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Shi R, Zhang L, Ma D, Cao Z. Elucidating the degradation mechanism of the nerve agent A-234 using various detergents: a theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15292-15300. [PMID: 38767519 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A-234 (ethyl N-[1-(diethylamino)ethylidene]phosphoramidofluoridate) is one of the highly toxic Novichok nerve agents, and its efficient degradation is of significant importance. The possible degradation mechanisms of A-234 by H2O, H2O2, NH3, and their combinations have been extensively investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. According to the initial intermolecular interaction and the proton transfer patterns between the detergent and the substrate A-234, the A-234 degradation reaction is classified into three categories, denoted as A, B, and C. In modes A and B, the degradation of A-234 by H2O2, H2O, and NH3 is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the O or N atom of the detergent on the P atom of A-234, coupled with the proton transfer from the detergent to the O or N atom of A-234, whereas in mode C, the direct interaction of H2N-H with the F-P bond of A-234 triggers ammonolysis through a one-step mechanism with the formation of H-F and N-P bonds. Perhydrolysis and hydrolysis of A-234 can be remarkably promoted by introducing the auxiliary NH3, and the timely formed hydrogen bond network among detergent, auxiliary, and substrate molecules is responsible for the enhancement of degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Denghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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2
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Xu K, Qiu JW, Zhang T, Zhu HJ, Zhang S, Lu XX, Li XX. Simulation of double resonant excitation of ions in an asymmetric linear ion trap mass analyzer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9625. [PMID: 37942692 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Improving the analytical performance of linear ion traps (LITs) is crucial for the advancement of high-performance LIT mass spectrometers. In this study, a double resonant excitation method was employed in an asymmetric LIT to achieve high ion unidirectional ejection efficiency and enhanced mass resolution. METHODS The asymmetric trapping field was generated by stretching one x electrode with a distance α. The double resonant excitation was achieved by applying an alternating voltage out of phase and a supplementary alternating voltage in phase to the x and y electrode pairs of the LIT, respectively. Numerical simulations of ion trajectories were performed to validate the effectiveness of this method. RESULTS The mass resolution of the asymmetric LIT with double resonant excitation could be improved to ~3800, which was over two times compared to that with only dipolar resonant excitation, while both reached ~90% in ion unidirectional ejection efficiency. CONCLUSIONS By employing the double resonant excitation method, the mass resolution could be improved significantly in the asymmetric LIT, while maintaining a considerably high ion unidirectional ejection efficiency. This method might provide a general solution for enhancing ion detection efficiency and mass resolution of LIT mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wei Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Jun Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Xin Lu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Opravil J, Pejchal J, Finger V, Korabecny J, Rozsypal T, Hrabinova M, Muckova L, Hepnarova V, Konecny J, Soukup O, Jun D. A-agents, misleadingly known as "Novichoks": a narrative review. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2587-2607. [PMID: 37612377 PMCID: PMC10475003 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
"Novichok" refers to a new group of nerve agents called the A-series agents. Their existence came to light in 2018 after incidents in the UK and again in 2020 in Russia. They are unique organophosphorus-based compounds developed during the Cold War in a program called Foliant in the USSR. This review is based on original chemical entities from Mirzayanov's memoirs published in 2008. Due to classified research, a considerable debate arose about their structures, and hence, various structural moieties were speculated. For this reason, the scientific literature is highly incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. This review critically assesses the information published to date on this class of compounds. The scope of this work is to summarize all the available and relevant information, including the physicochemical properties, chemical synthesis, mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and medical countermeasures used to date. The environmental stability of A-series agents, the lack of environmentally safe decontamination, their high toxicity, and the scarcity of information on post-contamination treatment pose a challenge for managing possible incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Opravil
