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da Cruz Rodrigues A, Bilha JK, Pereira PRM, de Souza CWO, Passarini MRZ, Uliana MP. Photoinactivation of microorganisms using bacteriochlorins as photosensitizers. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1139-1150. [PMID: 38378880 PMCID: PMC11153405 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some microorganisms have shown resistance to conventional treatments. Considering this increase in resistant pathogens, treatment alternatives are needed to promote greater treatment efficiency. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been an alternative treatment. This technique uses a photosensitizer that is activated by light with a specific wavelength producing reactive species, leading to the death of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, bacteriochlorophyll derivatives such as bacteriochlorin metoxi (Bchl-M) and bacteriochlorin trizma (Bchl-T) obtained from purple bacterium (Rhodopseudomonas faecalis), were evaluated as photosensitizers in the aPDT. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated with both bacteriochlorins (Bchl-M and Bchl-T) at different concentrations (1, 15 and 30 µM for S. aureus; 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 µM for M. luteus; 30, 60, 90, 105, 120 and 150 µM for C. albicans; and 200 µM for P. aeruginosa) and different doses of light (20 and 30 J/cm2 for S. aureus and M. luteus; 30 and 45 J/cm2 for C. albicans; and 45 J/cm2 for P. aeruginosa) to inactivate them. Both photosensitizers showed good activation against S. aureus and for M. luteus, we observed the inactivation of these microorganisms at approximately 3 log, showing to be a good photosensitizers for these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia da Cruz Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kafka Bilha
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil.
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2
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Sarabando SN, Dias CJ, Vieira C, Bartolomeu M, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Monteiro CJP, Faustino MAF. Sulfonamide Porphyrins as Potent Photosensitizers against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): The Role of Co-Adjuvants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052067. [PMID: 36903314 PMCID: PMC10004250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides are a conventional class of antibiotics that are well-suited to combat infections. However, their overuse leads to antimicrobial resistance. Porphyrins and analogs have demonstrated excellent photosensitizing properties and have been used as antimicrobial agents to photoinactivate microorganisms, including multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. It is well recognized that the combination of different therapeutic agents might improve the biological outcome. In this present work, a novel meso-arylporphyrin and its Zn(II) complex functionalized with sulfonamide groups were synthesized and characterized and the antibacterial activity towards MRSA with and without the presence of the adjuvant KI was evaluated. For comparison, the studies were also extended to the corresponding sulfonated porphyrin TPP(SO3H)4. Photodynamic studies revealed that all porphyrin derivatives were effective in photoinactivating MRSA (>99.9% of reduction) at a concentration of 5.0 μM upon white light radiation with an irradiance of 25 mW cm-2 and a total light dose of 15 J cm-2. The combination of the porphyrin photosensitizers with the co-adjuvant KI during the photodynamic treatment proved to be very promising allowing a significant reduction in the treatment time and photosensitizer concentration by six times and at least five times, respectively. The combined effect observed for TPP(SO2NHEt)4 and ZnTPP(SO2NHEt)4 with KI seems to be due to the formation of reactive iodine radicals. In the photodynamic studies with TPP(SO3H)4 plus KI, the cooperative action was mainly due to the formation of free iodine (I2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N. Sarabando
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina J. Dias
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos J. P. Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
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3
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Sheng L, Li X, Wang L. Photodynamic inactivation in food systems: A review of its application, mechanisms, and future perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Guo X, Wang L, Zeng J, Qiu H, Tan Y, Chen D, Zhao H, Gu Y. Enhanced antimicrobial activity through the combination of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114168. [PMID: 35189265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms has become one of the most severe threats to human health. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), a light-based regimen, has offered a compelling nonpharmacological alternative to conventional antibiotics. The activity of aPDT is based on cytotoxic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated through the photosensitized reaction between photon, oxygen and photosensitizer. However, limited by the penetration of light and photosensitizers in human tissues and/or the infiltration of oxygen and photosensitizers in biofilms, the eradication of deeply located or biofilm-associated infections by aPDT remains challenging. Ultrasound irradiation bears a deeper penetration in human tissues than light and, sequentially, can promote drug delivery through cavitation effect. As such, the combination of ultrasound and aPDT represents a potent antimicrobial strategy. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses in the area of the combination therapy using ultrasound and aPDT, and discussed the potential mechanisms underlying enhanced antimicrobial effect by this combination therapy. The future research directions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xianghuan Guo
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Defu Chen
