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Yagi S, Zengin G, Uba AI, Maciejewska-Turska M, Sieniawska E, Świątek Ł, Rajtar B, Bahşi M, Guler O, Dall’Acqua S, Polz-Dacewicz M. Exploring Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Properties of Glaucium acutidentatum Hausskn. & Bornm. from Turkey Flora: A Novel Source of Bioactive Agents to Design Functional Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:643. [PMID: 38929082 PMCID: PMC11200578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the chemical constituents, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of the aerial parts of Glaucium acutidentatum Hausskn. and Bornm. (family Papaveraceae). Methanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared by maceration, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) and infusion. Results showed that the highest total phenolic and flavonoids contents were obtained from the methanol extracts obtained by HAE (53.22 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g) and maceration (30.28 ± 0.51 mg RE/g), respectively. The aporphine, beznyltetrahydroisoquinoline, and protopine types of Glaucium alkaloids have been tentatively identified. Among them, glaucine was identified in all extracts. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, organic acids and fatty acids were also detected. Methanolic extract obtained using the HAE method displayed the highest anti-DPPH (41.42 ± 0.62 mg TE/g), total antioxidant (1.20 ± 0.17 mmol TE/g), Cu2+ (113.55 ± 6.44 mg TE/g), and Fe3+ (74.52 ± 4.74 mg TE/g) reducing properties. The aqueous extracts obtained by infusion and HAE methods exerted the best anti-ABTS (103.59 ± 1.49 mg TE/g) and chelating (19.81 ± 0.05 mg EDTAE/g) activities, respectively. Methanolic extract from HAE recorded the highest acetylcholinesterase (2.55 ± 0.10 mg GALAE/g) and α-amylase (0.51 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g) inhibition activities, while that obtained by maceration showed the best butyrylcholinesterase (3.76 ± 0.31 mg GALAE/g) inhibition activity. Both extracts revealed the best tyrosinase inhibitory activity (25.15 ± 1.00 and 26.79 ± 2.36 mg KAE/g, p ≥ 0.05). G. acutidentatum maceration-derived aqueous extract showed selective anticancer activity against cells originating from human hypopharyngeal carcinoma. In conclusion, these findings indicated that G. acutidentatum is a promising source of alkaloids and phenolic compounds for variable pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Yagi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan;
- LAE, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, Istanbul 34537, Turkey;
| | | | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Świątek
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Barbara Rajtar
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Muammer Bahşi
- Department of Primary Education, Faculty of Education, Fırat University, Elazıg 23119, Turkey;
| | - Osman Guler
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli 62500, Turkey;
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.-D.)
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Hu H, Liu G, Li Y. The isolation strategy and chemical analysis of oil cells from Asari Radix et Rhizoma. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:72. [PMID: 38760854 PMCID: PMC11100110 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell analysis, a rapidly evolving field, encounters significant challenges in detecting individual cells within complex plant tissues, particularly oil cells (OCs). The intricate process of single-cell isolation, coupled with the inherent chemical volatility of oil cells, necessitates a comprehensive methodology. RESULTS This study presents a method for obtaining intact OC from Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR), a traditional herbal medicine. The developed approach facilitates both qualitative and quantitative analysis of diverse OCs. To determine the most reliable approach, four practical methods-laser capture microdissection, micromanipulation capturing, micromanipulation piping, and cell picking-were systematically compared and evaluated, unequivocally establishing cell picking as the most effective method for OC isolation and chemical analysis. Microscopic observations showed that OCs predominantly distribute in the cortex of adventitious and fibrous roots, as well as the pith and cortex of the rhizome, with distinct morphologies-oblong in roots and circular in rhizomes. Sixty-three volatile constituents were identified in OCs, with eighteen compounds exhibiting significant differences. Safrole, methyleugenol, and asaricin emerged as the most abundant constituents in OCs. Notably, cis-4-thujanol and tetramethylpyrazine were exclusive to rhizome OCs, while isoeugenol methyl ether was specific to fibrous root OCs based on the detections. ARR roots and rhizomes displayed marked disparities in OC distribution, morphology, and constituents. CONCLUSION The study highlights the efficacy of cell picking coupled with HS-SPME-GC-MS as a flexible, reliable, and sensitive method for OC isolation and chemical analysis, providing a robust methodology for future endeavors in single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangxue Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaoli Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Jin S, Li Y, Luo C, Cheng X, Tao W, Li H, Wang W, Qin M, Xie G, Han F. Corydalis tomentella Franch. Exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by regulating the calcium signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117499. [PMID: 38042392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Corydalis tomentella Franch. is a perennial cespitose plant commonly used to treat stomachaches as a folk medicine. The C. tomentella total alkaloids have good protective effects against acute liver injury and potential anti-hepatoma and anti-Alzheimer's disease activities. AIM OF THE STUDY To establish an effective purification process for total alkaloids from C. tomentella and investigate the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Corydalis tomentella were purified using macroporous resin. Then the crude and purified C. tomentella extracts (cCTE and pCTE) were qualitatively