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Finger
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Rozsypal
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vita Nejedleho 1, 682 03 Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konecny
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Eskandari M, Faraz SM, Hosseini SE, Moradi S, Saeidian H. Electron ionization mass spectrometry fragmentation routes of Chemical Weapons Convention-related organoarsenic compounds: Electron ionization and density functional theory studies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9511. [PMID: 36945901 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For unambiguous identification of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)-related chemicals in environmental and biological samples, access to mass spectra and expertise in spectral interpretation is required. As of today, there is no mass spectrum available for dialkyl alkylarsonodithioites in the literature. Therefore, it is essential to obtain spectral information about these compounds. METHODS CWC-related organoarsenic compounds were synthesized and analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (MS), and their retention index (RI) was calculated by Van Den Dool's method. The relationship between RI and density functional theory (DFT)-calculated polarizability (⍺) and molecular weight was also studied. Electron ionization (EI) mode was used to investigate the general fragmentation patterns of the synthesized compounds. A DFT analysis of some major fragment ions was performed in order to confirm the fragmentation pathways. RESULTS A linear relationship between RI and ⍺ is observed. The mass spectra of compounds 5-7 are affected by alkyl groups on sulfur and arsenic atoms. The molecular ions of compounds 5-7 can be observed in their EI-MS spectra with relatively good abundance. EI-MS studies revealed some interesting fragmentation pathways, such as the formation of arsenic analogue of benzylic and tropylium cations in EI-MS of chemicals 6. CONCLUSIONS By analyzing the mass spectra and RI values, it is possible to detect CWC-related chemicals in aqueous, blood and urine samples during an on-site or off-site inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masomeh Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Shahram Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
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Noga M, Michalska A, Jurowski K. Application of toxicology in silico methods for prediction of acute toxicity (LD 50) for Novichoks. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1691-1700. [PMID: 37145338 PMCID: PMC10182927 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Novichoks represent the fourth generation of chemical warfare agents with paralytic and convulsive effects, produced clandestinely during the Cold War by the Soviet Union. This novel class of organophosphate compounds is characterised by severe toxicity, which, for example, we have already experienced three times (Salisbury, Amesbury, and Navalny's case) as a society. Then the public debate about the true nature of Novichoks began, realising the importance of examining the properties, especially the toxicological aspects of these compounds. The updated Chemical Warfare Agents list registers over 10,000 compounds as candidate structures for Novichoks. Consequently, conducting experimental research for each of them would be a huge challenge. Additionally, due to the enormous risk of contact with hazardous Novichoks, in silico assessments were applied to estimate their toxicity safely. In silico toxicology provides a means of identifying hazards of compounds before synthesis, helping to fill gaps and guide risk minimisation strategies. A new approach to toxicology testing first considers the prediction of toxicological parameters, eliminating unnecessary animal studies. This new generation risk assessment (NGRA) can meet the modern requirements of toxicological research. The present study explains, using QSAR models, the acute toxicity of the Novichoks studied (n = 17). The results indicate that the toxicity of Novichoks varies. The deadliest turned out to be A-232, followed by A-230 and A-234. On the other hand, the "Iranian" Novichok and C01-A038 compounds turned out to be the least toxic. Developing reliable in silico methods to predict various parameters is essential to prepare for the upcoming use of Novichoks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Noga
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, Ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, Ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, Ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland.
