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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Chiang CH, Lee HH, Chen BH, Lin YC, Chao YY, Huang YL. Using ambient mass spectrometry and LC–MS/MS for the rapid detection and identification of multiple illicit street drugs. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:439-450. [PMID: 30987715 PMCID: PMC9296207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the recently developed technique of thermal desorption electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (TD–ESI/MS) was applied to the rapid analysis of multiple controlled substances. With the reallocation of mass spectral resources [from a standard ESI source coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) to an ambient TD–ESI source], this direct-analysis technique allows the identification of a wider range of illicit drugs through a dual-working mode (pretreatment-free qualitative screening/conventional quantitative confirmation). Through 60-MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) analysis—in which the MS/MS process was programmed to sequentially scan 60 precursor ion/product ion transitions and, thereby, identify 30 compounds (two precursor/product ion transitions per compound)—of a four-component (drug) standard, the signal intensity ratios of each drug transition were comparable with those obtained through 8-MRM analysis, demonstrating the selectivity of TD–ESI/MS for the detection of multiple drugs. The consecutive analyses of tablets containing different active components occurred with no cross-contamination or interference from sample to sample, demonstrating the reliability of the TD–ESI/MS technique for rapid sampling (two samples min−1). The active ingredients in seized drug materials could be detected even when they represented less than 2 mg g−1 of the total sample weight, demonstrating the sensitivity of TD–ESI/MS. Combining the ability to rapidly identify multiple drugs with the “plug-and-play” design of the interchangeable ion source, TD–ESI/MS has great potential for use as a pretreatment-free qualitative screening tool for laboratories currently using LC–MS/MS techniques to analyze illicit drugs.
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Rappold BA. Special Considerations for Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Development. Clin Lab Med 2018; 38:539-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Du F, Fung YS. Dual-opposite multi-walled carbon nanotube modified carbon fiber microelectrode for microfluidic chip-capillary electrophoresis determination of methyl parathion metabolites in human urine. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1375-1381. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Du
- Department of Water Quality Engineering; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine; Wuhan University; Ministry of Education; P. R. China
| | - Ying-Sing Fung
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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Postmortem distribution of chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, and their metabolites in body fluids and organ tissues of an intoxication case. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 29:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Toss V, Leito I, Yurchenko S, Freiberg R, Kruve A. Determination of glyphosate in surface water with high organic matter content. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7880-7888. [PMID: 28194676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the sample preparation and analysis process in order to achieve adequate results for surface water collected from rivers that flow through swamps and are consequently rich in organic matter. We show that matrix effects in glyphosate determination can be reduced by optimizing sample volume, liquid chromatography (LC) mobile phase buffer concentration and pH as well as gradient speed. Also, aspects of derivatization procedure (borate buffer concentration, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride concentration) and their influence on accuracy are considered in detail. We encountered a cross-talk effect in the mass spectra, interfering with quantization during analysis, which was removed by optimizing MS parameters. As a result it was demonstrated that isotope-labelled internal standard with just one 13C atom is sufficient for the analysis.All these aspects were found to strongly impact the accuracy of the glyphosate determination but have received little or no attention in earlier works. We propose a reliable solid phase extraction and LC/ESI/MS/MS method for determination of glyphosate in organic-rich waters and demonstrate that LoD can be decreased by about two times using an ESI nebulizer with a modified design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahur Toss
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergei Yurchenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rene Freiberg
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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Fletcher CM, Sleeman R. Rapid identification of seized controlled substances and related compounds by tandem mass spectrometry without chromatography. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:908-916. [PMID: 26969933 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study demonstrates the capability of using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of substances of abuse and related compounds without the need for chromatography. The elimination of chromatography is not only cost-effective because of reduced sample work-up and consumables, but also reduces the environmental impact of solvents. METHODS Two chromatography-free techniques were used to screen for a large suite of compounds using a rapid, inexpensive technique: a thermal desorber coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. First, questioned materials in solution were introduced via an autosampler; and secondly, the materials were introduced directly by means of disposable toothpicks. The results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS MS/MS was shown to be capable of the identification of the same drugs within the samples as the conventional method of GC/MS, but with better sensitivity and shorter analysis times. Presented herein is an automated screening method based on an algorithm containing more than 60 precursor ion/product ion 'transitions' (i.e. 30+ compounds simultaneously; two precursor/product ion transitions per analyte), requiring less than 2 min for identification using an autosampler or instantaneously by means of manual sample introduction. Therefore, by eliminating chromatography, a higher laboratory throughput is achievable with simplified sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS An inexpensive, rapid and reliable method was successfully developed for the identification of controlled substances within unknown matrices using MS/MS without any chromatographic separation. This technique could be further validated with reference to an increasing database of MS/MS spectra to help to identify an expanding suite of compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Fletcher
- Physical Sciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, UK
| | - Richard Sleeman
- Mass Spec Analytical Ltd, Building 20F, Golf Course Lane, Filton, Bristol, BS34 7RP, UK
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Shi Y, Xu X, Fang M, Zhang M, Li Y, Gillespie B, Yorke S, Yang N, McKew JC, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Carrillo-Carrasco N, Wang AQ. Quantitative hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylmannosamine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1000:105-11. [PMID: 26218770 PMCID: PMC4544686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA) is the most predominant sialic acid in mammals. As a terminal component in many glycoproteins and glycolipids, sialic acid is believed to be an important biomarker related to various diseases. Its precursor, N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), is being investigated as a potential treatment for GNE myopathy. In this work, we developed two highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the quantitation of ManNAc and free Neu5Ac in human plasma. A fit-for-purpose approach was adopted during method validation and sample analysis. To measure the endogenous compounds and overcome the interference from plasma samples, a surrogate matrix that contained 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used for the preparation of calibration standards and certain levels of quality control (QC) samples. QC samples at higher concentrations were prepared in the authentic matrix (human plasma) to best mimic incurred samples. For both methods, an Ostro 96-well phospholipid removal plate was used for sample extraction, which efficiently removed the phospholipids from the plasma samples prior to LC injection, eliminated matrix effect, and improved sensitivity. Chromatographic separation was achieved using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and gradient elution in order to retain the two polar compounds. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for ManNAc and Neu5Ac was 10.0 and 25.0ng/mL, respectively. The overall accuracy of the two assays was within 100%±8.3% based on three levels of QC samples. Inter- and intra-run precision (coefficient of variation (%CV)) across three analytical runs was less than 6.7% for ManNAc and less than 10.8% for Neu5Ac. These methods have been validated to support clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shi