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Precision Laser Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
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5
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do Prado-Silva L, Brancini GT, Braga GÚ, Liao X, Ding T, Sant’Ana AS. Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) as an innovative technology to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in agri-food products: An updated review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Tuchin VV, Genina EA, Tuchina ES, Svetlakova AV, Svenskaya YI. Optical clearing of tissues: Issues of antimicrobial phototherapy and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114037. [PMID: 34752842 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review presents principles and novelties in the field of tissue optical clearing (TOC) technology, as well as application for optical monitoring of drug delivery and effective antimicrobial phototherapy. TOC is based on altering the optical properties of tissue through the introduction of immersion optical cleaning agents (OCA), which impregnate the tissue of interest. We also analyze various methods and kinetics of delivery of photodynamic agents, nanoantibiotics and their mixtures with OCAs into the tissue depth in the context of antimicrobial and antifungal phototherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies of antimicrobial phototherapies, such as photodynamic, photothermal plasmonic and photocatalytic, are summarized, and the prospects of a new TOC technology for effective killing of pathogens are discussed.
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Rezende LG, Tasso TT, Candido PHS, Baptista MS. Assessing Photosensitized Membrane Damage: Available Tools and Comprehensive Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:572-590. [PMID: 34931324 DOI: 10.1111/php.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are important targets of the photosensitized oxidation reactions, forming important signaling molecules, disorganizing and permeabilizing membranes, and consequently inducing a variety of biological responses. Although the initial steps of the photosensitized oxidative damage in lipids are known to occur by both Type I and Type II mechanisms, the progression of the peroxidation reaction, which leads to important end-point biological responses, is poorly known. There are many experimental tools used to study the products of lipid oxidation, but neither the methods nor their resulting observations were critically compared. In this article, we will review the tools most frequently used and the key concepts raised by them in order to rationalize a comprehensive model for the initiation and the progression steps of the photoinduced lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rezende
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Tasso
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Candido
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Ivanova N, Leite ALJ, Vieira MB, Silva OHCE, Mota LWR, Costa GDP, de Azevedo CS, Auharek SA, Novaes RD, Pinto KMDC, Bianchi RF, Talvani A. New Insights Into Blue Light Phototherapy in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:673070. [PMID: 34722326 PMCID: PMC8549511 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.673070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an effective etiologic treatment to eliminate Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, has continued for decades and yielded controversial results. In the 1970s, nifurtimox and benznidazole were introduced for clinical assessment, but factors such as parasite resistance, high cellular toxicity, and efficacy in acute and chronic phases of the infection have been debated even today. This study proposes an innovative strategy to support the controlling of the T. cruzi using blue light phototherapy or blue light-emitting diode (LED) intervention. In in vitro assays, axenic cultures of Y and CL strains of T. cruzi were exposed to 460 nm and 40 µW/cm2 of blue light for 5 days (6 h/day), and parasite replication was evaluated daily. For in vivo experiments, C57BL6 mice were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi and exposed to 460 nm and 7 µW/cm2 of blue light for 9 days (12 h/day). Parasite count in the blood and cardiac tissue was determined, and plasma interleukin (IL-6), tumoral necrosis factor (TNF), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and IL-10 levels and the morphometry of the cardiac tissue were evaluated. Blue light induced a 50% reduction in T. cruzi (epimastigote forms) replication in vitro after 5 days of exposure. This blue light-mediated parasite control was also observed by the T. cruzi reduction in the blood (trypomastigote forms) and in the cardiac tissue (parasite DNA and amastigote nests) of infected mice. Phototherapy reduced plasma IL-6, TNF and IL-10, but not CCL2, levels in infected animals. This non-chemical therapy reduced the volume density of the heart stroma in the cardiac connective tissue but did not ameliorate the mouse myocarditis, maintaining a predominance of pericellular and perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltration with an increase in polymorphonuclear cells. Together, these data highlight, for the first time, the use of blue light therapy to control circulating and tissue forms of T. cruzi. Further investigation would demonstrate the application of this promising and potential complementary strategy for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ivanova
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Junqueira Leite
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcel Barbosa Vieira
- Laboratório de Polímerose Propriedades Eletrônicas de Materiais, Departamento de Física, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Otto Henrique Cezar E Silva
- Laboratório de Polímerose Propriedades Eletrônicas de Materiais, Departamento de Física, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Walter Reis Mota
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Sarah Alves Auharek
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teofilo Otoni, Brazil
