1
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Vila-Farré M, Rozanski A, Ivanković M, Cleland J, Brand JN, Thalen F, Grohme MA, von Kannen S, Grosbusch AL, Vu HTK, Prieto CE, Carbayo F, Egger B, Bleidorn C, Rasko JEJ, Rink JC. Evolutionary dynamics of whole-body regeneration across planarian flatworms. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:2108-2124. [PMID: 37857891 PMCID: PMC10697840 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative abilities vary dramatically across animals. Even amongst planarian flatworms, well-known for complete regeneration from tiny body fragments, some species have restricted regeneration abilities while others are almost entirely regeneration incompetent. Here, we assemble a diverse live collection of 40 planarian species to probe the evolution of head regeneration in the group. Combining quantification of species-specific head-regeneration abilities with a comprehensive transcriptome-based phylogeny reconstruction, we show multiple independent transitions between robust whole-body regeneration and restricted regeneration in freshwater species. RNA-mediated genetic interference inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling in RNA-mediated genetic interference-sensitive species bypassed all head-regeneration defects, suggesting that the Wnt pathway is linked to the emergence of planarian regeneration defects. Our finding that Wnt signalling has multiple roles in the reproductive system of the model species Schmidtea mediterranea raises the possibility that a trade-off between egg-laying, asexual reproduction by fission/regeneration and Wnt signalling drives regenerative trait evolution. Although quantitative comparisons of Wnt signalling levels, yolk content and reproductive strategy across our species collection remained inconclusive, they revealed divergent Wnt signalling roles in the reproductive system of planarians. Altogether, our study establishes planarians as a model taxon for comparative regeneration research and presents a framework for the mechanistic evolution of regenerative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Vila-Farré
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andrei Rozanski
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Ivanković
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - James Cleland
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeremias N Brand
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Thalen
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cardio-CARE, Medizincampus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Grohme
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanh T-K Vu
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos E Prieto
- Department of Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Carbayo
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Bioprinting as an extension of 3D printing offers capabilities for printing tissues and organs for application in biomedical engineering. Conducting bioprinting in space, where the gravity is zero, can enable new frontiers in tissue engineering. Fabrication of soft tissues, which usually collapse under their own weight, can be accelerated in microgravity conditions as the external forces are eliminated. Furthermore, human colonization in space can be supported by providing critical needs of life and ecosystems by 3D bioprinting without relying on cargos from Earth, e.g., by development and long-term employment of living engineered filters (such as sea sponges-known as critical for initiating and maintaining an ecosystem). This review covers bioprinting methods in microgravity along with providing an analysis on the process of shipping bioprinters to space and presenting a perspective on the prospects of zero-gravity bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Rezapour Sarabi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey 34450
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany 70569
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey 34450
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany 70569
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey 34450
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey 34684
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3
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Salvetti A, Degl'Innocenti A, Gambino G, van Loon JJ, Ippolito C, Ghelardoni S, Ghigo E, Leoncino L, Prato M, Rossi L, Ciofani G. Artificially altered gravity elicits cell homeostasis imbalance in planarian worms, and cerium oxide nanoparticles counteract this effect. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2322-2333. [PMID: 33960131 PMCID: PMC8518838 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gravity alterations elicit complex and mostly detrimental effects on biological systems. Among these, a prominent role is occupied by oxidative stress, with consequences for tissue homeostasis and development. Studies in altered gravity are relevant for both Earth and space biomedicine, but their implementation using whole organisms is often troublesome. Here we utilize planarians, simple worm model for stem cell and regeneration biology, to characterize the pathogenic mechanisms brought by artificial gravity alterations. In particular, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of molecular responses in intact and regenerating specimens, and demonstrate a protective action from the space-apt for nanotechnological antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salvetti
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Materials Interfaces, Smart Bio‐InterfacesPisaItaly
| | - Gaetana Gambino
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Jack J.W.A. van Loon
- Dutch Experiment Support Center (DESC), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral PathologyAmsterdam UMC location VU University Medical Center & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- TEC‐MMG LIS labEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC)NoordwijkThe Netherlands
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Biology and Genetics UnitUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Sandra Ghelardoni
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry UnitUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Techno JouvenceMarseilleFrance
| | - Luca Leoncino
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaElectron Microscopy FacilityGenoaItaly
| | - Mirko Prato
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMaterials Characterization FacilityGenoaItaly
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Materials Interfaces, Smart Bio‐InterfacesPisaItaly
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4