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. Mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
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Hosseinzadeh M, Sanz S, van Leusen J, Izarova NV, Brechin EK, Dalgarno SJ, Kögerler P. Controlled Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters: A Route to Calixarene-Supported Rare-Earth Clusters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203525. [PMID: 36453613 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate ester bonds are widely present in nature (e. g. DNA/RNA) and can be extremely stable against hydrolysis without the help of catalysts. Previously, we showed how the combination of phosphoryl and calix[4]arene moieties in the same organic framework (LPO ) allows isolation of single lanthanide (Ln) metal ions as [LnIII (LPO )2 ](O3 SCF3 )3 . Here we report how by controlling the reaction conditions a new hydrolyzed phosphoryl-calix[4]arene ligand (H3 LHPO ) is formed as a result of LnIII -mediated P-OEt bond cleavage in three out of the eight possible sites in LPO . The chelating nature of H3 LHPO traps the LnIII species in the form of [LnIII (LHPO )((EtO)2 P(O)OH)]2 dimers (Ln=La, Dy, Tb, Gd), where the Dy derivative shows slow magnetization relaxation. The strategy presented herein could be extended to access a broader library of hydrolyzed platforms (Hx LHPO ; x=1-8) that may represent mimics of nuclease enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Hosseinzadeh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sergio Sanz
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan van Leusen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalya V Izarova
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Euan K Brechin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott J Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Kögerler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Charejoo A, Arabfard M, Jafari A, Nourian YH. A complete, evidence-based review on novichok poisoning based on epidemiological aspects and clinical management. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 4:1004705. [PMID: 36762227 PMCID: PMC9905702 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The whole world has learned about the existence of a highly toxic neuro-paralytic substance called Novichok. A wide range of neuro-paralytic toxins were used during the wars of decades ago, which also had harmful and irreversible effects. Fortunately, the establishment of conventions prohibiting the use of these weapons prevented the adverse clinical consequences of these compounds. What we did in the present study was to evaluate the clinical features of Novichok, how to manage exposure to it, and to evaluate the prognostic aspects associated with this poisoning agent. Methods: The manuscript especial databases including Medline, Web of knowledge, Google scholar, and Scopus were deeply searched by the two blinded investigators for all eligible studies based on the considered keywords. Initially 98 articles were initially collected by database searching that considering eligibility criteria, 83 articles were finally eligible for the final assessment. There is a lack of clinical trials and case-cohort studies on general population about treatment and side effects when it comes to human nerve agents and most of the data in our search is based on animal studies. Results: In evaluating various clinical, auto physiological and prognostic aspects of exposure to these substances, special attention was necessary to the following points. First, Novichok agents are considered more potent than other toxic agents. Pathophysiologically, these agents irreversibly bind acetylcholinesterase and produce a rapid cholinergic toxidrome which is responsible for the clinical manifestations as well as the potential dangerous and life threatening side effects caused by these agents. Uniquely, these agents are thought to also target every neuron in the central and peripheral nervous system. As a managerial and therapeutic approach, early and timely treatment of its related complication along with prevents massive exposure and decontamination in addition to rapid resuscitation can prohibit debilitating neuropathy and death due to facing it. Conclusion: The present review highlights the importance of recognizing the potential acute toxic effects of Novichok agents, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches (life-saving antidotal therapy) to complications and ultimately the application of guidelines to improve the prognosis of exposure to these agents for both victims and medical community.
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8
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What do we currently know about Novichoks? The state of the art. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:651-661. [PMID: 36583745 PMCID: PMC9968692 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novichok is the name given to the group of nerve agents created stealthily in the later phases of the Cold War by the Soviet Union. Constitute the fourth generation of chemical warfare agents; like other nerve agents, they are organophosphorus compounds designed to be incurable and undetectable. The mechanism of action is based on the non-competitive and irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Due to their enormous toxicity, Novichoks have become attractive targets for terrorists. However, little information is known about the identity of nerve agents. Furthermore, these compounds have never been submitted to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Our article aspires to provide a general overview of Novichoks knowledge. As part of this, we reviewed the available literature data to answer the question, what are Novichoks? In addition to the physical and chemical properties of A-agents, synthesis, mechanism of action, and toxicity of nerve agents were also reviewed. We hope that this review will highlight the tremendous threat posed by nerve agents and will inspire further studies on the interdisciplinary aspects of these compounds.
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Theoretical prediction on the hydrolysis rate of the new types of nerve agents: A density functional study. Toxicol Rep 2022; 10:27-31. [PMID: 36569478 PMCID: PMC9768234 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the hydrolysis mechanism of the nerve agents, which is the main decontamination pathway, has been studied experimentally and theoretically, the reliable theoretical prediction method for the hydrolysis rate is not studied yet. Furthermore, after the CWC (Chemical Warfare Agent) list is updated, Novichok candidate structures can be more than 10,000 structures, for which it is not possible to perform the experiment for all of them for synthesizing and getting the hydrolysis rate. Therefore, developing a reliable theoretical method for hydrolysis rate prediction is crucial to prepare for the forthcoming usage of new types of nerve agents. Herein, by using DFT (Density Functional Theory), we successfully developed a new method of predicting the hydrolysis rate on nerve agents by investigating the electrophilicity index (EI) of the various A-, V-, and G-series nerve agents and found a suitable correlation with the experimental hydrolysis rate. Among the several DFT methods, wb97xD predicts the EI with the lowest % deviation of the studied nerve agents. Our results show that EI can be a good indicator to predict the hydrolysis rate of the anticipated nerve agents. Based on the result, we predicted the hydrolysis rate on another type of Novichok candidates, which could be the firm basis for developing a decontaminant and antidote with much fewer experimental efforts on new types of nerve agents.