analyzed using UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS. The cCTE and pCTE were used to investigate and compare their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Doses at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/d of pCTE were used to study their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mice with xylene-induced ear swelling and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. Content of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined both in RAW264.7 cells and mice. Network pharmacology was used to predict the anti-inflammatory mechanism of C. tomentella, and the key enzymes were validated using qPCR and Western Blot analysis. Concentration of intracellular Ca2+ was detected using flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The C. tomentella total alkaloid purity increased from 6.29% to 47.34% under optimal purification conditions. A total of 54 alkaloids were identified from CTE. Both cCTE and pCTE could suppress the LPS-induced production of NO, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. The pCTE exhibited a more potent anti-inflammatory effect; it also inhibited pain induced by xylene and acetic acid in mice. The calcium signaling pathway is associated with the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of C. tomentella. The mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2, NOS3 and calmodulin1 (CALM1) was regulated by C. tomentella through the reduction of inflammation-induced Ca2+ influx, and it also exhibited a more pronounced effect than the positive control (L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester). CONCLUSIONS Purified C. tomentella extract shows anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo. It exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects through the calcium signaling pathway by down-regulating NOS2 and CALM1 expression and up-regulating NOS3 expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Jin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yveting Li
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chuan Luo
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, 408435, China.
| | - Xinyi Cheng
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hongting Li
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Wanli Wang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Minjian Qin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Guoyong Xie
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Medical Botanical Garden, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, 408435, China.
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de Araújo FHS, Nogueira CR, Trichez VDK, da Rosa Guterres Z, da Silva Pinto L, Velter SQ, Mantovani Ferreira GA, Machado MB, de Oliveira Gomes Neves K, Vieira MDC, Lima Cardoso CA, Heredia-Vieira SC, de Oliveira KMP, Piva RC, Oesterreich SA. Anti-hyperglycemic potential and chemical constituents of Aristolochia triangularis Cham. leaves - A medicinal species native to Brazilian forests. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115991. [PMID: 36470307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aristolochia triangularis Cham. has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes, including as a leaf-based infusion for diabetes management. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to chemically characterize an infusion of in natura A. triangularis leaves and evaluate the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic properties of this infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical composition was examined using liquid-liquid extraction procedure, chromatographic methods, NMR, and LC-MS/MS. The in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of the freeze-dried infusion of A. triangularis leaves (Inf-L-At) was assessed using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Initially, normoglycemic male rats were pre-treated with orally administered Inf-L-At at doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg for two consecutive days. On the day of the OGTT, fasting animals received a glucose load (4 g/kg) 30 min after treatment with Inf-L-At, and the blood glucose levels were verified at 15, 30, 60, and 180 min. Intestinal maltase, lactase, and sucrase activities and muscle and liver glycogen contents were also assessed after the OGTT. RESULTS Inf-L-At extract led to glycemic reduction with no dose-response at 15, 30, and 60 min comparable to that of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide and was accompanied by an increase in hepatic and muscle glycogen contents. Additionally, there was a significant statistically decrease in the in vitro activity of disaccharidases. Maltase and sucrase activities were inhibited at all doses, whereas lactase activity was inhibited only at 62.5 and 250 mg/kg. In total, 75 compounds were found in the infusion, including seven new ones, (7S*,8S*,7ꞌS*,8ꞌR*)-4,4ꞌ-dihydroxy-3,3ꞌ-dimethoxy-7,9ꞌ-epoxylignan-7ꞌ-ol; 4ꞌ-hydroxy-3ꞌ-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-7,9ꞌ-epoxylignan-9,7ꞌ-diol; triangularisines A, B, and C; N-ethyl-N-methyl-affineine; and N-methyl pachyconfine, and one previously not described as a natural product, epi-secoisolariciresinol monomethyl ether. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the infusion from A. triangularis leaves and showed that it is a rich source of lignoids, alkaloids, and glycosylated flavonoids, which are known to exhibit antidiabetic effects and other biological properties that can be beneficial for patients with chronic hyperglycemia, thus certifying the popular use of this herbal drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Rodrigo Nogueira
- Grupo Especializado em Substâncias Secundárias e em Bioconversão por Lepidópteros (GESSBIL), Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (FACET), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Virginia Demarchi Kappel Trichez
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Zaira da Rosa Guterres
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Unidade Universitária de Mundo Novo, BR 163, km 202, s/n, Mundo Novo, MS, 79.980-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCAR, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13.565-905, Brazil.