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Xin Xu
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Meng Fang
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Yinghe Li
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Brad Gillespie
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Selwyn Yorke
- New Zealand Pharmaceuticals, 68 Weld Street, RD2, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Nora Yang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - John C McKew
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Nuria Carrillo-Carrasco
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Amy Qiu Wang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Arrivault S, Guenther M, Fry SC, Fuenfgeld MMFF, Veyel D, Mettler-Altmann T, Stitt M, Lunn JE. Synthesis and Use of Stable-Isotope-Labeled Internal Standards for Quantification of Phosphorylated Metabolites by LC–MS/MS. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6896-904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The
Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences,
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF U.K
| | | | - Daniel Veyel
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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González O, van Vliet M, Damen CWN, van der Kloet FM, Vreeken RJ, Hankemeier T. Matrix Effect Compensation in Small-Molecule Profiling for an LC–TOF Platform Using Multicomponent Postcolumn Infusion. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5921-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504268y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar González
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Michael van Vliet
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carola W. N. Damen
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans M. van der Kloet
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical
Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pan X, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Chen Z, Liu N, Chen X, Tao Y, Zhang H, Zheng Y. Simultaneous determination of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole in fruits, vegetables and cereals using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with the isotope-labelled internal standard method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4111-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yuan C, Chen D, Wang S. Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry: Identification criteria and complicating factors. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:119-25. [PMID: 25182671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography is essential to toxicology, doping control, pain management, and workplace drug testing. High confidence in this technology is due to its superior specificity and sensitivity. However, there are challenges associated with drug confirmation, and proper setup and validation of these assays are important in assuring high-quality results. In this article, assay parameters required for drug confirmation are summarized based on recent scientific publications, various established guidelines, and our own practical experience. Factors affecting the result quality and correct results interpretation are critically reviewed. Several emerging technologies and their potential applications are briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Derrick Chen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Remily-Wood ER, Koomen JM. Evaluation of protein quantification using standard peptides containing single conservative amino acid replacements. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:188-194. [PMID: 22359328 PMCID: PMC3465614 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Structural analogs are evaluated as peptide internal standards for protein quantification with liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM); specifically, single conservative amino acid replacements (SCAR) are performed to create tagged standards that differ by the addition or subtraction of a single methylene group in one amino acid side chain. Because the performance of stable isotope-labeled standards (SIS) has been shown to be superior to structural analogs, differences in both development and quantitative performance between assays based on SIS and SCAR peptides are explored. To establish an assay using the structural analogs, analysis of endogenous, SCAR and SIS peptides was performed to examine their ion signal, fragmentation patterns and response in LC-MRM. Performance of SCAR and SIS peptides was compared for quantification of epidermal growth factor receptor from lung cancer cell lysates and immunoglobulin M in the serum of multiple myeloma patients.
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Kruve A, Auling R, Herodes K, Leito I. Study of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry matrix effect on the example of glyphosate analysis from cereals. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3252-8. [PMID: 22006387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most common pesticides used in the pre-harvest treatment of cereals. This paper examines the matrix effect of glyphosate liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS) analysis in wheat and rye. The matrix effect (ionization suppression) was found to be dependent on sample particle size taken for the extraction. If samples are ground to very small particles severe ionization suppression occurs. For lower glyphosate contents (<1 mg/kg) the signal may even be suppressed by more than 90%. The matrix effect was found to be dependent on the matrix - rye showed significantly stronger ionization suppression than wheat, although these matrices are not very different. The matrix effect also depends on the concentration of glyphosate in the post-extraction spiked samples. It is demonstrated that the isotope-labelled standard (13)C(2)-glyphosate undergoes different ionization suppression than glyphosate and is therefore not efficient in compensating for matrix effect. At the same time the extrapolative dilution approach allows to efficiently compensate for matrix effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
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Gracia-Lor E, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Multi-class determination of around 50 pharmaceuticals, including 26 antibiotics, in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2264-75. [PMID: 21388627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multi-class method for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 47 pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples has been developed. The target list of analytes included analgesic and anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and lipid regulators, antidepressants, anti-ulcer agents, psychiatric drugs, ansiolitics, cardiovasculars and a high number (26) of antibiotics from different chemical groups. A common pre-concentration step based on solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges was applied, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) measurement. All compounds were satisfactorily determined in just one single injection, with a chromatographic run time of only 10 min. The process efficiency (combination of the matrix effect and the extraction process recovery) for the 47 selected compounds was evaluated in nine effluent wastewater (EWW) samples, and the use of different isotope-labelled internal standards (ILIS) was investigated to correct unsatisfactory values. Up to 12 ILIS were evaluated in EWW and surface water (SW). As expected, the ILIS provided satisfactory correction for their own analytes. However, the use of these ILIS for the rest of pharmaceuticals was problematic in some cases. Despite this fact, the correction with analogues ILIS was found useful for most of analytes in EWW, while was not strictly required in the SW tested. The method was successfully validated in SW and EWW at low concentration levels, as expected for pharmaceuticals in these matrices (0.025, 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in SW; 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in EWW). With only a few exceptions, the instrumental limits of detection varied between 0.1 and 8 pg. The limits of quantification were estimated from sample chromatograms at the lowest spiked levels tested and normally were below 20 ng/L for SW and below 50 ng/L for EWW. The developed method was applied to the analysis of around forty water samples (river waters and effluent wastewaters) from the Spanish Mediterranean region. Almost all the pharmaceuticals selected in this work were detected, mainly in effluent wastewater. In both matrices, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators and quinolone antibiotics were the most detected groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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17