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10
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Santos MC, Botelho FD, Gonçalves AS, Kitagawa DAS, Borges CVN, Carvalho-Silva T, Bernardo LB, Ferreira CN, Rodrigues RB, Ferreira Neto DC, Nepovimova E, Kuča K, LaPlante SR, Lima ALS, França TCC, Cavalcante SFA. Are the current commercially available oximes capable of reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by the nerve agents of the A-series? Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2559-2572. [PMID: 35666269 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of novichok agents in assassination attempts has been reported in the international media since 2018. These relatively new class of neurotoxic agents is claimed to be more toxic than the agents of the G and V series and so far, there is no report yet in literature about potential antidotes against them. To shed some light into this issue, we report here the design and synthesis of NTMGMP, a surrogate of A-242 and also the first surrogate of a novichok agent useful for experimental evaluation of antidotes. Furthermore, the efficiency of the current commercial oximes to reactivate NTMGMP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated. The Ellman test was used to confirm the complete inhibition of AChE, and to compare the subsequent rates of reactivation in vitro as well as to evaluate aging. In parallel, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies were performed on a computational model of the human AChE (HssAChE)/NTMGMP complex to assess the reactivation performances of the commercial oximes in silico. Experimental and theoretical studies matched the exact hierarchy of efficiency and pointed to trimedoxime as the most promising commercial oxime for reactivation of AChE inhibited by A-242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D Botelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arlan S Gonçalves
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo - Units Vila Velha and Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Federal University of Espírito Santo, Unit Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Daniel A S Kitagawa
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio V N Borges
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taynara Carvalho-Silva
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Bernardo
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia N Ferreira
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise C Ferreira Neto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Université de Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Antonio L S Lima
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Université de Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Samir F A Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Hosseini SE, Mousavi Faraz S, Naseri MT, Ashrafi D, Saeidian H. Structural characterization of Chemical Weapons Convention-related phosphonoselenoates by electron ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9209. [PMID: 34618382 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Organophosphorus compounds with phosphorus atom bonded to one methyl, ethyl or propyl (normal or iso) group are listed in Schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Selenophosphorus compounds, listed in Schedule 2.B.4, have very limited representation in mass spectral libraries and the open literature. METHODS Members of a new category of selenophosphorus compounds were prepared via microsynthetic protocols and their fragmentation pathways were investigated using electron ionization (EI) and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The EI and ESI fragmentation pathways were suggested and supported by acquired fragment ions of deuterated analogs and density functional theory calculations. RESULTS Mass spectrometric investigations showed some interesting fragmentation pathways, such as McLafferty-type, selenono-selenolo rearrangements, intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction and α-cleavage. CONCLUSIONS Efficient microsynthesis was conducted, and EI-MS spectra and ESI-MS/MS spectra of a series of selenophosphorus compounds were collected and studied with the purpose of identifying CWC-related chemicals during on-site inspection and/or off-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Chernicharo FCS, Modesto-Costa L, Borges I. Simulation of the electron ionization mass spectra of the Novichok nerve agent. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4779. [PMID: 34407561 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novichok is one of the most feared and controversial nerve agents, which existence was confirmed only after the Salisbury attack in 2018. A new attack on August 2020, in Russia, was confirmed. After the 2018 attack, the agent was included in the list of the most dangerous chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). However, information related to its electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI/MS), essential for unambiguous identification, is scarce. Therefore, investigations about Novichok EI/MS are urgent. In this work, we employed Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics through the Quantum Chemistry Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (QCEIMS) method to simulate and rationalize the EI/MS spectra and fragmentation pathways of 32 Novichok molecules recently incorporated into the CWC. The comparison of additional simulations with the measured EI spectrum of another Novichok analog is very favorable. A general scheme of the fragmentation pathways derived from simulation results was presented. The present results will be useful for elucidation and prediction of the EI spectra and fragmentation pathways of the dangerous Novichok nerve agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Modesto-Costa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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15