| | - Suzana Queiroz Velter
- Grupo Especializado em Substâncias Secundárias e em Bioconversão por Lepidópteros (GESSBIL), Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (FACET), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Antonio Mantovani Ferreira
- Grupo Especializado em Substâncias Secundárias e em Bioconversão por Lepidópteros (GESSBIL), Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (FACET), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Batista Machado
- Laboratório de RMN, Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus - UFAM, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Coroado I, Amazonas, AM, 69.067-005, Brazil.
| | - Kidney de Oliveira Gomes Neves
- Laboratório de RMN, Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus - UFAM, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Coroado I, Amazonas, AM, 69.067-005, Brazil.
| | - Maria do Carmo Vieira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (FCA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Cristina Heredia-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional, Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Av. Alexandre Herculano, 1400, Taquaral Bosque, Campo Grande, MS, 79.035-470, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (FCBA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Raul Cremonize Piva
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, s/n, Dourados, MS, 79.804-970, Brazil.
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He D, Liao F, Wang P, Gan B, Yu L. Rapid separation and identification of 96 main constituents in Huanglian Jiedu decoction via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4888. [PMID: 36241360 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Huanglian Jiedu decoction is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, including heat clearing, detoxification, and attenuation of inflammation. However, the composition of Huanglian Jiedu decoction is still unclear due to its complexity and limitations of analytical methods. In this study, we established a fast and reliable analytical method based on ultra-performance LC-Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer for high-speed separation and structural identification of multiple compounds in Huanglian Jiedu decoction. The analysis was carried out using a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) with gradient elution coupled to a high-definition mass spectrometer system operating in both positive and negative ESI modes. According to the chromatographic retention time, precise molecular weight, fragment ion peaks, and published data, the main chromatographic peaks were attributed to specific molecules whose chemical structures were determined. In total, 96 components were identified, including 34 flavonoids and their glycosides, 23 alkaloids, 18 organic acids, 13 terpenoids, and 8 miscellaneous compounds. This study revealed the detailed chemical composition of Huanglian Jiedu decoction, which is of great importance for quality control and further pharmacological and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengyun Liao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Gan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingling Yu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Qing Z, Yan F, Huang P, Zeng J. Establishing the metabolic network of isoquinoline alkaloids from the Macleaya genus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112696. [PMID: 33581597 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic networks can provide insight into the biosynthesis pathways of natural products present in plant-derived medicines. Here, we primarily established a highly efficient and targeted method for the systematic screening of isoquinoline alkaloids from the Macleaya genus. A total of 392 potential alkaloids were detected, 204 of which were further identified according to their tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra and the characteristic fragmentation patterns of references. A metabolic network of isoquinoline alkaloids from the Macleaya genus was then constructed based on the structural relationships, metabolic level differences, and the isotopically labeled [ring-13C6]-tyrosine feeding experiments. New biosynthesis pathways for well-known alkaloids (berberine, sanguinarine, and chelerythrine) in the Macleaya genus were proposed on the basis of the established metabolic network. This work marks the first comprehensive study of the metabolic network of isoquinoline alkaloids in the Macleaya genus and provides a template for constructing the metabolic networks of other plant-derived medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Qing