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Braddock M. From Target Identification to Drug Development in Space: Using the Microgravity Assist. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:45-56. [PMID: 30648510 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190112150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The unique nature of microgravity encountered in space provides an opportunity for drug discovery and development that cannot be replicated on Earth. From the production of superior protein crystals to the identification and validation of new drug targets to microarray analyses of transcripts attenuated by microgravity, there are numerous examples which demonstrate the benefit of exploiting the space environment. Moreover, studies conducted on Space Shuttle missions, the International Space Station and other craft have had a direct benefit for drug development programmes such as those directed against reducing bone and muscle loss or increasing bone formation. This review will highlight advances made in both drug discovery and development and offer some future insight into how drug discovery and associated technologies may be further advanced using the microgravity assist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Sherwood Observatory, Mansfield and Sutton Astronomical Society, Coxmoor Road, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire, NG17 5LF, United Kingdom
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5
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Molecular impact of launch related dynamic vibrations and static hypergravity in planarians. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:25. [PMID: 32964111 PMCID: PMC7478964 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many examples of simulated and real microgravity demonstrating their profound effect on biological systems are described in literature, few reports deal with hypergravity and vibration effects, the levels of which are severely increased during the launch preceding the desired microgravity period. Here, we used planarians, flatworms that can regenerate any body part in a few days. Planarians are an ideal model to study the impact of launch-related hypergravity and vibration during a regenerative process in a "whole animal" context. Therefore, planarians were subjected to 8.5 minutes of 4 g hypergravity (i.e. a human-rated launch level) in the Large Diameter Centrifuge (LDC) and/or to vibrations (20-2000 Hz, 11.3 G rms) simulating the conditions of a standard rocket launch. The transcriptional levels of genes (erg-1, runt-1, fos, jnk, and yki) related with the early stress response were quantified through qPCR. The results show that early response genes are severely deregulated after static and dynamic loads but more so after a combined exposure of dynamic (vibration) and static (hypergravity) loads, more closely simulating real launch exposure profiles. Importantly, at least four days after the exposure, the transcriptional levels of those genes are still deregulated. Our results highlight the deep impact that short exposures to hypergravity and vibration have in organisms, and thus the implications that space flight launch could have. These phenomena should be taken into account when planning for well-controlled microgravity studies.
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6
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Cao Z, Liu H, Zhao B, Pang Q, Zhang X. Extreme Environmental Stress-Induced Biological Responses in the Planarian. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7164230. [PMID: 32596359 PMCID: PMC7305541 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7164230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans of the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have well-defined anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes and have a highly structured true brain which consists of all neural cell types and neuropeptides found in a vertebrate. Planarian flatworms are famous for their strong regenerative ability; they can easily regenerate any part of the body including the complete neoformation of a functional brain within a few days and can survive a series of extreme environmental stress. Nowadays, they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology and have offered lots of helpful information for these realms. In this review, we will summarize the response of planarians to some typical environmental stress and hope to shed light on basic mechanisms of how organisms interact with extreme environmental stress and survive it, such as altered gravity, temperature, and oxygen, and this information will help researchers improve the design in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Western Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hongjin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Western Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Western Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Western Road, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xiufang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Western Road, Zibo 255049, China
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7
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Miller WB, Torday JS, Baluška F. The N-space Episenome unifies cellular information space-time within cognition-based evolution. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:112-139. [PMID: 31415772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-referential cellular homeostasis is maintained by the measured assessment of both internal status and external conditions based within an integrated cellular information field. This cellular field attachment to biologic information space-time coordinates environmental inputs by connecting the cellular senome, as the sum of the sensory experiences of the cell, with its genome and epigenome. In multicellular organisms, individual cellular information fields aggregate into a collective information architectural matrix, termed a N-space Episenome, that enables mutualized organism-wide information management. It is hypothesized that biological organization represents a dual heritable system constituted by both its biological materiality and a conjoining N-space Episenome. It is further proposed that morphogenesis derives from reciprocations between these inter-related facets to yield coordinated multicellular growth and development. The N-space Episenome is conceived as a whole cell informational projection that is heritable, transferable via cell division and essential for the synchronous integration of the diverse self-referential cells that constitute holobionts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, USA.