| | - Romulo Dias Novaes
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Kelerson Mauro de Castro Pinto
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fernando Bianchi
- Laboratório de Polímerose Propriedades Eletrônicas de Materiais, Departamento de Física, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia da Inflamação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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9
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Pan Y, Cheng JH, Sun DW. Metabolomic analyses on microbial primary and secondary oxidative stress responses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5675-5697. [PMID: 34601780 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is veryimportant in our daily life. In food processing or disinfection, microorganisms are commonly exposed to oxidative stress perturbations. However, microorganisms can adapt and respond to physicochemical interventions, leading to difficulty and complexity for food safety assurance. Therefore, understanding the response mechanisms of microbes and providing an overview of the responses under oxidative stress conditions are beneficial for ensuring food safety for the industry. The current review takes the metabolomics approach to reveal small metabolite signatures and key pathway alterations during oxidative stress at the molecular and technical levels. These alterations are involved in primary oxidative stress responses due to inactivation treatments such as using hypochlorite (HOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), electrolyzed water (EW), irradiation, pulsed light (PL), electron beam (EB), and secondary oxidative stress responses due to exposures to excessive conditions such as heat, pressure, acid, and alkaline. Details on the putative origin of exogenous or endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are discussed, with particular attention paid to their effects on lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, mechanisms on counteracting oxidative stresses, stabilization of cell osmolality as well as energy provision for microbes to survive are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Cebolla VL, Jarne C, Vela J, Garriga R, Membrado L, Galbán J. Scanning densitometry and mass spectrometry for HPTLC analysis of lipids: The last 10 years. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1866600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Jarne
- Instituto de Carboquímica, ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Vela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Garriga
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Membrado
- Instituto de Carboquímica, ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Galbán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Zhou S, Feng G, Wang S, Qi G, Wu M, Liu B. Fast and High-Throughput Evaluation of Photodynamic Effect by Monitoring Specific Protein Oxidation with MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12176-12184. [PMID: 32786497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In antibacterial practices by photodynamic treatment, bacteria are incubated with photosensitizers and then oxidized to death by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation. Generally, Luria-Bertani (LB) agar colony is a conventional method to evaluate the photodynamic effect. However, this method is time consuming, easily disturbed by pollutants, and limited to the analysis of a pure bacteria sample. Herein, we introduce a novel method of photodynamic effect evaluation through in situ detection of specific protein oxidation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with only 1 μL of sample in a fast (less than 1 min per sample) and high-throughput (up to 384 samples per run) way. The oxidation rates of specific proteins stayed highly consistent with bactericidal rates and thus MALDI-TOF MS might be able to replace the LB agar colony to evaluate the photodynamic effect. With the present method, several experimental conditions including different photosensitizer types, dosage controls, and different illumination times were easily screened to optimize photodynamic effect. Photodynamic effects of various bacteria species, cancer cells, and even mixture samples were also evaluated. The results demonstrate the promising application of MALDI-TOF MS in evaluating the photodynamic effect of each component in a mixture sample without any separation or purification, which could not be achieved by the traditional LB agar colony method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Guobin Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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12
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Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of COVID-19. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E320. [PMID: 32545171 PMCID: PMC7344747 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), using well known, safe and cost-effective photosensitizers, such as phenothiazines, e.g., methylene blue (MB), or porphyrins, e.g., protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), might help to mitigate the COVID-19 either to prevent infections or to develop photoactive fabrics (e.g., masks, suits, gloves) to disinfect surfaces, air and wastewater, under artificial light and/or natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
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13