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Fangqin Yan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Lu M, Li K, He H, Cheng Y, Yang P. Systematic characterization of alkaloids in Eomecon chionantha Hance using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry with a four-step screening strategy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8880. [PMID: 32634853 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eomecon chionantha Hance (ECH), a traditional folk herb, is commonly used to treat traumatic injuries based on its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have reported that alkaloids are the major bioactive components in ECH. Therefore, identification of alkaloids from ECH contributes to the discovery of its potential active ingredients and quality control in clinic treatments. METHODS A four-step screening strategy was performed as follows. (1) Extracting the accurate masses of ions related to different molecules. (2) Screening different types of compounds using their molecular cations, protonated molecules, diagnostic product ions and fragmentation pathways. (3) Comparing the characteristic product ion formulae to obtain the type and number of substituents. (4) Using the biosynthetic pathways of isoquinoline alkaloids to determine the concentration of alkaloids. RESULTS Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) analysis combined with the four-step screening strategy was used to profile the alkaloids in ECH. The structures of 95 alkaloids in ECH were unambiguously identified or reasonably assigned, of which 76 were reported in ECH for the first time. Six types of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were identified in ECH: six benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines, nine protopines, five N-methyltetrahydroprotoberberines, six protoberberines, eight benzophenanthridines and sixty-one dihydrobenzophenanthridines. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive study identified the alkaloids in ECH, thus providing a practical reference for further research. The UHPLC/Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS method, combined with the four-step screening strategy, which was developed and successfully applied to identify the alkaloids in ECH, may also be applicable for the efficient screening of other herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilong Lu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Ke Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Hailang He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
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Carnevale Neto F, Andréo MA, Raftery D, Lopes JLC, Lopes NP, Castro-Gamboa I, Lameiro de Noronha Sales Maia BH, Costa EV, Vessecchi R. Characterization of aporphine alkaloids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8533. [PMID: 31330071 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aporphine alkaloids represent a large group of isoquinoline natural products with important roles in biological and biomedical areas. Their characterization by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) can contribute to their rapid identification in complex biological matrices. METHODS We report the fragmentation of protonated 7,7-dimethylaporphine alkaloids by ESI-MS/MS, and the putative annotation of aporphine alkaloids in plant extracts. We used low- and high-resolution MS/MS analyses to rationalize the fragmentation pathways, and employed the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) density functional theory (DFT) model to provide thermochemical parameters and to obtain the reactive sites. RESULTS DFT calculations of a set of 7,7-dimethylaporphine alkaloids suggested the heterocyclic amino group as the most basic site due to the proton affinity of the nitrogen atom. Collision-induced dissociation experiments promoted • OCH3 elimination instead of the expected neutral loss of the heterocyclic amino group, pointing to the [M - 15 + H]•+ ion as the diagnostic fragment for 7,7-dimethylaporphine alkaloids. The analysis of plant extracts led to the annotation of 25 aporphine alkaloids. Their fragmentation initiated with the loss of the amino group followed by formation of a cyclic carbocation. Further reactions derived from consecutive charge-remote and/or charge-induced fragmentations of the substituents attached to the aromatic system. The mechanisms were re-examined based on plausible gas-phase ion chemistry reactions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the diagnostic product ions and the series of radical and neutral eliminations provided information about the location of methylenedioxy, aromatic methoxy, and vicinal methoxy and hydroxy groups in aporphine alkaloids, assisting their characterization via MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Adriano Andréo
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972270, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - João Luis Callegari Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanoel Vilaça Costa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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9
