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Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coppieters G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P, Judák P. Combining direct urinary injection with automated filtration and nanoflow LC-MS for the confirmatory analysis of doping-relevant small peptide hormones. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122842. [PMID: 34216910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) has proven itself as a powerful tool and its scope entails various applications in (bio)analytical fields. Operation at low (nL/min) flow rates in combination with reduced inner dimensions (ID < 100 µm), leads to significantly enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Challenges that remain for the routine implementation of such miniaturized setups are related to clogging of the system and robustness in general, and thus the application of tedious sample preparation steps. To improve ruggedness, a filter placed upstream in the LC prevents particles from entering and clogging the system. This so-called online automatic filtration and filter back-flush (AFFL) system was combined with nanoLC and the direct injection principle for the sensitive confirmatory analysis of fifty different doping-relevant peptides in urine. The presented assay was fully validated for routine purposes according to selectivity and matrix interference, limit of identification (LOI), carryover, matrix effect, sample extract stability, analysis of educational external quality assessment (EQAS) samples, robustness of the online AFFL-setup and retention time stability. It was also fully compliant with the most recent minimum required performance levels (MRPL) and chromatographic/mass spectrometric identification criteria (IDCR), as imposed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In the absence of labor-intensive sample preparation, the application of AFFL allowed for the injection of diluted urine samples without any noticeable pressure buildup in the nanoLC system. Contrary to earlier observations by our group and others, the addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the mobile phase did not enhance sensitivity in the presented nanoflow setup, yet was beneficial to reduce carry over. Although the robustness of the presented setup was evaluated only for the analysis of diluted urine samples, it is entirely conceivable that routine applications employing other matrices and currently running on analytical scale LC instruments could be transferred to micro/nanoLC scale systems to reach lower detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Coppieters
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Péter Judák
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Majid Arvand, Akram Pourhabib. Adsorptive Stripping Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples Using a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Modified Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Optimized UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of olanzapine in human plasma: application to a bioequivalence study. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1291-1302. [PMID: 31379195 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Olanzapine (OLZ) is the first-line, cost-effectiveness treatment for schizophrenia in China. A quantitative ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for determination of OLZ in human plasma was developed. Results: LC separation was achieved on Waters XBrige C18 column. ESI+ was involved and multiple reaction monitoring transitions were at m/z 313.2→256.1 for OLZ and m/z 316.2→256.1 IS (d3-OLZ). The linear range was 0.1-20 ng/ml with LLOQ of 0.1 ng/ml. Accuracy and precision were within 10%. The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of OLZ disintegrating tablets at dose of 5 mg with 100% reproducibility evaluated by incurred sample reanalysis. Conclusion: A robust validated method was developed for quantitation of OLZ in human plasma.
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The use of a temperature-responsive column for the direct analysis of drugs in serum by two-dimensional heart-cutting liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1059-1065. [PMID: 27796461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel pretreatment method, which was performed using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) system, was proposed for the direct analysis of drugs in human serum. A temperature-responsive column was used as a pretreatment column. The stationary phase of the temperature-responsive column exhibits temperature-regulated hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics. Controlling the ionic strength of the eluent enables human serum albumin (HSA) to pass through the column without retention. When serum samples containing barbiturates or benzodiazepines were injected into the temperature-responsive column using 10 mM of ammonium acetate (pH 6.5) as the mobile phase and in the temperature range of 10-40 °C, HSA was eluted from the column near the dead time, followed by the individual drugs. When the column temperature was changed, the retention times of the drugs were altered owing to surface property changes within the pretreatment column. These closely eluted compounds were subsequently introduced into the analytical column using a column-switching valve, with a minimal gap time to avoid foreign substance contamination. This new 2D-HPLC method afforded high-quality chromatograms of multiple drugs without unwanted peaks from foreign substances. The present technique could be an attractive choice in selecting the analytical method for drug analysis.