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8
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Beane WS, Adams DS, Morokuma J, Levin M. Live imaging of intracellular pH in planarians using the ratiometric fluorescent dye SNARF-5F-AM. Biol Methods Protoc 2019; 4:bpz005. [PMID: 31206034 PMCID: PMC6541873 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological parameters such as resting potential and pH are increasingly recognized as important regulators of cell activity and tissue-level events in regeneration, development, and cancer. The availability of fluorescent reporter dyes has greatly increased the ability to track these properties in vivo. The planarian flatworm is an important and highly tractable model system for regeneration, stem cell biology, and neuroscience; however, no protocols have been published for investigating pH in this system. Here, we report a simple and effective protocol for imaging pH gradients in living planaria suitable for intact and regenerating flatworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Scott Beane
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Dany Spencer Adams
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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9
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Grigoryan EN, Radugina EA. Behavior of Stem-Like Cells, Precursors for Tissue Regeneration in Urodela, Under Conditions of Microgravity. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:423-437. [PMID: 30696352 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We summarize data from our experiments on stem-like cell-dependent regeneration in amphibians in microgravity. Considering its deleterious effect on many tissues, we asked whether microgravity is compatible with reparative processes, specifically activation and proliferation of source cells. Experiments were conducted using tailed amphibians, which combine profound regenerative capabilities with high robustness, allowing an in vivo study of lens, retina, limb, and tail regeneration in challenging settings of spaceflight. Microgravity promoted stem-like cell proliferation to a varying extent (up to 2-fold), and it seemed to speed up source cell dedifferentiation, as well as sequential differentiation in retina, lens, and limb, leading to formation of bigger and more developed regenerates than in 1g controls. It also promoted proliferation and hypertrophy of Müller glial cells, eliciting a response similar to reactive gliosis. A significant increase in stem-like cell proliferation was mostly beneficial for regeneration and only in rare cases caused moderate tissue growth abnormalities. It is important that microgravity yielded a lasting effect even if applied before operations. We hypothesize on the potential mechanisms of gravity-dependent changes in stem-like cell behavior, including fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling pathway and heat shock proteins, which were affected in our experimental settings. Taken together, our data indicate that microgravity does not disturb the natural regenerative potential of newt stem-like cells, and, depending on the system, even stimulates their dedifferentiation, proliferation, and differentiation. We discuss these data along with publications on mammalian stem cell behavior in vitro and invertebrate regeneration in vivo in microgravity. In vivo data are very scarce and require further research using contemporary methods of cell behavior analysis to elucidate mechanisms of stem cell response to altered gravity. They are relevant for both practical applications, such as managing human reparative responses in spaceflight, and fundamental understanding of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Radugina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Angerer TB, Chakravarty N, Taylor MJ, Nicora CD, Graham DJ, Anderton CR, Chudler EH, Gamble LJ. Insights into the histology of planarian flatworm Phagocata gracilis based on location specific, intact lipid information provided by GCIB-ToF-SIMS imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:733-743. [PMID: 30731132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Planarian flatworms are known as the masters of regeneration, re-growing an entire organism from as little as 1/279th part of their body. While the proteomics of these processes has been studied extensively, the planarian lipodome remains relatively unknown. In this study we investigate the lipid profile of planarian tissue sections with imaging Time-of-Flight - Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS is a label-free technique capable of gathering intact, location specific lipid information on a cellular scale. Lipid identities are confirmed using LC-MS/MS. Our data shows that different organ structures within planarians have unique lipid profiles. The 22-carbon atom poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which occur in unusually high amounts in planarians are found to be mainly located in the testes. Additionally, we observe that planarians contain various odd numbered fatty acid species, that are usually found in bacteria, localized in the reproductive and ectodermal structures of the planarian. An abundance of poorly understood ether fatty acids and ether lipids were found in unique areas in planarians as well as a new, yet unidentified class of potential lipids in planarian intestines. Identifying the location of these lipids in the planarian body provides insights into their bodily functions and, in combination with knowledge about their diet and their genome, enables drawing conclusions about planarian fatty acid processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Angerer
- NESACBIO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Neil Chakravarty
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael J Taylor
- NESACBIO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Earth and Biological Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Graham
- NESACBIO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Earth and Biological Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric H Chudler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lara J Gamble
- NESACBIO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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11
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Lee FJ, Williams KB, Levin M, Wolfe BE. The Bacterial Metabolite Indole Inhibits Regeneration of the Planarian Flatworm Dugesia japonica. iScience 2018; 10:135-148. [PMID: 30521984 PMCID: PMC6280633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Planarian flatworms have been used for over a century as models for regeneration. Planarians live in aquatic environments with constant exposure to microbes, but the mechanisms by which bacteria may mediate planarian regeneration are largely unknown. We characterized the microbiome of laboratory populations of the planarian Dugesia japonica and determined how individual bacteria impact D. japonica regeneration. Eight to ten taxa in the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria consistently occur across planarian colonies housed in different research laboratories. Individual members of the D. japonica microbiome can delay regeneration including the development of eye spots and blastema formation. The microbial metabolite indole is produced in significant quantities by two bacteria that are consistently found in the D. japonica microbiome and contributes to delays in regeneration. Collectively, these results provide a baseline understanding of the bacteria associated with the planarian D. japonica and demonstrate how metabolite production by host-associated microbes can affect regeneration. The planarian worm Dugesia japonica is colonized by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria Many of these bacteria can be cultured and experimentally manipulated Some bacteria can inhibit regeneration, including eye and blastema formation Indole produced by planarian-associated bacteria contributes to regeneration delays