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Poirier L, Jacquet P, Plener L, Masson P, Daudé D, Chabrière E. Organophosphorus poisoning in animals and enzymatic antidotes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25081-25106. [PMID: 29959732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are neurotoxic molecules developed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most of them are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in nervous systems, and are therefore responsible for numerous poisonings around the world. Many animal models have been studied over the years in order to decipher the toxicity of OPs and to provide insights for therapeutic and decontamination purposes. Environmental impact on wild animal species has been analyzed to understand the consequences of OP uses in agriculture. In complement, various laboratory models, from invertebrates to aquatic organisms, rodents and primates, have been chosen to study chronic and acute toxicity as well as neurobehavioral impact, immune response, developmental disruption, and other pathological signs. Several decontamination approaches were developed to counteract the poisoning effects of OPs. Among these, enzyme-based strategies are particularly attractive as they allow efficient external decontamination without toxicity or environmental impact and may be of interest for treatment. Approaches using bioscavengers for prophylaxis, treatment, and external decontamination are emphasized and their potential is discussed in the light of toxicological observations from various animal models. The relevance of animal models, regarding their cholinergic system and the abundance of naturally protecting enzymes, is also discussed for better extrapolation of results to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Poirier
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Plener
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Chabrière
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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16
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Song M, Pang S, Guo F, Wong M, Hao J. Fluoride-Free 2D Niobium Carbide MXenes as Stable and Biocompatible Nanoplatforms for Electrochemical Biosensors with Ultrahigh Sensitivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001546. [PMID: 33344117 PMCID: PMC7739949 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 2D niobium carbide MXene has drawn vast attention due to its merits of large surface area, good metallic conductivity, and tunable band gap, making it desirable for various applications. However, the usage of highly toxic fluoride-containing etchant and quite long etching time in the conventional synthesis route has greatly hindered further exploration of MXene, especially restricting its biomedical application. Herein, novel fluoride-free Nb2CT x nanosheets are prepared by a facile strategy of electrochemical etching (E-etching) exfoliation. Taking advantage of rapid aluminum clearance, excellent chemical stability, and biocompatibility from the MXene by E-etching, fluoride-free Nb2CT x /acetylcholinesterase-based biosensors are constructed for phosmet detection with the limit of detection down to 0.046 ng mL-1. The fabricated Nb2CT x -based biosensor is superior to the counterpart from hydrofluoric acid-etched Nb2CT x , indicating that fluoride-free MXene can enhance the enzyme activity and electron transfer in the biosensor. The results prove that the fluorine-free MXene shows promise for developing biosensors with high performance of ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity. It is highly expected that the fluoride-free MXene as a stable and biocompatible nanoplatform has great potential to be expanded to many other biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Song
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Sin‐Yi Pang
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Man‐Chung Wong
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong999077P. R. China
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Motlagh NM, Rouhani M, Mirjafary Z. Aminated C20 fullerene as a promising nanosensor for detection of A-234 nerve agent. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jiang L, Sun Y, Chen Y, Nan P. From DNA to Nerve Agents – The Biomimetic Catalysts for the Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Changjiang West Road, No.66. Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Changjiang West Road, No.66. Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Yuxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Changjiang West Road, No.66. Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Pengli Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Changjiang West Road, No.66. Qingdao 266580 China
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Chernicharo FCS, Modesto-Costa L, Borges I. Molecular dynamics simulation of the electron ionization mass spectrum of tabun. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4513. [PMID: 32212286 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tabun (ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate), or GA, is a chemical warfare nerve agent produced during the World War II. The synthesis of its analogs is rather simple; thus, it is a significant threat. Furthermore, experiments with tabun and other nerve agents are greatly limited by the involved life risks and the severe restrictions imposed by the Chemical Weapons Convention. For these reasons, accurate theoretical assignment of fragmentation pathways can be especially important. In this work, we employ the Quantum Chemistry Electron Ionization Mass Spectra method, which combines molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry methods, and stochastic approaches, to accurately investigate the electron ionization/mass spectrometry (EI/MS) fragmentation spectrum and pathways of the tabun molecule. We found that different rearrangement reactions occur including a McLafferty involving the nitrile group. An essential and characteristic pathway for identification of tabun and analogs, a two-step fragmentation producing the m/z 70 ion, was confirmed. The present results will be also useful to predict EI/MS spectrum and fragmentation pathways of other members of the tabun family, namely, the O-alkyl/cycloalkyl N,N-dialkyl (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or propyl) phosphoramidocyanidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C S Chernicharo