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Cavalcanti Bedor NCT, Galindo Bedor DC, Miranda de Sousa CE, Nunes Bonifácio F, da Mota Castelo Branco D, Bastos Leal L, Pereira de Santana D. The development and validation of a method for quantifying olanzapine in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:305-13. [PMID: 25491375 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. A rapid method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of olanzapine (OLZ) in human plasma was developed and validated. Venlafaxine was used as the internal standard (IS), and the samples were extracted from 400-μL human plasma with methyl tert-butyl ether for liquid-liquid extraction. 2. Chromatography was performed using an ACE C18, 125 × 4.6-mm i.d., 5-μm column. The mobile phase consisted of water with 0.1% formic acid for solvent A and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid for solvent B (50 : 50 v/v) in isocratic mode. The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min. The retention times for OLZ and the IS were 0.78 and 1.04 min, respectively. Tandem mass spectrometry operating in positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring was used to detect OLZ and the IS (m/z: 313.1 > 256.1 and 278.1 > 260.2, respectively). 3. No significant matrix effects were observed on OLZ and the IS retention times, and the mean recovery of OLZ was 90.08%. The assay was linear in the concentration range of 1-20 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.9976). The intra- and inter-day precision were < 11.60% and the accuracy was < 1.66%. 4. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in which 10-mg OLZ tablets were administered to healthy volunteers and their plasma OLZ levels were monitored over time. The tests showed that the OLZ test and reference drug (Zyprexa(®)) were bioequivalent, as 90% of the confidence intervals were within the 80-125% interval proposed by regulatory agencies.
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Liu HC, Lee HT, Hsu YC, Huang MH, Liu RH, Chen TJ, Lin DL. Direct Injection LC–MS-MS Analysis of Opiates, Methamphetamine, Buprenorphine, Methadone and Their Metabolites in Oral Fluid from Substitution Therapy Patients. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:472-80. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Javidi J, Esmaeilpour M, Khansari MR. Synthesis, characterization and application of core–shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for selective recognition of clozapine from human serum. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIPs) based on Fe3O4@SiO2 has been synthesized for simply extraction of clozapine (CLZ) from human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Javidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rajabnia Khansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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Patteet L, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Morrens M, De Doncker M, Neels H. High throughput identification and quantification of 16 antipsychotics and 8 major metabolites in serum using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 429:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Ansermot N, Brawand-Amey M, Kottelat A, Eap CB. Fast quantification of ten psychotropic drugs and metabolites in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:160-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide information for interpreting outcome results from monitoring of antipsychotics in biological samples. A brief overview of the working mechanisms, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and analytical methods of classical and atypical antipsychotics is given. Nineteen antipsychotics were selected based on their importance in the worldwide market as follows: amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, bromperidol, clozapine, flupenthixol, haloperidol, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, and zuclopenthixol. A straightforward relationship between administered dose, plasma or serum concentration, clinical outcome, or adverse effects is often lacking. Nowadays, focus lies on therapeutic drug monitoring and individualized therapy to find adequate treatment, to explain treatment failure or nonresponse, and to check patient compliance. However, extensive research in this field is still mandatory.