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick J Lee
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E Wolfe
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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12
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Lu HM, Lu XL, Zhai JH, Zhou RB, Liu YM, Guo WH, Zhang CY, Shang P, Yin DC. Effects of large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF) on the long-term culture of aquatic organisms: Planarians example. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:428-440. [PMID: 29873401 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF) is a powerful tool to study the effects of altered gravity on organisms. In our study, a platform for the long-term culture of aquatic organisms was designed based on a special superconducting magnet with an LG-HMF, which can provide three apparent gravity levels (µ g, 1 g, and 2 g), along with a control condition on the ground. Planarians, Dugesia japonica, were head-amputated and cultured for 5 days in a platform for head reconstruction. After planarian head regeneration, all samples were taken out from the superconducting magnet for a behavioral test under geomagnetic field and normal gravity conditions. To analyze differences among the four groups, four aspects of the planarians were considered, including head regeneration rate, phototaxis response, locomotor velocity, and righting behavior. Data showed that there was no significant difference in the planarian head regeneration rate under simulated altered gravity. According to statistical analysis of the behavioral test, all of the groups had normal functioning of the phototaxis response, while the planarians that underwent head reconstruction under the microgravity environment had significantly slower locomotor velocity and spent more time in righting behavior. Furthermore, histological staining and immunohistochemistry results helped us reveal that the locomotor system of planarians was affected by the simulated microgravity environment. We further demonstrated that the circular muscle of the planarians was weakened (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and the epithelial cilia of the planarians were reduced (anti-acetylated tubulin staining) under the simulated microgravity environment. Bioelectromagnetics. 2018;39:428-440. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Meng Lu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Lu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhai
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Bin Zhou
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hong Guo
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Peng Shang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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13
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Levin M, Morokuma J, Finkelstein J. Space travel has effects on planarian regeneration that cannot be explained by a null hypothesis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:156-158. [PMID: 29299321 PMCID: PMC5743785 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery CenterTufts University200 Boston AveMedfordMA 02155–4243USA
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Allen Discovery CenterTufts University200 Boston AveMedfordMA 02155–4243USA
| | - Joshua Finkelstein
- Allen Discovery CenterTufts University200 Boston AveMedfordMA 02155–4243USA
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14
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Sluys R, Stocchino GA. Bipolarity in planarians is not induced by space travel. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:153-155. [PMID: 29299320 PMCID: PMC5743782 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence strongly suggests that alternative, Earth-bound explanations should be sought first for the occurrence of a single bipolar planarian flatworm returning from space travel. Double-headed worms have been amply documented as arising under experimental conditions as well as spontaneously in stock cultures of planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluys
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterPO Box 95172300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Giacinta A. Stocchino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del TerritorioUniversità di SassariVia Muroni 25I‐07100SassariItaly
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15
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Morokuma J, Durant F, Williams KB, Finkelstein JM, Blackiston DJ, Clements T, Reed DW, Roberts M, Jain M, Kimel K, Trauger SA, Wolfe BE, Levin M. Planarian regeneration in space: Persistent anatomical, behavioral, and bacteriological changes induced by space travel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:85-102. [PMID: 28616247 PMCID: PMC5469732 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is regulated not only by chemical signals but also by physical processes, such as bioelectric gradients. How these may change in the absence of the normal gravitational and geomagnetic fields is largely unknown. Planarian flatworms were moved to the International Space Station for 5 weeks, immediately after removing their heads and tails. A control group in spring water remained on Earth. No manipulation of the planaria occurred while they were in orbit, and space‐exposed worms were returned to our laboratory for analysis. One animal out of 15 regenerated into a double‐headed phenotype—normally an extremely rare event. Remarkably, amputating this double‐headed worm again, in plain water, resulted again in the double‐headed phenotype. Moreover, even when tested 20 months after return to Earth, the space‐exposed worms displayed significant quantitative differences in behavior and microbiome composition. These observations may have implications for human and animal space travelers, but could also elucidate how microgravity and hypomagnetic environments could be used to trigger desired morphological, neurological, physiological, and bacteriomic changes for various regenerative and bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Morokuma
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Fallon Durant
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Katherine B Williams
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Joshua M Finkelstein
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Douglas J Blackiston
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Twyman Clements
- Kentucky Space LLC, 200 West Vine St., Suite 420 Lexington KY 40507 USA
| | - David W Reed
- NASA Kennedy Space Center Space Station Processing Facility Building M7-0360, Kennedy Space Center FL 32899 USA
| | - Michael Roberts
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) 6905 N. Wickham Rd., Suite 500 Melbourne FL 32940 USA
| | - Mahendra Jain
- Kentucky Space LLC, 200 West Vine St., Suite 420 Lexington KY 40507 USA
| | - Kris Kimel
- Exomedicine Institute 200 West Vine St. Lexington KY 40507 USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- Harvard University Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility 52 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Benjamin E Wolfe
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University Biology Department Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600 Medford MA 02155-4243 USA
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