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça Gen Tiburcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Modesto-Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça Gen Tiburcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itamar Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça Gen Tiburcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Wu H, Rujiao Y, Qian J, Ge S, Ma Q, Bai H, Xiao Y, Li X. Simulation of unidirectional ion ejection in linear ion traps with asymmetric radiofrequency voltage. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8731. [PMID: 31960493 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Linear ion traps with simplified structure have been widely used in miniaturized mass spectrometers. However, linear ion traps usually have low ion detection efficiency when used in a miniaturized mass spectrometer, in which only one ion detector can be installed. To solve this problem, an asymmetric radiofrequency (RF) voltage was applied to introduce asymmetric electric fields in the trapping volume of linear ion traps, which would lead to unidirectional ion ejection. METHODS An asymmetric RF voltage was applied on both half-round-rod electrode and triangular electrode linear ion traps, and their performances including unidirectional ion ejection efficiency and mass resolution were evaluated using computer simulation. The relationship between asymmetric RF voltage difference δ and internal electric field distribution was investigated, and the impact of δ and resonance excitation signal frequency on the unidirectional ion ejection efficiency and mass resolution was also explored. RESULTS A unidirectional ion ejection efficiency of around 83% and a mass resolution of over 2700 were achieved with δ = 7% in both half-round-rod electrode and triangular electrode linear ion traps. CONCLUSIONS By applying an asymmetric RF voltage, the ion detection efficiency could be significantly improved without any change to the structures of existing linear ion traps. This method provides a simple and general solution for improving the ion detection efficiency and sensitivity of miniaturized linear ion trap mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yao Rujiao
- Institute of Spacecraft Equipment, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Qian
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Saijin Ge
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Institute of Spacecraft Equipment, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
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Imrit YA, Bhakhoa H, Sergeieva T, Danés S, Savoo N, Elzagheid MI, Rhyman L, Andrada DM, Ramasami P. A theoretical study of the hydrolysis mechanism of A-234; the suspected novichok agent in the Skripal attack. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27884-27893. [PMID: 35519147 PMCID: PMC9055627 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A-234, [EtO–P(
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O)(F)–NC(Me)–N(Et)2], is the suspected A-type nerve agent used in the Skripal attack on the 4th of March 2018. Studies related to the structure and reactivity of this compound are limited. We, therefore, aimed at understanding the underlying hydrolysis mechanism of A-234 within the DFT framework. The attack of the water molecule can occur at the phosphinate and acetoamidine reactive centres. Our theoretical findings indicate that the hydrolysis at the acetoamidine centre is thermodynamically favoured compared to the hydrolysis at the phosphinate centre. The hydrolysis at the acetoamidine moiety may proceed via two pathways, depending on the nitrogen atom participating in the hydrolysis. The main pathway consists of four distinct channels to reach the final product, with the concerted 1,3-proton shift favoured kinetically and thermodynamically in the gas phase and water as solvent. The results are in good agreement with the literature, although some differences in the reaction mechanism were observed. A theoretical study of the hydrolysis mechanism of A-234 [EtO–P(O)(F)–NC(Me)–N(Et)2]; the suspected novichok agent in the Skripal attack.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadhav A. Imrit
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Hanusha Bhakhoa
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Nandini Savoo
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Mohamed I. Elzagheid
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Jubail Industrial College
- Jubail Industrial City 31961
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