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Alves E, Simoes A, Domingues MR. Fruit seeds and their oils as promising sources of value-added lipids from agro-industrial byproducts: oil content, lipid composition, lipid analysis, biological activity and potential biotechnological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1305-1339. [PMID: 32393054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1757617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of tons of fruit seeds are discarded every year worldwide as agro-industrial byproducts. Fruit seeds have a high oil content, are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) and in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated essential FA. Sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenols are other seed phytochemicals that make them interesting from a commercial viewpoint. Fruit seeds have high potential as raw material for several industries, but their lipid profile remains poorly studied. Current analytical approaches for the analysis of lipids that are based on high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry allow the separation and analysis of compounds with the accurate identification and structural characterization of molecular species in very small quantities. Even though lipidomic analysis of fruit seeds' lipids is still in its infancy, it will bring a new look over these value-added byproducts. This review covers the following topics: (a) the lipid content of various fruit seed oils; (b) their lipid composition (FA, triacylglycerol, sterol, phospholipid and glycolipid profiles), (c) current and future analytical methodologies for the analysis of lipids in fruit seeds; (d) biological activities of fruit seeds' extracts; and (e) potential biotechnological applications of fruit seed oils for their commercial valorization based on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abigail Simoes
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Ecomare, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Nakonieczna J. Farnesol potentiates photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus with the use of red light-activated porphyrin TMPyP. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111863. [PMID: 32224392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) or antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method based on the use of a photosensitizer, light of a proper wavelength and oxygen, which combined together leads to an oxidative stress and killing of target cells. PDI can be applied towards various pathogenic bacteria independently on their antibiotic resistance profile. Optimization of photodynamic treatment to eradicate the widest range of human pathogens remains challenging despite the availability of numerous photosensitizing compounds. Therefore, a search for molecules that could act as adjuvants potentiating antibacterial photoinactivation is of high scientific and clinical importance. Here we propose farnesol (FRN), a well described sesquiterpene, as a potent adjuvant of PDI, which specifically sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetratosylate (TMPyP) upon red light irradiation. Interestingly, the observed potentiation strongly depends on the presence of light. Analysis of this combined action of FRN and TMPyP, however, showed no influence of farnesol on TMPyP photochemical properties, i.e. the amount of reactive oxygen species that were produced by TMPyP in the presence of FRN. The accumulation rate of TMPyP in Staphylococcus aureus cells did not change, as well as the influence of staphyloxanthin inhibition. The precise mechanism of observed sensitization is unclear and probably involves specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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15
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Lopes C, Barbosa J, Maciel E, da Costa E, Alves E, Ricardo F, Domingues P, Mendo S, Domingues MRM. Decoding the Fatty Acid Profile of Bacillus licheniformis I89 and Its Adaptation to Different Growth Conditions to Investigate Possible Biotechnological Applications. Lipids 2019; 54:245-253. [PMID: 30957876 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis I89 is a Gram-positive bacterium, a producer of the lantibiotic lichenicidin. No information is available on its fatty acid (FA) composition. Bacillus species are rich in branched FA (BrFA), claimed to be beneficial to human health and to treat diseases. Herein, the FA profile of B. licheniformis I89 was evaluated under different growth conditions: at two growth temperatures (37 and 50 °C) and at different growth phases (lag, exponential, and stationary), using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The FA profile revealed predominant BrFA of the iso-series and anteiso-series (i-15:0, ai-15:0, i-16:0, i-17:0, and ai-17:0) and low amounts of saturated FA (14:0, 16:0, and 18:0). Comparing the FA profiles at different temperatures, in the lag phase, at 50 °C, there was a decrease of ai-17:0 and a decrease of i-15:0 in the exponential phase, in comparison with 37 °C. In all growth phases, there was a decrease of ai-15:0 and an increase of i-17:0. From the lag to the stationary phase, at 50 °C, there was a decrease of ai-17:0 and i-16:0, whereas i-15:0 increased, while at 37 °C, there was an increase of i-15:0 and i-16:0, and a decrease in ai-15:0 and ai-17:0. B. licheniformis I89 can adapt its FA profile, at moderate temperatures, by changing the iso-FA and anteiso-FA composition and the iso/anteiso ratio. This nonpathogenic bacterium species can be used as a source of BrFA with putative beneficial health effects for gut protection and with reported antitumor properties, foreseeing its use for producing compounds with biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestina Lopes
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete da Costa
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Alves
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ricardo
- Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Lipidomic signature of Bacillus licheniformis I89 during the different growth phases unravelled by high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Wu J, Chu Z, Ruan Z, Wang X, Dai T, Hu X. Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1658. [PMID: 30546315 PMCID: PMC6279940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has attracted increasing interest for its antimicrobial properties. However, the underlying bactericidal mechanism has not yet been verified. One hypothesis is that aBL causes the excitation of intracellular chromophores; leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidization of various biomolecules. Thus, monitoring the levels of redox-sensitive intracellular biomolecules such as coproporphyrins, as well as singlet oxygen and various ROS may help to uncover the physiological changes induced by aBL and aid in establishing the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, the identification of novel targets of ROS, such as fatty acids, is of potential significance from a therapeutic perspective. In this study, we sought to investigate the molecular impact of aBL treatment on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results showed that aBL (5–80 J/cm2) exhibited a bactericidal effect on MRSA, and almost no bacteria survived when 80 J/cm2 had been delivered. Further studies revealed that the concentrations of certain intracellular molecules varied in response to aBL irradiation. Coproporphyrin levels were found to decrease gradually, while ROS levels increased rapidly. Moreover, imaging revealed the emergence and increase of singlet oxygen molecules. Concomitantly, the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in abundance and intracellular K+ leakage was observed, indicating permeability of the cell membrane. Atomic force microscopy showed that the cell surface exhibited a coarse appearance. Finally, fatty acid profiles at different illumination levels were monitored by GC-MS. The relative amounts of three unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C20:1, and C20:4) were decreased in response to aBL irradiation, which likely played a key role in the aforementioned membrane injuries. Collectively, these data suggest that the cell membrane is a major target of ROS during aBL irradiation, causing alterations to membrane lipid profiles, and in particular to the unsaturated fatty acid component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhaojuan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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18
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Silva AF, Borges A, Giaouris E, Graton Mikcha JM, Simões M. Photodynamic inactivation as an emergent strategy against foodborne pathogenic bacteria in planktonic and sessile states. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:667-684. [PMID: 30318945 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1491528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases are still considered a growing public health problem worldwide despite the global continuous efforts to ensure food safety. The traditional chemical and thermal-based procedures applied for microbial growth control in the food industry can change the food matrix and lead to antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, currently applied disinfectants have limited efficiency against biofilms. Therefore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a novel alternative for controlling foodborne pathogenic bacteria in both planktonic and sessile states. The use of aPDT in the food sector is attractive as it is less likely to cause antimicrobial resistance and it does not promote undesirable nutritional and sensory changes in the food matrix. In this review, aspects on the antimicrobial photodynamic technology applied against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and studied in recent years are presented. The application of photodynamic inactivation as an antibiofilm strategy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fiori Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil.,b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece
| | | | - Manuel Simões
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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19
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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20
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Enzyme-mediated photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis using Rose Bengal-acetate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 179:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Kaźmierkiewicz R, Bielawski KP, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Photoantimicrobial Chemotherapy: RsbU Activity, Staphyloxanthin Level, and Membrane Fluidity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1141. [PMID: 27486456 PMCID: PMC4949386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoantimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) constitutes a particular type of stress condition, in which bacterial cells induce a pleiotropic and as yet unexplored effect. In light of this, the key master regulators are of putative significance to the overall phototoxic outcome. In Staphylococcus aureus, the alternative sigma factor σB controls the expression of genes involved in the response to environmental stress. We show that aberration of any sigB operon genes in S. aureus USA300 isogenic mutants causes a pronounced sensitization (>5 log10 reduction in CFU drop) to PACT with selected photosensitizers, namely protoporphyrin diarginate, zinc phthalocyanine and rose bengal. This effect is partly due to aberration-coupled staphyloxanthin synthesis inhibition. We identified frequent mutations in RsbU, a σB activator, in PACT-vulnerable clinical isolates of S. aureus, resulting in σB activity impairment. Locations of significant changes in protein structure (IS256 insertion, early STOP codon occurrence, substitutions A230T and A276D) were shown in a theoretical model of S. aureus RsbU. As a phenotypic hallmark of PACT-vulnerable S. aureus strains, we observed an increased fluidity of bacterial cell membrane, which is a result of staphyloxanthin content and other yet unidentified factors. Our research indicates σB as a promising target of adjunctive antimicrobial therapy and suggests that enhanced cell membrane fluidity may be an adjuvant strategy in PACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rajmund Kaźmierkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Simulation, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
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22