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Signal suppression/enhancement in high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3929-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Benvenuto F, Marín JM, Sancho JV, Canobbio S, Mezzanotte V, Hernández F. Simultaneous determination of triazines and their main transformation products in surface and urban wastewater by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2791-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Screening of drugs in equine plasma using automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Due to the presence of endogenous components in biofluids, ionization suppression or enhancement may occur for bioanalytical assays using LC–MS or LC–MS/MS technologies. The matrix effect may affect the precision and accuracy of a bioanalytical method and, therefore, compromise the quality of the results. Protein precipitation sample preparation along with LC–MS/MS is a high-throughput method most commonly used in bioanalysis and is largely affected by the matrix effect. In order to eliminate the matrix effect during the method development, some considerations may be used: cleaner sample preparations, more sensitive instruments, which allow less material to be injected, different chromatographic separations and much more must be investigated. More than giving tools to adequately assess the matrix effect during the method development, this review gives scientists numerous ways to eliminate or reduce the matrix effect based on novel sample-preparation techniques, new chromatographic optimization methods and new technologies.
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Beltrán E, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Determination of mycotoxins in different food commodities by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1801-1809. [PMID: 19437441 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multianalyte-multiclass method with little sample manipulation has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eleven mycotoxins in different food commodities by using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Toxins were extracted from the samples with acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) 0.1% HCOOH and, after a two-fold dilution with water, directly injected into the system. Thanks to the fast high-resolution separation of UHPLC, the eleven mycotoxins were separated by gradient elution in only 4 min. The method has been validated in three food matrices (maize kernels, dry pasta (wheat), and eight-multicereal babyfood (wheat, maize, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, millet)) at four different concentration levels. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained (70-110%) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was typically below 15% with very few exceptions. Quantification of samples was carried out with matrix-matched standards calibration. The lowest concentration successfully validated in sample was as low as 0.5 microg/kg for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in babyfood, and 20 microg/kg for the rest of the selected mycotoxins in all matrices tested. Deoxynivalenol could be only validated at 200 microg/kg, due the poor sensitivity for this mycotoxin analysis. With only two exceptions (HT-2 and deoxynivalenol), the limits of detection (LODs), estimated for a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 from the chromatograms of samples spiked at the lowest level validated, varied between 0.1 and 1 microg/kg in the three food matrices tested. The method was applied to the analysis of different kinds of samples. Positive findings were confirmed by acquiring two transitions (Q quantification, q confirmation) and evaluating the Q/q ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticide and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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22
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Application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of multi-class pesticides in environmental and wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1410-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection LC/ESI-MS horse urine analysis for the quantification and identification of threshold substances for doping control. I. Determination of hydrocortisone. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1255-1264. [PMID: 18407581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and rapid LC/MS methods with direct injection analysis were developed and validated for the quantification and identification of hydrocortisone in equine urine using the same sample preparation but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The main advantage of the proposed methodology is the minimal sample preparation procedure, as particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into both LC/MS systems. Desonide was used as internal standard (IS). The linear range was 0.25-2.5 microg ml(-1) for both methods. Matrix effects were evaluated by preparing and analyzing calibration curves in water solutions and different horse urine samples. A great variation of the signal both for hydrocortisone and the internal standard was observed in different matrices. To overcome matrix effects, the unavailability of blank matrix and the excessive cost of the isotopically labeled internal standard, standard additions calibration method was applied. This work is an exploration of the performance of the standard additions approach in a method where neither nonisotopic internal standards nor extensive sample preparation is utilized and no blank matrix is available. The relative standard deviations of intra and interday analysis of hydrocortisone in horse urine were lower than 10.2 and 5.4%, respectively, for the LC/IT-MS method and lower than 8.4 and 4.4%, respectively, for the LC/TOF-MS method. Accuracy (bias percentage) was less than 9.7% for both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spiros Louis, 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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24
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Pris AD, Haas S, Paxon TL. Matrix effects by specific buffer components in the analysis of metabolites with ion trap mobility spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5240-5. [PMID: 18529017 DOI: 10.1021/ac800363x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of buffer conditions on the ion trap mobility spectrometer (ITMS) signal is investigated through a series of statistically driven design of experiments (DOEs). A growing number of new ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and ITMS applications are being performed with a physiological sample matrix, which is vastly different from the particulate and vapor matrixes that have been traditionally analyzed. Currently, there have been no efforts to globally examine the possibility of matrix suppression or enhancement of the IMS signal by these various components within physiological matrixes. This investigation consists of an effort to gauge the effects of common physiological buffer components and concentrations on two analytes of interest for ITMS analysis: o-nitrophenol and ephedrine. We show that, among the factors investigated, for a specific analyte and instrumental detection mode (i.e., negative/positive) the solution pH, presence of a protein, the buffer identity, and buffer concentration should be considered as they will enhance or suppress the ITMS signal while factors such as surfactant and salt concentration may play less of a role in impacting detectable ITMS signal. These observations are supported through statistical analysis of the DOE-derived data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Pris
- Materials Analysis and Chemical Sciences, General Electric Global Research Center, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA.
