of CYP3A1. Additionally, testicular 3-OH-BDE47 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in seminiferous tubules increased especially when BDE47 was administered in combination with DEX, which was confirmed in GC-1 and GC-2 cells that 3-OH-BDE47 induced more ROS production and cell apoptosis via the upregulation of FAS/FASL, p-p53 and caspase 3. As a result, daily sperm production dose-dependently decreased, consistent with histological observations in giant cells and vacuolar spaces and increase in TUNEL-positive apoptotic germ cells. Conclusion CYP3A1-mediated metabolic activation of BDE47 and the active metabolite 3-OH-BDE47 and consequent ROS played an important role in reduction of spermatogenesis by germ cell apoptosis. Our study helps provide new insights into the mechanism of reproductive toxicity of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Zhenzhen Sun
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Huibin Dong
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Jun Gu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Jingping Zhou
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Erratico CA, Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Biotransformation of 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) by Human Liver Microsomes: Identification of Cytochrome P450 2B6 as the Major Enzyme Involved. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:721-31. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300522u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A. Erratico
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Stelvio M. Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
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Koenig CM, Lango J, Pessah IN, Berman RF. Maternal transfer of BDE-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in C57BL/6J mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:571-80. [PMID: 23022914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Koenig
- Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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