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Overall biochemical changes in bacteria photosensitized with cationic porphyrins monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:613-28. [PMID: 27073984 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms is a promising nonantibiotic multitarget approach to treat localized and superficial infections through oxidative stress. Herein, the changes occurring on major cellular components of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus warneri, induced by photosensitization with cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF and Tetra-Py(+)-Me) and white light, were monitored by infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS In E. coli, most of the changes occurred on proteins and lipids, suggesting a key effect on lipopolysaccharides in the first irradiation times. In S. warneri, proteins were the major molecular targets of oxidative damage but phospholipids and polysaccharides were also affected. CONCLUSION Infrared spectroscopy is a very interesting tool to monitor biochemical changes induced by photosensitization in bacteria and also to infer on its mechanism of action.
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23
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Alves E, Esteves AC, Correia A, Cunha Â, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Protein profiles of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus warneri are altered by photosensitization with cationic porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1169-78. [PMID: 25959378 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by photodynamic treatment of microbial cells causes irreversible damages to vital cellular components such as proteins. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of bacteria, a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of superficial and localized skin and oral infections, can be achieved by exciting a photosensitizing agent with visible light in an oxygenated environment. Although some studies have addressed the oxidative alterations of PDI in bacterial proteins, the present study is the first to compare the electrophoretic profiles of proteins of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, having two structurally different porphyrins, with different kinetics of photoinactivation. The cationic porphyrins 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin tri-iodide (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py(+)-Me) were used to photosensitize Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus warneri upon white light irradiation at an irradiance of 4.0 mW cm(-2). After different photosensitization periods, proteins were extracted from bacteria and analyzed using one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Apparent molecular weights and band intensities were determined after an irradiation period corresponding to a reduction of 4 log10 in cell viability. After photodynamic treatment, there was a general loss of bacterial proteins, assigned to large-scale protein degradation. Protein loss was more pronounced after PDI with Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF in both bacteria. There was also an increase in the concentration of some proteins as well as an increase in the molecular weight of other proteins. We show that proteins of E. coli and S. warneri are important targets of PDI. Although there is an attempt of cellular response to the PDI-induced damage by overexpression of a limited number of proteins, the damage is lethal. Our results show that changes occurring in the protein pattern during photodynamic treatment are different with the two photosensitizers, which helps to explain the different inactivation kinetics of the two bacteria. SDS-PAGE is a rational approach to assign the type of cellular response to stress that is being induced in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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24
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Hewelt-Belka W, Nakonieczna J, Belka M, Bączek T, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A. Untargeted Lipidomics Reveals Differences in the Lipid Pattern among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Resistant and Sensitive to Antibiotics. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:914-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Department
of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Kładki
24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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25
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Unravelling polar lipids dynamics during embryonic development of two sympatric brachyuran crabs (Carcinus maenas and Necora puber) using lipidomics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14549. [PMID: 26419891 PMCID: PMC4588508 DOI: 10.1038/srep14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis is an important stage of marine invertebrates with bi-phasic life cycles, as it conditions their larval and adult life. Throughout embryogenesis, phospholipids (PL) play a key role as an energy source, as well as constituents of biological membranes. However, the dynamics of PL during embryogenesis in marine invertebrates is still poorly studied. The present work used a lipidomic approach to determine how polar lipid profiles shift during embryogenesis in two sympatric estuarine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Necora puber. The combination of thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed us to achieve an unprecedented resolution on PL classes and molecular species present on newly extruded embryos (stage 1) and those near hatching (stage 3). Embryogenesis proved to be a dynamic process, with four PL classes being recorded in stage 1 embryos (68 molecular species in total) and seven PL classes at stage 3 embryos (98 molecular species in total). The low interspecific difference recorded in the lipidomic profiles of stage 1 embryos appears to indicate the existence of similar maternal investment. The same pattern was recorded for stage 3 embryos revealing a similar catabolism of embryonic resources during incubation for both crab species.