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25
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Van Thuyne W, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. Direct quantification of steroid glucuronides in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. Development and validation of a qualitative screening method for the detection of exogenous anabolic steroids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1209-24. [PMID: 17724580 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A screening method for the urinary detection of 34 exogenous anabolic steroids has been developed. The method involves an enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The use of some adducts such as [M+NH(4)](+), [M+CH(3)COO](-) and [M+H+MeOH](+) was necessary in order to detect some analytes at the required level (lower than 10 ng/ml). Two transitions were selected for each analyte. Different concentration factors have been studied in order to increase the sensitivity. A concentration factor of 50 was selected for the screening method although the high ion suppression observed under these conditions can hamper its application as a quantitative method. The method was validated and limits of detection were obtained by spiking ten different blank urine samples at five different concentration levels. Up to 29 analytes were detected in all spiked urines at the required level. Limits of detection between 1 and 10 ng/ml were obtained for most analytes which fulfil current requirements. The applicability of the method was shown by analysing positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- DoCoLab, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ghent, Technologiepark 30, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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27
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Margariti MG, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM. Analytical Methods of Biological Monitoring for Exposure to Pesticides: Recent Update. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:150-63. [PMID: 17417068 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803d3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes began in the past 50 years. As a result of their wide and extensive application, exposure to hazardous pesticides is a concern to the general population and occupationally exposed persons. Robust methods are therefore needed for measuring markers of pesticide exposure. This article presents a review of the most recently published analytical methodologies and instrumentations developed for and applied to biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides of various classes. Most of the methods reviewed here are based on chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. This work clearly demonstrates that although gas chromatography still appears to be the most widely employed technique for pesticide analysis in various biological samples, recently a trend has been observed toward the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Departments of Medicine, Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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28
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Serrano E, Pozo OJ, Beltrán J, Hernández F, Font L, Miquel M, Aragon CMG. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of (4S,2RS)-2,5,5-trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, a stable adduct formed between D-(-)-penicillamine and acetaldehyde (main biological metabolite of ethanol), in plasma, liver and brain rat tissues. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1221-9. [PMID: 17330215 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, the main biological metabolite of ethanol, is nowadays considered to mediate some ethanol-induced effects. Previous studies on alcohol effect attenuation have shown that D-(-)-penicillamine (3-mercapto-D-valine), a thiol amino acid, acts as an effective agent for the inactivation of acetaldehyde. In the study reported here, laboratory rats were treated with ethanol and D-(-)-penicillamine at different doses looking for the interaction (in vivo) of D-(-)-penicillamine with metabolically formed acetaldehyde following a condensation reaction to form the stable adduct (4S,2RS)-2,5,5-trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TMTCA). A novel and rapid procedure based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for quantification and reliable identification of TMTCA in different rat tissues, including plasma, liver and brain. Firstly, plasma was obtained from whole blood. Then, proteins were precipitated from plasma, brain and liver extracts with acetonitrile and the clarified extracts diluted 10-fold. A 20 microL aliquot of the final extracts was then analyzed using an Atlantis C18 5 microm, 100x2 mm column which was connected to the electrospray source of a LC/triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analyte was detected in positive ion mode acquiring four MS/MS transitions in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The method has been validated and it has proved to be fast, reliable and sensitive. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by means of recovery experiments from plasma, liver and brain samples fortified at two concentration levels obtaining satisfactory recoveries in all cases: 95 and 105% in plasma (at 10 and 100 ng/mL, respectively), 79 and 89% in brain (100 and 1000 ng/g), 85 and 99% in liver (100 and 1000 ng/g). Precision, expressed as repeatability, was in all tissues analyzed lower than 17% at the two concentrations tested. The estimated detection limits were 1 ng/mL in plasma, 4 ng/g in brain and 5 ng/g in liver. The limit of quantitation objective (the lowest concentration that was validated with acceptable results) was set up at 10 ng/mL for plasma and 100 ng/g for brain and liver tissue. The reliable identification of the analyte was ensured by the acquisition of four transitions and by their ion abundance ratio measurement. Due to its excellent selectivity and sensitivity, the method developed in this work provides an excellent tool for the specific determination of this cyclic amino acid in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellon, Spain
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29
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Hartmann N, Erbs M, Wettstein FE, Schwarzenbach RP, Bucheli TD. Quantification of estrogenic mycotoxins at the ng/L level in aqueous environmental samples using deuterated internal standards. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:132-40. [PMID: 17084850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of their pronounced estrogenicity, resorcyclic acid lactones (RALs) are of concern in aqueous environments even at the low ng/L level. Therefore, we developed an accurate, precise and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method to detect these mycotoxins in different aqueous environmental samples. The compounds investigated included zearalenone (ZON), alpha- and beta-zearalenol, zearalanone as well as alpha- and beta-zearalanol. The use of isotope labelled internal standards (in this case deuterated RAL-analogues) ensured an accurate quantification of the target analytes, independent of matrix compounds interfering with the analytes during ionisation and analyte losses occurring during sample preparation. Sample enrichment was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Supelclean Envi-18 cartridges. Absolute method recoveries for all analytes ranged from 95 to 108%, 70 to 102%, and 76 to 109%, method detection limits from 0.5 to 2.1 ng/L, 0.4 to 1.1 ng/L, and 0.8 to 12.4 ng/L and precision from 3 to 14%, 2 to 13% and 4 to 16% in drainage water, river water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, respectively. The method was applied to verify the emission of RALs from a Fusarium graminearum infested crop field into the drainage system. Zearalenone was present in drainage water in concentrations up to 30 ng/L. So far, none of the other five investigated compounds have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Hartmann