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Uřinovská R, Brozmanová H, Sištík P, Silhán P, Kacířová I, Lemr K, Grundmann M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of five antidepressants and four atypical antipsychotics and their main metabolites in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 907:101-7. [PMID: 23026228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination parent drugs: sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and their active and nonactive metabolites N-desmethylsertraline, norfluoxetine, desmethylcitalopram, didemethylcitalopram, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylclozapine, N-desmethylolanzapine, 2-hydroxyolanzapine and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human serum. Precipitation of serum proteins was performed with a precipitation reagent consisting of 0.05% solution of ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O in acetonitrile/methanol (40:60, v/v). Alprenolol was used as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a BEH C18 column using gradient elution mobile phase A (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 5% acetonitrile, v/v/v) and B (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 95% acetonitrile, v/v/v). Electrospray in positive mode was used for ionization. Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring. Analysis time was 5 min. Drugs were separated into three groups with low, medium and high levels. Correlation coefficients of calibration curves were in the range 0.995-1.000. Coefficients of variation were 4.2-9.5% for intra-assay and 3.0-11.9% for inter-assay. Recoveries were 87.1-110% for intra-assay and 88.1-108.2% for inter-assay. The method was fully validated and can be successfully applied for routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Uřinovská
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava and University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Saar E, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in human matrices using LC-MS(/MS). Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:376-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Saar
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Monash University; Southbank; Victoria; Australia
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16
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Sensitive Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Olanzapine in Human Urine. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-012-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Overturf MD, Overturf CL, Baxter D, Hala DN, Constantine L, Venables B, Huggett DB. Early life-stage toxicity of eight pharmaceuticals to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:455-64. [PMID: 22048524 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human pharmaceuticals are routinely being detected in the environment, and there is growing concern about whether these drugs could elicit effects on aquatic organisms. Regulatory paradigms have shifted accordingly, with a greater emphasis on chronic toxicity data compared with acute data. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210 Early Life Stage Test has been proposed as a good measure of the potential for pharmaceuticals to elicit chronic toxicity. To begin building a data set regarding the early life-stage toxicity of pharmaceuticals to fish, fathead minnows (FHM) were exposed to amiodarone, carbamazepine, clozapine, dexamethasone, fenofibrate, ibuprofen, norethindrone, or verapamil. Survival and growth were used to assess chronic toxicity in FHM at 28 days posthatch. Exposure of FHM to carbamazepine, fenofibrate, and ibuprofen resulted in no significant adverse effects at the concentrations tested. FHM survival was not impacted by verapamil exposure; however, growth was significantly decreased at 600 μg/L. Dexamethasone-exposed FHM showed a significant decrease in survival at a concentration of 577 μg/L; however, growth was not impacted at the concentration tested. Norethindrone exposure resulted in a significant decrease in survival and dry weight at 14.8 and 0.74 μg/L, respectively. Exposure to amiodarone and clozapine resulted in a significant decrease in survival and a significant increase in growth at concentrations of 1020 and 30.8 μg/L, respectively. Although the effect levels derived in this study are greater then concentrations observed in the environment, these data suggest that synthetic progestins may require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Overturf
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Arvand M, Shiraz MG. Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids Using an In Situ Surfactant-Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Schwenger E, Dumontet J, Ensom MH. Does Olanzapine Warrant Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring in Schizophrenia? Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50:415-28. [DOI: 10.2165/11587240-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Saracino MA, Lazzara G, Prugnoli B, Raggi MA. Rapid assays of clozapine and its metabolites in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography and microextraction by packed sorbent procedure. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Chernetsova ES, Koryakova AG. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for studying new pharmaceutical entities. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810140029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Vardakou I, Dona A, Pistos C, Alevisopoulos G, Athanaselis S, Maravelias C, Spiliopoulou C. Validated GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of clozapine and norclozapine in human plasma. Application in psychiatric patients under clozapine treatment. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2327-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Rao LV, Snyder ML, Vallaro GM. Rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LCMS) method for clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine (norclozapine) in human serum. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 23:394-8. [PMID: 19927349 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Several methods have been developed for monitoring Clozapine levels; however, they possess limited specificity and are often laborious. This study describes a simple liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LCMS) method in human serum. The ion transitions monitored were m/z 327, 270, 296 for Clozapine, m/z 313, 192, 227 for Norclozapine and m/z 328, 271 for Loxapine. The assay is linear (25-1000 ng/ml) and showed a good correlation (r=0.98) within the analytical range of 79-1210 ng/ml in human serum. This assay is highly specific and sensitive for the simultaneous measurements of Clozapine and Norclozapine. The simplification of this assay makes it ideal for high throughput analyses of the patient samples in a routine clinical laboratory staffed with general medical technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Rao
- Department of Hospital Laboratories, UMassMemorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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24
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Zhang G, Jr AVT, Bartlett MG. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of antipsychotic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Hsieh Y. HPLC-MS/MS in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 4:93-101. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Rao RN, Raju AN, Narsimha R, Babu GR. Isolation and characterization of process related impurities of olanzapine using HPLC and ESI-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2007; 31:107-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Farajzadeh MA, Jönsson JA. Solvent exchange using hollow fiber prior to separation and determination of some antioxidants by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:75-80. [PMID: 17560388 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a simple and rapid solvent exchange procedure using a hollow fiber. Antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) and solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), carbon tetrachloride and toluene were selected as model compounds and sample solvents, respectively. After injection of the sample solution into the hollow fiber and solvent evaporation, the precipitated analytes in lumen and pores of the fiber were washed with methanol (the mobile phase for separation and determination by HPLC-diode array detection) and good chromatographic peaks were obtained. The effect of different parameters such as fiber length, volumes of sample and washing solvents were investigated and the optimum conditions were selected. The repeatability of the method was tested and it was found that the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was less than 10% for all analytes. Also enrichment factors of 3.03, 2.21 and 1.19 times were obtained for Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168, respectively, when 200 microL sample and 50 microL methanol (washing solvent) were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Saint-Marcoux F, Sauvage FL, Marquet P. Current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1327-49. [PMID: 17520242 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques in routine therapeutic drug monitoring activity is becoming increasingly important. This paper reviews LC-MS methods published in the last few years for certain classes of drugs subject to therapeutic drug monitoring: immunosuppressants, antifungal drugs, antiretroviral drugs, antidepressants and antipsychotics. For each class of compounds, we focussed on the most interesting methods and evaluated the current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, Unité INSERM U850, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
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Mercolini L, Grillo M, Bartoletti C, Boncompagni G, Raggi MA. Simultaneous analysis of classical neuroleptics, atypical antipsychotics and their metabolites in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:235-43. [PMID: 17340084 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of classical neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, loxapine and clotiapine), atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, quetiapine and risperidone) and their active metabolites (N-desmethylclozapine, clozapine N-oxide and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) in human plasma. Separation was obtained by using a C8 reversed-phase column and a mobile phase composed of 70% aqueous phosphate buffer containing triethylamine at pH 3.0 and 30% acetonitrile. The UV detector was set at 238 nm and amitriptyline was used as the internal standard. A careful pre-treatment procedure of plasma samples was developed, using solid-phase extraction with cyanopropyl cartridges, which gives high extraction yields (>or=93%). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were always lower than 2.6 ng mL-1 and the limits of detection (LOD) were always lower than 0.9 ng mL-1 for all analytes. The method was applied with success to plasma samples from schizophrenic patients undergoing polypharmacy with two or more different antipsychotics. Precision data and accuracy results were satisfactory and no interference from other central nervous system (CNS) drugs was found. Hence the method is suitable for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the analytes in psychotic patients' plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, and Mental Health Department, M. Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Nirogi RVS, Kandikere VN, Shukla M, Mudigonda K, Maurya S, Boosi R, Yerramilli A. Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of olanzapine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:935-42. [PMID: 16504450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of olanzapine, atypical antipsychotic drug, in human plasma using loratadine as internal standard (IS). Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse phase C18 column and analyzed by MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 313/256 for olanzapine and m/z 383/337 for the IS. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.1-30 ng/mL for olanzapine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 100 pg/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The average absolute recovery of olanzapine from spiked plasma samples was 85.5+/-1.9%. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna V S Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road # 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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31
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Niederländer HAG, Koster EHM, Hilhorst MJ, Metting HJ, Eilders M, Ooms B, de Jong GJ. High throughput therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and metabolites in serum by on-line coupling of solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:98-107. [PMID: 16527550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of automated on-line solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS) are very amenable for flexibility and throughput in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We demonstrate this concept of automated, on-line SPE-LC-MS for the analysis of clozapine and metabolites (desmethylclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide) in serum. Method development, optimisation and validation are described and a comparison with previously published methods for the determination of clozapine and metabolites in serum and plasma is made. Optimisation of chromatographic and SPE conditions for increased throughput resulted in SPE-LC-MS cycle times of only about 2.2 min, demonstrating the great potential of automated on-line SPE-LC-MS for TDM. The new method is shown to be clearly favourable, in particular in terms of ease of sample handling, throughput and detection limits. Recovery is essentially quantitative. Detection limits are at about 0.15-0.3 ng ml(-1), depending on the ionisation source used. Calibration follows a quadratic model for clozapine and its N-oxide and a linear model for the desmethyl metabolite (all cases: R > 0.99). Accuracy, evaluated at three concentration levels spanning the whole therapeutic range, shows that bias is less than 10%. Precision (intra - and inter assay) ranges from about 5% R.S.D. at the high end of the therapeutic range (700-1,000 ng ml(-1)) to about 20% R.S.D. (OECD defined limit) at the lower limit of quantitation ( approximately 50 ng ml(-1)). The lower limit of quantitation is well below the low end of the therapeutic range at 350 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H A G Niederländer
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Group, University Center of Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Bishop EJ, Mitra S. On-line membrane preconcentration for continuous monitoring of trace pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:81-6. [PMID: 15664746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane pervaporation is presented as a method for on-line concentration and monitoring of trace analytes in a simulated pharmaceutical process stream. Pervaporation involves the selective transport of volatile organics across a membrane and into a gas stream. Experiments were carried out using a polar solvent-permeable Nafion membrane and several model pharmaceutical compounds. Solvent reductions greater than 90% and enrichment factors in excess of 7.9 were observed. Residence time and temperature were found to be important operating parameters. Interaction with membrane bound sulfonic acid residues resulted in the loss of reactive analytes such as 1,2-diphenylhydrazine. The concentrated stream was monitored using HPLC and UV/vis detection. Method detection limits were 0.5-1.2 microg/mL and the relative standard deviation for six repeat injections was 3.9-6.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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33
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Herman JL. The use of turbulent flow chromatography and the isocratic focusing effect to achieve on-line cleanup and concentration of neat biological samples for low-level metabolite analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:696-700. [PMID: 15700230 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of turbulent flow chromatography in conjunction with column switching isocratic focusing was used to perform on-line sample cleanup and concentration of neat rat plasma for the identification of low-level metabolites. The concentration was achieved by focusing multiple injections, which were cleaned by a turbulent flow column, onto an analytical column prior to elution into the mass spectrometer. In addition, the first application of turbulent flow chromatography for on-line sample cleanup of neat bile samples is reported. The on-line cleanup and concentration method extracts and concentrates a sample 20-fold in 1 h, and is completely automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Herman
- Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380-4245, USA.