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Lin L, Li XY, Liu SS, Qing ZX, Liu XB, Zeng JG, Liu ZY. Systematic identification of compounds in Macleaya microcarpa by high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry combined with mass spectral fragmentation behavior of Macleaya alkaloids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8715. [PMID: 31886926 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde belongs to the genus Macleaya of the Papaveraceae family. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are considered the main bioactive constituents of M. microcarpa. METHODS Using high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/QTOFMS/MS) we identified BIAs in the aerial parts of M. microcarpa in the early flowering stage. Target profiling and identification of BIAs in the extracted samples from the fresh aerial parts of M. microcarpa were exclusively based on a personal, accurate, mass database of known compounds and the mass spectral fragmentation behavior of Macleaya alkaloids. RESULTS A total of 97 alkaloids, comprising 7 benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines, 1aporphine, 9 tetraprotoberberines, 3 protoberberines, 2 N-methyltetrahydroprotoberberines, 4 protopines, 47 dihydrobenzophenanthridines, and 24 benzophenanthridines, were identified from the fresh aerial parts of M. microcarpa, and 77 of these were detected for the first time in M. microcarpa. In addition, some of the screened alkaloids were related to the biosynthetic pathways of sanguinarine and chelerythrine. CONCLUSIONS The integrated method is sensitive and reliable for screening and identifying trace or ultra-trace isoquinoline alkaloids and has contributed to a better understanding of BIAs in the fresh aerial parts of M. microcarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Qing
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiu-Bin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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Qing Z, Xu Y, Yu L, Liu J, Huang X, Tang Z, Cheng P, Zeng J. Investigation of fragmentation behaviours of isoquinoline alkaloids by mass spectrometry combined with computational chemistry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:733. [PMID: 31959815 PMCID: PMC6970995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids, which are one of the most important types of alkaloids, are extensively distributed in herbal medicines. However, systematic and comprehensive investigations of the fragmentation behaviours of isoquinoline alkaloids have rarely been reported. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to simultaneously investigate the collision-induced dissociation patterns and the corresponding mechanism of isoquinoline alkaloids by mass spectrometry (MS) combined with computations. Nineteen types of isoquinoline alkaloids (66 compounds) were used as references to identify the characteristic fragmentation behaviours by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS) in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. These types of isoquinoline alkaloids were divided into three categories primarily by the characteristic [M-NHR1R2]+ (R1 and R2 represent the substituent groups of the N-atom) fragment ions. High- and low-abundance [M-NHR1R2]+ ions were observed respectively for type I (1–13) and type II (14–29) alkaloids, respectively; however, the characteristic fragments were not detected for type III alkaloids (30–66) because of the existence of a p-π conjugated system. Each type of alkaloid was further classified by its characteristic fragmentation patterns and fragment ions. In addition, isoquinoline alkaloid with vicinal methoxy and hydroxy, vicinal methoxy, methylenedioxy, methoxy, and quaternary N-methyl groups could form the characteristic fragments by the loss of CH3OH, CH4, CH2O or CO, CH3 and CO, and CH3 moieties, respectively. The mechanisms of some interesting fragmentation behaviours, such as the formation of [M-NH3]+ and [M-CH3]+ fragment ions, were further demonstrated by computational chemistry. These characteristic fragmentation behaviours and fragment ions of isoquinoline alkaloids provide a solid foundation for the rapid and high-efficiency structural elucidation of similar metabolites in plant-derived medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Qing
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuqin Xu
- Department of pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Liuyi Yu
- School of pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jinghong Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiuqiong Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | | | - Pi Cheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,Micolta Bioresource Inc., Changsha, 410005, China.