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Niessen WMA, Manini P, Andreoli R. Matrix effects in quantitative pesticide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:881-99. [PMID: 16783795 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray or atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has become an important tool in the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in various matrices in relation to environmental analysis, food safety, and biological exposure monitoring. One of the major problems in the quantitative analysis using LC-MS is that compound and matrix-dependent response suppression or enhancement may occur, the so-called matrix effect. This article reviews issues related to matrix effects, focusing on quantitative pesticide analysis, but also paying attention to expertise with respect to matrix effects acquired in other application areas of LC-MS, especially quantitative bioanalysis in the course of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A Niessen
- hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Marín JM, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, López FJ, Hernández F. Quantification and confirmation of anionic, cationic and neutral pesticides and transformation products in water by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:204-14. [PMID: 16970959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two on-line SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS methods have been developed for the rapid determination and confirmation of 18 polar pesticides and nine transformation products (TPs) in water samples. Given the very different physico-chemical characteristics of the analytes, it was not feasible the simultaneous determination of all selected compounds in only one method. Thus, it was necessary to use heptafluorobutyric acid and formic acid in order to obtain good retention in the SPE cartridge for basic and acidic analytes, respectively. The developed analytical methodology based on the direct injection of 2 mL of water sample in the system allowed the quantification of all analytes at the 25 ng/L level (LOQ) with limits of detection normally lower than 5 ng/L. Satisfactory recoveries (70-110%) were obtained for most compounds in ground and surface water samples. Some exceptions were found mainly in surface water, due to the ion suppression produced by the higher amount of matrix interferents in these samples. The acquisition of two MS/MS transitions for each compound allowed the reliable confirmation of positive findings even at the LOQ level. The developed methodology was applied to real ground and surface water samples showing the interest of including TPs in monitoring methods, as several of them were found at concentrations higher than that of parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Marín
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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32
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Stanley SMR, Foo HC. Screening for basic drugs in equine urine using direct-injection differential-gradient LC–LC coupled to hybrid tandem MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:1-14. [PMID: 16617036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and robust direct-injection LC/hybrid tandem MS method has been developed for simultaneous screening of more than 250 basic drugs in the supernatant of enzyme hydrolysed equine urine. Analytes, trapped using a short HLB extraction column, are refocused and separated on a Sunfire C(18) analytical column using a controlled differential gradient generated by proportional dilution of the first column's eluent with water. Independent data acquisition (IDA) was configured to trigger a sensitive enhanced product ion (EPI) scan when a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) survey scan signal exceeded the defined criteria. The decision on whether or not to report a sample as a positive result was based upon both the presence of a MRM response within the correct retention time range and a qualitative match between the EPI spectrum obtained and the corresponding reference standard. Ninety seven percent of the drugs targeted by this method met our detection criteria when spiked into urine at 100 ng/ml; 199 were found at 10 ng/ml, 83 at 1 ng/ml and 4 at 0.1 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M R Stanley
- The Singapore Turf Club Laboratory, Singapore Race Course, 1 Turf Club Ave, 738078 Singapore, Singapore.
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33
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Hernández F, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, Bijlsma L, Barreda M, Pitarch E. Multiresidue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 52 non gas chromatography-amenable pesticides and metabolites in different food commodities. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1109:242-52. [PMID: 16445927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method is developed for the screening, quantification and confirmation of 43 pesticides, belonging to different chemical families of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators, and 9 pesticide metabolites in four fruit and vegetable matrices. Pesticide residues are extracted from the samples with MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v) 0.1% HCOOH, and then a cleanup step using OASIS HLB SPE cartridges is applied. The SPE eluate is concentrated and the final volume adjusted to 1 mL with MeOH:H2O (10:90, v/v) before injection into LC-MS/MS. Analyses are performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer. The method has been validated based on the SANCO European Guidelines for representative samples that were chosen to study the influence of different matrices: high water content (tomato), high acidic content (lemon), high sugar content (raisin) and high lipidic content (avocado). Special attention has been given to minimize the degradation of some pesticides into their metabolites and the losses observed in the evaporation step. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries were, with a few exceptions, in the range 70-110% with satisfactory precision (CV < or = 15%). The quantification of analytes was carried out using the most sensitive transition for every compound and by "matrix-matched" standards calibration. The method can be used for the accurate determination of 52 pesticides and metabolites in one single determination step at the 0.01 mg/kg level. Confirmation of residues detected in samples is performed by an independent injection into the LC-MS/MS system by acquiring additional MS/MS transitions to that used for quantification. The acquisition of the highest number of available transitions is suggested for unequivocal confirmation of the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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34
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Kanaly RA, Kim IS, Hur HG. Biotransformation of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, a main product of the insecticide fenitrothion, by Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6426-31. [PMID: 16076129 DOI: 10.1021/jf050679w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of the environmental pollutant 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP), a newly characterized estrogenic chemical, and the primary breakdown product of the heavily used insecticide fenitrothion was investigated using a common soil fungus. In 96 h, daily culture sacrifice, extraction, and analysis showed that the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger VKM F-1119, removed more than 85% of the MNP present in solution (original concentration = 25 mg/L), mostly through biodegradation. Additionally, in 16-day time-course studies, A. niger was capable of biotransformation of MNP at concentrations as high as 70 mg/L. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (MS) analyses of culture fluid extracts indicated the formation of four metabolites: 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediol, 4-amino-3-methylphenol, and two singly hydroxylated derivatives of MNP. Culture scale up and metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography MS resulted in the confirmation of the original metabolites plus the detection of an azo derivative metabolite that has not been previously reported before during MNP biodegradation by any micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kanaly