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34
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Dai S, Song H, Dou G, Qian X, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Liu X, Tang Z. Quantification of sifuvirtide in monkey plasma by an on-line solid-phase extraction procedure combined with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1273-1282. [PMID: 15834846 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple, automated and rapid method has been developed for the determination of a novel antiviral peptide sifuvirtide in monkey plasma. Raw plasma samples were directly loaded onto an on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, which removes the time-consuming and laborious sample pretreatment. Following a timed valve-switching event, the analyte was eluted on-line to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column and subsequently introduced into a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, LTQ-MS, via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The multiply charged peptides were specified and quantitatively analyzed using selective reaction monitoring (SRM). A highly pure four iodine-sifuvirtide was synthesized using an optimized iodogen method and proved to be a suitable internal standard (IS). A single analysis run takes about 18 min. Validation of the method demonstrated that the linear calibration curves covered the range of 4.88-5000 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.9923. The limit of detection (LOD) with the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio higher than 12 was calculated as 1.22 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-batch precisions were less than 12.7% and 9.1%, and the mean accuracy ranged from -5.2% to 3.6%, respectively. Any carry-over effect from the system was negligible. In a pharmacokinetic (PK) study of sifuvirtide after a single intravenous or subcutaneous dose in monkeys, the on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS system was successfully utilized to determine hundreds of samples with only one extraction column, which indicated the feasibility and the reliability of this method for application in preclinical and clinical PK studies of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujia Dai
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, P.R. China
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35
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Zhou Z, Li X, Li K, Xie Z, Cheng Z, Peng W, Wang F, Zhu R, Li H. Simultaneous determination of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:257-62. [PMID: 15018785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clozapine (CLZ), olanzapine (OLZ), risperidone (RIP) and quetiapine (QTP) have been widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, no study (or little study) has been conducted to determine the four drugs simultaneously by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI). OBJECTIVE To develop a sensitive method for simultaneous determination of CLZ, OLZ, RIP and QTP in human plasma by HPLC-MS/ESI. METHODS The analytes were extracted twice by ether after samples had been alkalinized. The HPLC separation of the analytes was performed on a MACHEREY-NAGEL C(18) (2.0 mm x 125 mm, 3 microm, Germany) column, using water (formic acid: 2.70 mmol/l, ammonium acetate: 10 mmol/l)-acetonitrile (53:47) as mobile phase, with a flow-rate of 0.16 ml/min. The compounds were ionized in the electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source of the mass spectrometer and were detected in the selected ion recording (SIR) mode. RESULTS The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 20-1000 ng/ml for CLZ and QTP, 1-50 ng/ml for OLZ and RIP, respectively. The average extraction recoveries for all the four analysts were at least above 80%. The methodology recoveries were higher than 91% for the analysts. The intra- and inter-day R.S.D. were less than 15%. CONCLUSION The method is accurate, sensitive and simple for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and for the study of the pharmacokinetics of the four drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhou
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
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36
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Papp R, Mullett WM, Kwong E. A method for the direct analysis of drug compounds in plasma using a single restricted access material (RAM) column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:457-64. [PMID: 15522518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe an automated approach to analyzing whole plasma samples using online extraction without the need for an analytical column. A single restricted access material (RAM) column provided online extraction and pre-concentration of analytes while effectively removing proteins, salts and other biological materials found in the plasma sample matrix. The reduction in the plasma matrix enabled direct elution of the analytes from the extraction column to the mass spectrometer for selective detection. The precision of the method was evaluated using a proprietary therapeutic agent (Compound A) and was less than 5% over the range of 1-500ng/ml in spiked whole plasma, with an LOQ of 1ng/ml. A side-by-side comparison of RAM results from a pharmacokinetic study in rats was made with a traditional protein precipitation LC-MS method and a correlation of 0.993 was obtained between both methods. The injection-to-injection cycle time for the RAM method was 8min. Further automation was demonstrated by addition and mixing of the internal standard to all samples via an injection program of the autosampler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Papp
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans-Canada Hwy., Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1
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37
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Mohamed AA, Al-Ghannam SM. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:907-11. [PMID: 15544796 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of clozapine in its dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of the drug with potassium bromate in a perchloric acid medium to produce an intense yellow colored species exhibiting a maximum absorption at 308 nm. Beer's law is obeyed for up to 12.0 microg ml(-1) with a correlation coefficient (n = 6) of 0.9998 and a detection limit (3S(b)) of 0.1 microg ml(-1). The molar absorptivity is 1.986 x 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1). The various experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the colored oxidation product were carefully studied and optimized. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of clozapine in its dosage forms. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using the B.P. official method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9033, Saudi Arabia.