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Mahmoudi E, Fakhri H, Hajian A, Afkhami A, Bagheri H. High-performance electrochemical enzyme sensor for organophosphate pesticide detection using modified metal-organic framework sensing platforms. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107348. [PMID: 31437810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A practical electrochemical biosensor with high sensitivity was developed for detecting organophosphorus (OP). Initially, Ce metal was introduced into an UiO-66-template to form Ce/UiO-66. Later, graphene oxide (GO), carbon black (CB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were separately added to Ce/UiO-66 to compare the effect of different carbon-based material types on the performance of the biosensor. Exclusively, Ce/UiO-66/MWCNTs with a Ce (7%) and MWCNT (30%) matrix was found to not only load more acetylcholinesterase (AChE) onto vacant sites but also increase electron transfer and decrease the number of diffusion pathways between the thiocholine and electrode surface. Moreover, the appropriate oxophilicity of Ce coupled with the high surface area and good conductivity of MWCNTs in the UiO-66 structure revealed a high affinity to acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) and possible catalysis of the hydrolysis of ATCl with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 0.258 mM. This biosensor, under optimal conditions, demonstrated a rapid and sensitive detection of paraoxon over a wide linear range of 0.01-150 nM, with a low detection limit of 0.004 nM. As a result, the AChE/Ce/UiO-66/MWCNTs/GCE biosensor can be employed in laboratory and field experiments to determine paraoxon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahmoudi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Fakhri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hajian
- Institute of Sensor and Actuatwor Systems, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Saeidian H, Soleimani Karimabad A, Payeghadr M, Babri M. GC/MS and DFT studies of S,S-dialkyl methylphosphonothioloselenoates related to Schedule 2.B.04 of Chemical Weapons Convention. J Sulphur Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2019.1618855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehran Babri
- Defense Chemical Research Lab (DCRL), Karaj, Iran
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24
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Novichoks: The Dangerous Fourth Generation of Chemical Weapons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051222. [PMID: 30862059 PMCID: PMC6429166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
“Novichoks” is the name given to the controversial chemical weapons supposedly developed in the former Soviet Union between the 1970s and the 1990s. Designed to be undetectable and untreatable, these chemicals became the most toxic of the nerve agents, being very attractive for both terrorist and chemical warfare purposes. However, very little information is available in the literature, and the Russian government did not acknowledge their development. The intent of this review is to provide the IJMS readers with a general overview on what is known about novichoks today. We briefly tell the story of the secret development of these agents, and discuss their synthesis, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, and possible ways of treatment and neutralization. In addition, we also wish to call the attention of the scientific community to the great risks still represented by nerve agents worldwide, and the need to keep constant investments in the development of antidotes and ways to protect against such deadly compounds.
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Bhakhoa H, Rhyman L, Ramasami P. Theoretical study of the molecular aspect of the suspected novichok agent A234 of the Skripal poisoning. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181831. [PMID: 30891291 PMCID: PMC6408395 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Novichoks are the suspected nerve agents in the March 2018 Skripal poisoning. In this context, the novichok agent A234 (chemical structure proposed by Mirzayanov) was studied using computational methods to shed light on its molecular, electronic, spectroscopic, thermodynamic and toxicity parameters as well as on potential thermal and hydrolysis degradation pathways. The poisoning action and antidote of A234 were also investigated. Some of these parameters were compared to three common G- and V-series nerve agents, namely GB, VR and VX. The research findings should be useful towards the detection, development of antidotes and destruction of A234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanusha Bhakhoa
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Author for correspondence: Ponnadurai Ramasami e-mail:
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Abstract
Dermatology is frequently viewed by physician and surgical colleagues as a specialty with few emergencies. Although the majority of dermatology practice is in the office setting, cutaneous emergencies do occur through referrals from primary care and as ward consults. Even though cutaneous signs of poisoning would be an uncommon emergency consultation, it is important for dermatologists to be aware of the clinical presentations so as to be able instigate appropriate time critical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joseph Lavery