- International Environmental Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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35
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Ibáñez M, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, López FJ, Hernández F. Residue determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water and soil samples by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:145-55. [PMID: 16038204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in water and soil samples. The method involves a derivatization step with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC) in borate buffer and detection based on liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In the case of water samples a volume of 10 mL was derivatized and then 4.3 mL of the derivatized mixture was directly injected in an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE)-LC-MS/MS system using an OASIS HLB cartridge column and a Discovery chromatographic column. Soil samples were firstly extracted with potassium hydroxide. After that, the aqueous extract was 10-fold diluted with water and 2 mL were derivatized. Then, 50 microL of the derivatized 10-fold diluted extract were injected into the LC-MS/MS system without pre-concentration into the SPE cartridge. The method has been validated in both ground and surface water by recovery studies with samples spiked at 50 and 500 ng/L, and also in soil samples, spiked at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. In water samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 89 to 106% for glyphosate (RSD <9%), from 97 to 116% for AMPA (RSD < 10%), and from 72 to 88% in the case of glufosinate (RSD < 12%). Regarding soil samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 90 to 92% for glyphosate (RSD <7%), from 88 to 89% for AMPA (RSD <5%) and from 83 to 86% for glufosinate (RSD <6%). Limits of quantification for all the three compounds were 50 ng/L and 0.05 mg/kg in water and soil, respectively, with limits of detection as low as 5 ng/L, in water, and 5 microg/kg, in soil. The use of labelled glyphosate as internal standard allowed improving the recovery and precision for glyphosate and AMPA, while it was not efficient for glufosinate, that was quantified by external standards calibration. The method developed has been applied to the determination of these compounds in real water and soil samples from different areas. All the detections were confirmed by acquiring two transitions for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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36
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. Critical review of the application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to the determination of pesticide residues in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:934-46. [PMID: 15915347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A critical review is made on the use of hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the identification and quantification of pesticides and their metabolites in human biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum and urine). The first applications of LC-MS in this field began in the early 1990s. Since then, increasing interest has been shown in applying this powerful technique, with most applications dealing with the determination of a variety of chemically diverse metabolites in urine. The use of different LC-MS interfaces and mass spectral detection modes are discussed. Special attention is given to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) due to its inherent advantages of increased sensitivity and selectivity, as well as its advantages for identification and confirmation of analytes in samples. Quantification can be severely affected by matrix effects, the most common being inhibition of the ionisation of analytes in the mass spectrometer, which leads to unacceptable errors if no correction is made. Different approaches can be employed to minimise this undesirable matrix effect, the preferred being the use of labelled internal standards (when available) in isotope dilution methods or the application of an efficient clean-up, performed off-line or automated on-line. Adequate criteria for confirming the identities of residues detected are required in order to avoid false positives. The criterion most commonly used with a triple quadrupole instrument is the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions together with the ion abundance ratio. TOF mass analysers are seldom used in pesticide residue analysis despite their improved resolution and mass accuracy characteristics, which makes them very suitable for confirmation purposes. The main reasons for the relative unpopularity of TOF MS in residue analysis are its limited sensitivity and its high acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a critical assessment on current techniques, trends and future developments, and give illustrative examples to point out the main characteristics of LC-MS for pesticide residue analysis in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Kammerer B, Kahlich R, Ufer M, Laufer S, Gleiter CH. Achiral–chiral LC/LC–MS/MS coupling for determination of chiral discrimination effects in phenprocoumon metabolism. Anal Biochem 2005; 339:297-309. [PMID: 15797571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many physiological processes show a high degree of stereoselectivity, including the metabolism of xenobiotics as catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. An analysis of these chiral discrimination effects in drug metabolism is essential for an in-depth understanding of metabolic pathways that differ between enantiomers of a given chiral drug or metabolite thereof. Achiral chromatographic separation and structural identification followed by chiral analysis of metabolites from blood specimens usually requires a time-consuming multistage analytical technique. In an effort to optimize such a complicated analytical scheme, a novel two-dimensional online achiral-chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) coupling method was developed by using a peak parking technique in combination with a makeup flow system. Metabolites were separated in the first dimension using a C18 reversed-phase system. A makeup eluent of water/methanol (95/5) was split into the flow before storing the metabolites separately on chiral cartridges. Subsequently, the metabolite enantiomers were eluted backward onto the analytical chiral column and separated, and the ratio of enantiomers was determined. The method was successfully validated with respect to limit of detection, linearity, intra- and interday accuracy, and precision. In the course of a human volunteer study investigating the influence of CYP (cytochrome) 2C9 genetic polymorphism on phenprocoumon (PPC) metabolism, we used this new two-dimensional online analytical technique for the analysis of PPC metabolites in plasma. The enantiomeric forms of 4'-, 6-, and 7-hydroxy-PPC metabolites as well as two novel metabolites were identified, and the ratio of the enantiomers was calculated. We found that the enantiomeric ratio for the different metabolites in the plasma sample of each measured individual differs markedly from a nearly 100% chiral discrimination for the two new putative metabolites. This new analytical coupling method possesses general utility in the analysis of chiral discrimination effects, particularly as it relates to pharmacokinetics and dynamics, a scientific field that is rapidly becoming an area of concern and interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kammerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Olsson AO, Baker SE, Nguyen JV, Romanoff LC, Udunka SO, Walker RD, Flemmen KL, Barr DB. A liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry multiresidue method for quantification of specific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids, selected herbicides, and deet in human urine. Anal Chem 2005; 76:2453-61. [PMID: 15117183 DOI: 10.1021/ac0355404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to estimate low-dose human exposure to commonly used pesticides often is requested in epidemiologic studies. Therefore, fast and robust methods are necessary that can measure many analytes in the same sample. We have developed a method for high-throughput analysis of 19 markers of commonly used pesticides in human urine. The analytes were seven specific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides, five metabolites of synthetic pyrethroids, six herbicides or their metabolites, and one insect repellant. Human urine (2 mL) was spiked with stable isotopically labeled analogues of the analytes, enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted using solid-phase extraction, concentrated, and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was divided into two portions and analyzed on two different mass spectrometers, one using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and the other using turbo ion spray atmospheric pressure ionization (TIS). All analytes except the pyrethroid metabolites were analyzed using APCI. The detection limits for all analytes ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 ng/mL of urine, with the majority (17) below 0.5 ng/mL. The analytical precision for the different analytes, estimated as both the within-day and between-day variation, was 3-14 and 4-19%, respectively. The extraction recoveries of the analytes ranged from 68 to 114%. The throughput, including calibration standards and quality control samples, is approximately 50 samples a day. However, the analysis time with the TIS application is much shorter, and if only pyrethroid metabolite data are of interest, the throughput can be increased to 100-150 samples/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Olsson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N E, MS F-17, Atlanta, Georgia 30360, USA.
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Stokvis E, Rosing H, Beijnen JH. Stable isotopically labeled internal standards in quantitative bioanalysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: necessity or not? RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:401-7. [PMID: 15645520 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It appears to be a general belief that stable isotopically labeled (SIL) internal standards yield better assay performance results for quantitative bioanalytical liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) assays than does any other internal standard. In this article we describe our experiences with structural analogues and SIL internal standards and their merits and demerits. SIL internal standards are the first choice, but deuterium-labeled compounds may demonstrate unexpected behavior, such as different retention times or recoveries, than the analyte. In addition, a SIL internal standard with identical chemical properties as the analyte may cover up assay problems with stability, recovery, and ion suppression. Since SIL internal standards are not always available or are very expensive, structural analogues can be used, however, with consideration of several issues, which are usually displayed during method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Stokvis
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Freitas LG, Götz CW, Ruff M, Singer HP, Müller SR. Quantification of the new triketone herbicides, sulcotrione and mesotrione, and other important herbicides and metabolites, at the ng/l level in surface waters using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:277-86. [PMID: 14989481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The LC/ESI/MSMS method allows the trace quantification (ng/l) of the new triketone herbicides, i.e. sulcotrione and mesotrione, and important herbicides and metabolites, in natural waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample enrichment is performed with OASIS (recoveries 94-112% for parent herbicides). Neutral and acidic compounds were analyzed separately with ESI in positive and negative mode, respectively. Quantification limits varied between 0.5 and 10 ng/l. The acidic herbicides detection was improved by a neutralizing post-column addition solution. The influence of ion suppression on quantification is discussed in detail. It is shown that we could overcome this problem and achieve reliable quantification using isotope labeled internal standards (ILIS) for every single analyte. The methods performance is illustrated with samples from a lake depth profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomides Freitas
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Uberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Zamora T, Pozo OJ, López FJ, Hernández F. Determination of tridemorph and other fungicide residues in fruit samples by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1045:137-43. [PMID: 15378888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) method for the determination of tridemorph and other pre- and post-harvest fungicides (carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil, propiconazole and bitertanol) in banana and orange samples has been developed and validated. The sample preparation was a simple extraction step with acetone using a high-speed blender prior to the injection of the five-fold diluted extract into the LC system with no other previous sample pre-treatment. Quantification was carried out using a matrix matched calibration curve which was linear in the range of 1-100 ng ml(-1) for all the compounds. The limit of quantification was 0.05 mg kg(-1) for all studied compounds, whereas limits of detection ranged between 0.005 and 0.025 mg kg(-1) (0.01 mg kg(-1) for tridemorph). Recoveries for tridemorph from spiked banana and orange samples at 0.05 and 1 mg kg(-1) were satisfactory, with values between 83 and 99% and relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) lower than 13% (n = 5). For the other fungicides, recoveries between 75 and 95% with R.S.D.s lower than 12% were obtained. The developed method has been applied to the determination of selected fungicides in real samples of bananas and oranges from different origin. Thiabendazole and imazalil have been detected in almost all orange samples analyzed, and in around of 30% of banana samples. Bitertanol residues exceeded the maximum residue level (0.05 mg kg(-1)) in three banana samples while tridemorph was only detected in one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zamora
- Experimental Sciences Department, Analytical Chemistry, University Jaume I, AP 12071, Castellón, Spain
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Benijts T, Dams R, Lambert W, De Leenheer A. Countering matrix effects in environmental liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry water analysis for endocrine disrupting chemicals. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1029:153-9. [PMID: 15032360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, despite the increasing success of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS), reports on matrix susceptibility have shown the limitations of the this powerful analytical technique. Matrix effects (MEs) result from co-eluting residual matrix components affecting the ionization efficiency of target analytes and can lead to erroneous results. The present work evaluates the matrix effect of environmental water samples on 35 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in negative and positive LC-ESI-MS/MS. It was shown that mobile-phase additives could significantly influence matrix effects. Addition of acids resulted in a severe signal suppression (average ME%: <65%), and 1 mM ammonium formate increased the average ME% to 84%. The importance of an efficient sample clean-up and internal standardization also was demonstrated. Cleaner extracts resulted in reduced matrix effects (average ME%: 89%) and labeled internal standards proved to have a beneficial effect especially on signal reproducibility (average CV% 4.2% versus 2.6%). The results from the present work indicate that evaluation of matrix effects should become an integrated part of quantitative LC-ESI-MS/MS method development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Benijts