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11
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Plazas E, Casoti R, Avila Murillo M, Batista Da Costa F, Cuca LE. Metabolomic profiling of Zanthoxylum species: Identification of anti-cholinesterase alkaloids candidates. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 168:112128. [PMID: 31557705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources is a key step in drug discovery and development, however, this procedure is usually expensive and difficult due to the complexity and the limited amounts of the metabolites in the extracts. Thus, rational or targeting isolations are becoming more popular to reduce the bottlenecks in bioactive natural products research. In this study, we used a LC-MS-based metabolomic approach and biochemometric statistical tools (PCA and OPLS-DA) to identify potential anti-cholinesterase alkaloids predictors in Zanthoxylum genus (Rutaceae). For this purpose, 41 alkaloid extracts from nine Colombian Zanthoxylum species were screened by UHPLC-UV-HRMS and inhibitory activity against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Based on the screening results, a multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) and selection of anti-cholinesterase candidates were performed using the S-plot from the OPLS-DA model. The supervised analysis (OPLS-DA) paring the anti-cholinesterase screening and LC-HRMS data showed at least 11 ChE inhibition markers which could have contributed in the differentiation of active and inactive extracts. The predictors were tentatively identified by comparing chromatographic retention times (Rt) and accurate mass and MS2 fragmentation patterns. In general, the inhibition markers correspond to four types of isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrahydroprotoberberines, protoberberines, dihydrobenzophenanthridines and benzophenanthridines. The most active extracts from Z. schreberi and Z. monophylum showed the highest presence of berberine and chelerythrine, previously reported as cholinesterase inhibitors. Thus, to validate the results of the OPLS-DA model, three alkaloids from the bark of Z. schreberi (identified as berberine, chelerythrine and columbamine) were bio-directed isolated, and all of them showed strong inhibition against both enzymes. These findings support our statistical models and contribute to the rational search of anticholinesterase alkaloids. Therefore, LC-MS-based metabolomic approach combined with chemometric statistical analysis are shown as useful tools for the isolation of targeted bioactive natural products, contributing to improve the research and development stages of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Plazas
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Rosana Casoti
- AsterBioChem Research Team, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Do Café s/n, 140440-903, Ribeirão Petro, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Avila Murillo
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Batista Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Do Café s/n, 140440-903, Ribeirão Petro, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Enrique Cuca
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Chen LL, Chu SS, Zhang L, Xie J, Dai M, Wu X, Peng HS. Tissue-Specific Metabolite Profiling on the Different Parts of Bolting and Unbolting Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Qianhu) by Laser Microdissection Combined with UPLC-Q/TOF⁻MS and HPLC⁻DAD. Molecules 2019; 24:E1439. [PMID: 30979075 PMCID: PMC6480431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qianhu is a traditional Chinese medicine. It is thought that Qianhu roots will harden after bolting and not be suitable for medicinal purposes. Bolting Qianhu and unbolting Qianhu are referred to as "Xiong Qianhu" and "Ci Qianhu," respectively. In this study, the properties, microscopic and chemical characteristics of Ci Qianhu and Xiong Qianhu roots were compared using fluorescence microscopy, laser microdissection coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. RESULTS Microscopy results showed that the area of secondary xylem in the root increased after bolting, with the cork and secretory canals showing strong fluorescence intensity. A total of 34 peaks, mostly pyranocoumarins, were identified in the tissues of Ci Qianhu and Xiong Qianhu. The secretory canals contained the highest variability of coumarins, whereas the secondary xylem contained the least coumarins. Moreover, seven coumarins, especially the pyran- coumarin, decreased after bolting. Generally, both before and after bolting, coumarin level was the highest in the bark, followed by the middle part, and the lowest in the inner part. CONCLUSION Thus, it was indicated that the area of secondary xylem increased after bolting, however the coumarin variant and content decreased in the secondary xylem of Qianhu. The result shows that the quality of Qianhu decreases after bolting, which supports the viewpoint that Xiong Qianhu is not suitable for medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Shan Shan Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Jin Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Min Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Hua Sheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230038, China.
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13
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Synthesis and characterization of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for enrichment of sanguinarine from the extraction wastewater of M. cordata. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lin L, Liu YC, Huang JL, Liu XB, Qing ZX, Zeng JG, Liu ZY. Medicinal plants of the genus Macleaya (Macleaya cordata, Macleaya microcarpa): A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Phytother Res 2017; 32:19-48. [PMID: 29130543 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the genus Macleaya, Macleaya cordata and Macleaya microcarpa have been recognized as traditional herbs that are primarily distributed in China, North America, and Europe and have a long history of medicinal usage. These herbs have been long valued and studied for detumescence, detoxification, and insecticidal effect. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies on plants in the genus Macleaya. Plants from the genus of Macleaya provide a source of bioactive compounds, primarily alkaloids, with remarkable diversity and complex architectures, thereby having attracted attention from researchers. To date, 291 constituents have been identified and/or isolated from this group. These purified compounds and/or crude extract possess antitumor, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities in addition to certain potential toxicities. Macleaya species hold potential for medicinal applications. However, despite the pharmacological studies on these plants, the mechanisms underlying the biological activities of active ingredients derived from Macleaya have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. Additionally, there is a need for research focusing on in vivo medical effects of Macleaya compounds and, eventually, for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jia-Lu Huang
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiu-Bin Liu
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Qing
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zeng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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