- Department of Dermatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, and affiliated with the School of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lushchekina S, Masson P. Catalytic bioscavengers against organophosphorus agents: mechanistic issues of self-reactivating cholinesterases. Toxicology 2018; 409:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Pashirova TN, Braïki A, Zueva IV, Petrov KA, Babaev VM, Burilova EA, Samarkina DA, Rizvanov IK, Souto EB, Jean L, Renard PY, Masson P, Zakharova LY, Sinyashin OG. Combination delivery of two oxime-loaded lipid nanoparticles: Time-dependent additive action for prolonged rat brain protection. J Control Release 2018; 290:102-111. [PMID: 30308259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for brain protection against poisoning by organophosphorus agents is developed based on the combination treatment of dual delivery of two oximes. Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) and a novel reactivator, 6-(5-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)pentyl)-3-hydroxy picolinaldehyde oxime (3-HPA), have been loaded in solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to offer distinct release profile and systemic half-life for both oximes. To increase the therapeutic time window of both oximes, SLNs with two different compartments were designed to load each respective drug. Oxime-loaded SLNs of hydrodynamic diameter between 100 and 160 nm and negative zeta potential (-30 to -25 mV) were stable for a period of 10 months at 4 °C. SLNs displayed longer circulation time in the bloodstream compared to free 3-HPA and free 2-PAM. Oxime-loaded SLNs were suitable for intravenous (iv) administration. Paraoxon-poisoned rats (0.8 × LD50) were treated with 3-HPA-loaded SLNs and 2-PAM+3-HPA-loaded SLNs at the dose of 3-HPA and 2-PAM of 5 mg/kg. Brain AChE reactivation up to 30% was slowly achieved in 5 h after administration of 3-HPA-SLNs. For combination therapy with two oximes, a time-dependent additivity and increased reactivation up to 35% were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Anissa Braïki
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), Rouen, France
| | - Irina V Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St., 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Vasily M Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Evgenia A Burilova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St., 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Darya A Samarkina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Ildar Kh Rizvanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), Rouen, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), Rouen, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St., 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Lucia Ya Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Oleg G Sinyashin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
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Chai PR, Hayes BD, Erickson TB, Boyer EW. Novichok agents: a historical, current, and toxicological perspective. TOXICOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2018; 2:45-48. [PMID: 30003185 PMCID: PMC6039123 DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Novichok, or “newcomer” class of nerve agents are lesser characterized, weaponized organophosphate agents. The use of known Novichok agents in warfare is banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1997. Novichok agents are considered more potent than VX gas and can be applied in unitary and binary forms. Like other nerve agents, Novichok agents irreversibly bind acetylcholinesterase and produce a cholinergic toxidrome. Uniquely, these agents are thought to also target neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Delayed treatment or massive exposure may therefore cause a debilitating neuropathy. The recent 2018 assassination attempt of Russian dissident Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in the United Kingdom highlights the importance of recognizing the potential lethal effects of these nerve agents. Treatment of Novichok agent poisoning is similar to management of other nerve agents. Given increasing worldwide incidents attributed to chemical weapons such as Novichok agents, clinicians should know how to rapidly recognize symptoms of acute poisoning and administer life-saving antidotal therapy, when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Chai
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Bryan D Hayes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Timothy B Erickson
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A
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Costanzi S, Machado JH, Mitchell M. Nerve Agents: What They Are, How They Work, How to Counter Them. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:873-885. [PMID: 29664277 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphorus chemical warfare agents that exert their action through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, with a consequent overstimulation of cholinergic transmission followed by its shutdown. Beyond warfare, they have notoriously been employed in acts of terrorism as well as high profile assassinations. After a brief historical introduction on the development and deployment of nerve agents, this review provides a survey of their chemistry, the way they affect cholinergic transmission, the available treatment options, and the current directions for their improvement. As the review illustrates, despite their merits, the currently available treatment options present several shortcomings. Current research directions involve the search for improved antidotes, antagonists of the nicotinic receptors, small-molecule pretreatment options, as well as bioscavengers as macromolecular pretreatment options. These efforts are making good progress in many different directions and, hopefully, will lead to a lower target susceptibility, thus reducing the appeal of nerve agents as chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John-Hanson Machado
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, 45085 University Drive Suite 305, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
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Vale JA, Marrs TC, Maynard RL. Novichok: a murderous nerve agent attack in the UK. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:1093-1097. [PMID: 29757015 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1469759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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