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38
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Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim MM. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:149-56. [PMID: 15351059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using the cyclic voltammetry technique and the Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2-10) as a supporting electrolyte, clozapine was found to reduce at the hanging mercury drop electrode in a single two-electron irreversible step corresponding to reduction of the azomethine group of the seven-member heterocyclic ring. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of clozapine onto the hanging mercury drop electrode, a validated square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping (SWAdCS) voltammetric procedure was described for the quantification of bulk clozapine with limits of detection and quantitation of 4.5 x 10(-10) and 1.5 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the quantification of the drug in pharmaceutical formulation (Leponex) and human serum without the necessity for samples' pretreatment or any time-consuming extraction or evaporation steps prior to the analysis. The limits of detection and quantitation of clozapine in spiked human serum were found to be 1 x 10(-9) and 3.3 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure for quantification of clozapine in bulk form, tablets and human serum has the advantage of being simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and inexpensive compared to most of the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hammam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt.
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39
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Hiemke C, Dragicevic A, Gründer G, Hätter S, Sachse J, Vernaleken I, Müller MJ. Therapeutic monitoring of new antipsychotic drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:156-60. [PMID: 15228157 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200404000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotic drugs qualify for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) primarily for the following reasons: control of compliance and avoidance of extrapyramidal side effects by keeping chronic exposure to minimal effective blood levels. For the atypical antipsychotic clozapine, drug safety is another reason to use TDM. With regard to the new antipsychotics risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, amisulpride, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole, which have been introduced in the clinic during the last few years, the rationale to use TDM is a matter of debate. Positron emission tomography (PET), which enables measurement of the occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors, revealed that receptor occupancy correlated better with plasma concentrations than with doses of the antipsychotics. Regarding plasma levels related to therapeutic effects, optimal concentrations have been established for clozapine (350-600 ng/mL), risperidone (20-60 ng/mL), and olanzapine (20-80 ng/mL) but not for the other new antipsychotics. Studies that included analyses of drug levels in blood reported mean concentrations of 68 ng/mL for quetiapine and 317 ng/mL for amisulpride under therapeutic doses of the antipsychotic drugs. For ziprasidone or aripriprazole, data on therapeutic drug concentrations are so far lacking. In conclusion, evidence is growing that TDM may improve efficacy and safety in patients treated with the new antipsychotic drugs, especially when patients do not respond or develop side effects under therapeutic doses. The few reported investigations, however, need to be confirmed and extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hiemke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Rapid analysis of olanzapine and desmethylolanzapine in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Souverain S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Restricted access materials and large particle supports for on-line sample preparation: an attractive approach for biological fluids analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 801:141-56. [PMID: 14751782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical process generally involves four main steps: (1) sample preparation; (2) analytical separation; (3) detection; and (4) data handling. In the bioanalytical field, sample preparation is often considered as the time-limiting step. Indeed, the extraction techniques commonly used for biological matrices such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are achieved in the off-line mode. In order to perform a high throughput analysis, efforts have been engaged in developing a faster sample purification process. Among different strategies, the introduction of special extraction sorbents, such as the restricted access media (RAM) and large particle supports (LPS), allowing the direct and repetitive injection of complex biological matrices, represents a very attractive approach. Integrated in a liquid chromatography (LC) system, these extraction supports lead to the automation, simplification and speeding up of the sample preparation process. In this paper, RAM and LPS are reviewed and particular attention is given to commercially available supports. Applications of these extraction supports, are presented in single column and column-switching configurations, for the direct analysis of compounds in various biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Souverain
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, 20 Bd. d'Yvoy, 12114 Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Gervasini G, Vizcaíno S, Herráiz AG, Benítez J, Carrillo JA. Applicability of an Assay for Routine Monitoring of Highly Variable Concentrations of Olanzapine Based on HPLC with Mass Spectrometric Detection. Clin Chem 2003; 49:2088-91. [PMID: 14633885 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.022517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Extremadura University School of Medicine, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
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43
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Thieme D, Sachs H. Improved screening capabilities in forensic toxicology by application of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Laboratory Bureau, New Jersey State Police, Box 7068, West Trenton, New Jersey 08628-0068, USA
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