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Picó Y, Blasco C, Font G. Environmental and food applications of LC-tandem mass spectrometry in pesticide-residue analysis: an overview. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2004; 23:45-85. [PMID: 14625892 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An overview is given on pesticide-residue determination in environmental and food samples by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Pesticides comprise a large number of substances that belong to many completely different chemical groups, the only common characteristic is that they are effective against pests. They still constitute a challenge in MS because there is no collective pathway for fragmentation. A brief introduction to the theory of tandem MS permits a discussion of which parameters influence the ionization efficiency when the ions are subjected to different actions. Emphasis is placed on the different tandem MS instruments: triple and ion-trap quadrupoles, and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), including advantages and drawbacks, typical detection limits, and ion signals at low concentrations. The instrumental setup, as well as LC and mass spectrometric experimental conditions, must be carefully selected to increase the performance of the analytical system. The capacity of each instrument to provide useful data for the identification of pesticides, and the possibility to obtain structural information for the identification of target and non-target compounds, are discussed. Finally, sample preparation techniques and examples of applications are debated to reveal the potential of the current state-of-the-art technology, and to further promote the usefulness of tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Zamora T, Grimalt S, Hernández F. Direct determination of paclobutrazol residues in pear samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:4202-4206. [PMID: 12848485 DOI: 10.1021/jf034107s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) method has been developed for the determination of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol in pear samples. Extraction was performed with methanol by using a high-speed blender Ultra-Turrax, and 10 microL of pear extract was directly injected in the LC-ESI-MS-MS system without any previous sample treatment. The highest sensitivity of the method was achieved under MS-MS conditions obtaining a limit of detection of 0.7 microg/kg and a quantification limit of 5 microg/kg, with a run time of only 5.5 min. Recoveries for paclobutrazol from spiked pear samples at 0.005, 0.05, and 0.5 mg/kg were around 82-102% with relative standard deviations between 2 and 7%. The method was applied to real treated and untreated samples of pears, using quality control samples as a evaluation of the method reliability. Two MS-MS transitions were selected, one for quantification (294 > 70) and the other for confirmation of the analyte (296 > 70). All the experiments were performed in compliance with good laboratory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan V Sancho
- Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Sciences Department, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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Sottani C, Bettinelli M, Lorena Fiorentino M, Minoia C. Analytical method for the quantitative determination of urinary ethylenethiourea by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2253-2259. [PMID: 14558122 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A direct, rapid and selective method for the quantitative determination of the ethylenethiourea (ETU) in human urine has been validated and is reported in the present study. It allows the accurate quantification of ETU in this complex matrix without the use of any internal standard as the sample cleanup is effective enough for the removal of interferences that could lead to ion suppression in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. This simple and rapid purification system, based on the use of a Fluorosil phase of a BondElut column followed by a liquid-liquid extraction procedure, achieves mean extracted recoveries, assessed at three different concentrations (2.5, 10.0, and 25.0 microg/L), always more than 85%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion tandem mass spectrometry, operating in selected multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, is used to quantify ETU in human urine. The assay is linear over the range 0-50 microg/L, with a lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.5 microg/L and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 8.9%. The lower limit of detection (LOD) is assessed at 0.5 microg/L. The overall precision and accuracy were determined on three different days. The values for within- and between-day precision are < or = 8.3 and 10.1%, respectively, and the accuracy is in the range 97-118%. The relative uncertainties for the LOQ and QC concentrations have been estimated to be 18 and 8%, respectively. The assay was applied to quantify ETU in human urine from growers that regularly handle ethylenebisdithiocarbamate pesticides in large crop plantations. The biological samples were collected at the start and end of the working day, and the ETU urine levels were found to vary between 1.9 and 8.2 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sottani
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Industrial Toxicology, S. Maugeri Foundation, via Ferrata 8, Pavia, Italy.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:652-661. [PMID: 12112749 DOI: 10.1002/jms.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. Direct determination of alkyl phosphates in human urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:1766-1773. [PMID: 12207365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid procedure based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the determination of dialkyl phosphates (metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides) in human urine has been developed. After addition of 40 mM tetrabutylammonium acetate, 10 microL of urine sample were directly injected into the LC/MS/MS system. The method was validated yielding calibration curves with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997 and repeatability coefficient of variation (CV) lower than 9%. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by direct injection of spiked samples at 10 and 100 microg/L obtaining recoveries between 78 and 119% with coefficients of variation below 12%. Limits of detection of 1 microg/L for diethyl phosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) and 2 microg/L for dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) were achieved, all the analytes being detected in negative ion mode. The fragmentation pathway of dialkyl phosphates allowed us the use of an additional transition for confirmation in order to improve their identification in real-world samples. The applicability of the LC/MS/MS method was demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of urine samples of farmers exposed to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Good correlation between application of the product in the field (citrus orchards), concentration levels of dialkyl phosphates and levels of the chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite (1,3,5-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Sciences Department, ESTCE, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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