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26
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Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: finding the effective targets. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1221-4. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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27
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Hewelt-Belka W, Nakonieczna J, Belka M, Bączek T, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A. Comprehensive methodology for Staphylococcus aureus lipidomics by liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The emergence of microbial resistance is becoming a global problem in clinical and environmental areas. As such, the development of drugs with novel modes of action will be vital to meet the threats created by the rise in microbial resistance. Microbial photodynamic inactivation is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment. This review addresses the interactions between photosensitizers and bacterial cells (binding site and cellular localization), the ultrastructural, morphological and functional changes observed at initial stages and during the course of photodynamic inactivation, the oxidative alterations in specific molecular targets, and a possible development of resistance.
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29
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Alves E, Santos N, Melo T, Maciel E, Dória ML, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Helguero LA, Domingues P, Almeida A, Domingues MRM. Photodynamic oxidation of Escherichia coli membrane phospholipids: new insights based on lipidomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2717-28. [PMID: 24591033 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The irreversible oxidation of biological molecules, such as lipids, can be achieved with a photosensitizing agent and subsequent exposure to light, in the presence of molecular oxygen. Although lipid peroxidation is an important toxicity mechanism in bacteria, the alterations caused by the photodynamic therapy on bacterial phospholipids are still unknown. In this work, we studied the photodynamic oxidation of Escherichia coli membrane phospholipids using a lipidomic approach. METHODS E. coli ATCC 25922 were irradiated for 90 min with white light (4 mW cm(-2), 21.6 J cm(-2)) in the presence of a tricationic porphyrin [(5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin triiodide, Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF]. Lipids were extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography. Phospholipid classes were quantified by phosphorus assay and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Quantification of lipid hydroperoxides was performed by FOX2 assay. Analysis of the photodynamic oxidation of a phospholipid standard was also performed. RESULTS Our approach allowed us to see that the photodynamic treatment induced the formation of a high amount of lipid hydroperoxides in the E. coli lipid extract. Quantification of fatty acids revealed a decrease in the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 species suggesting that oxidative modifications were responsible for their variation. It was also observed that photosensitization induced the oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamines with C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acyl chains, with formation of hydroxy and hydroperoxy derivatives. CONCLUSIONS Membrane phospholipids of E. coli are molecular targets of the photodynamic effect induced by Tri-Py(+) -Me-PF. The overall change in the relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids and the formation of PE hydroxides and hydroperoxides evidence the damages in bacterial phospholipids caused by this lethal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Melo T, Santos N, Lopes D, Alves E, Maciel E, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Domingues P, Segundo MA, Domingues MRM. Photosensitized oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamines monitored by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1357-1365. [PMID: 24338891 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy combines visible light and a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species able to modify biological structures such as phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), being major phospholipid constituents of mammalian cells and membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are potential targets of photosensitization. In this work, the oxidative modifications induced by white light in combination with cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF and Tetra-Py(+)-Me) were evaluated on PE standards. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) were used to identify and characterize the oxidative modifications induced in PEs (POPE: PE 16:0/18:1, PLPE: PE 16:0/18:2, PAPE: PE 16:0/20:4). Photo-oxidation products of POPE, PLPE and PAPE as hydroxy, hydroperoxy and keteno derivatives and products due to oxidation in ethanolamine polar head were identified. Hydroperoxy-PEs were found to be the major photo-oxidation products. Quantification of hydroperoxides (PE-OOH) allowed differentiating the potential effect in photodamage of the two porphyrins. The highest amounts of PE-OOH were notorious in the presence of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF, a highly efficient PS against bacteria. The identification of these modifications in PEs is an important key point in the understanding cell damage processes underlying photodynamic therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, UI QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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