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Lenoci D, Resteghini C, Serafini MS, Pistore F, Canevari S, Ma B, Cavalieri S, Alfieri S, Trama A, Licitra L, De Cecco L. Tumor molecular landscape of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related nasopharyngeal carcinoma in EBV-endemic and non-endemic areas: Implications for improving treatment modalities. Transl Res 2024; 265:1-16. [PMID: 37949350 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related- nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal mucosal lining. Endemic areas (EA) are east and Southeast Asia, were NPC was recorded with higher incidence and longer estimated survival than in non-endemic area (NEA) such as Europe, We analyzed the gene expression and microenvironment properties of NPC in both areas to identify molecular subtypes and assess biological and clinical correlates that might explain the differences in incidence and outcome between EA- and NEA-NPCs. Six EA-NPC transcriptomic datasets, including tumor and normal samples, were integrated in a meta-analysis to identify molecular subtypes using a ConsensusClusterPlus bioinformatic approach. Based on the biological/functional characterization of four identified clusters were identified: Cl1, Immune-active; Cl2, defense-response; Cl3, proliferation; Cl4, perineural-interaction/EBV-exhaustion. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, applied to the single dataset with available disease-free survival indicated Cl3 as the cluster with the worst prognosis (P = 0.0476), confirmed when applying four previously published prognostic signatures. A Cl3 classifier signature was generated and its prognostic performance was confirmed (P = 0.0368) on a validation dataset. Prediction of treatment response suggested better responses to: radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors immune-active and defense-response clusters; chemotherapy proliferation cluster; cisplatin perineural-interaction/EBV-exhaustion cluster. RNA sequencing for gene expression profiling was performed on 50 NEA-NPC Italian samples. In the NEA cohort, Cl1, Cl2 and Cl3 were represented, while perineural-interaction/EBV-exhaustion was almost absent. The immune/biological characterization and treatment-response prediction analyses of NEA-NPC partially replicated the EA-NPC results. Well characterized EA- and NEA-NPC retrospective and prospective cohorts are needed to validate the obtained results and can help designing future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lenoci
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via GA. Amadeo, 42-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Resteghini
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara S Serafini
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via GA. Amadeo, 42-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Pistore
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Brigette Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Trama
- Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via GA. Amadeo, 42-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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Studstill CJ, Mac M, Moody CA. Interplay between the DNA damage response and the life cycle of DNA tumor viruses. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200272. [PMID: 37918513 PMCID: PMC10685005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 % of human cancers are associated with virus infection. DNA tumor viruses can induce tumor formation in host cells by disrupting the cell's DNA replication and repair mechanisms. Specifically, these viruses interfere with the host cell's DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex network of signaling pathways that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. DNA tumor viruses can disrupt these pathways by expressing oncoproteins that mimic or inhibit various DDR components, thereby promoting genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular mechanisms by which DNA tumor viruses interact with DDR components, as well as the ways in which these interactions contribute to viral replication and tumorigenesis. Understanding the interplay between DNA tumor viruses and the DDR pathway is critical for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virally associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which human papillomavirus (HPV), merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interfere with DDR pathways to facilitate their respective life cycles, and the consequences of such interference on genomic stability and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Michelle Mac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Cary A Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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Napoletani G, Soldan SS, Kannan T, Preston-Alp S, Vogel P, Maestri D, Caruso LB, Kossenkov A, Sobotka A, Lieberman PM, Tempera I. PARP1 Inhibition Halts EBV+ Lymphoma Progression by Disrupting the EBNA2/MYC Axis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547847. [PMID: 37461649 PMCID: PMC10350008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
PARP1 has been shown to regulate EBV latency. However, the therapeutic effect of PARP1 inhibitors on EBV+ lymphomagenesis has not yet been explored. Here, we show that PARPi BMN-673 has a potent anti-tumor effect on EBV-driven LCL in a mouse xenograft model. We found that PARP1 inhibition induces a dramatic transcriptional reprogramming of LCLs driven largely by the reduction of the MYC oncogene expression and dysregulation of MYC targets, both in vivo and in vitro. PARP1 inhibition also reduced the expression of viral oncoprotein EBNA2, which we previously demonstrated depends on PARP1 for activation of MYC. Further, we show that PARP1 inhibition blocks the chromatin association of MYC, EBNA2, and tumor suppressor p53. Overall, our study strengthens the central role of PARP1 in EBV malignant transformation and identifies the EBNA2/MYC pathway as a target of PARP1 inhibitors and its utility for the treatment of EBNA2-driven EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Comparative Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Parisi F, Fonti N, Millanta F, Freer G, Pistello M, Poli A. Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 37386451 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 15% of human neoplasms globally are caused by infectious agents, with new evidence emerging continuously. Multiple agents have been implicated in various forms of neoplasia, with viruses as the most frequent. In recent years, investigation on viral mechanisms underlying tumoral transformation in cancer development and progression are in the spotlight, both in human and veterinary oncology. Oncogenic viruses in veterinary medicine are of primary importance not only as original pathogens of pets, but also in the view of pets as models of human malignancies. Hence, this work will provide an overview of the main oncogenic viruses of companion animals, with brief notes of comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Chatterjee S, Sanjeev BS. Community detection in Epstein-Barr virus associated carcinomas and role of tyrosine kinase in etiological mechanisms for oncogenesis. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106115. [PMID: 37137346 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) affects more than 90% of global population. The role of the virus in causing infectious mononucleosis (IM) affecting B-cells and epithelial cells and in the development of EBV associated cancers is well documented. Investigating the associated interactions can pave way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for EBV associated lymphoproliferative (Burkitt's Lymphoma and Hodgkin's Lymphoma) and non-lymphoproliferative diseases (Gastric cancer and Nasopharyngeal cancer). METHODS Based on the DisGeNET (v7.0) data set, we constructed a disease-gene network to identify genes that are involved in various carcinomas, viz. Gastric cancer (GC), Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). We identified communities in the disease-gene network and performed functional enrichment using over-representation analysis to detect significant biological processes/pathways and the interactions between them. RESULT We identified the modular communities to explore the relation of this common causative pathogen (EBV) with different carcinomas such as GC, NPC, HL and BL. Through network analysis we identified the top 10 genes linked with EBV associated carcinomas as CASP10, BRAF, NFKBIA, IFNA2, GSTP1, CSF3, GATA3, UBR5, AXIN2 and POLE. Further, the tyrosine-protein kinase (ABL1) gene was significantly over-represented in 3 out of 9 critical biological processes, viz. in regulatory pathways in cancer, the TP53 network and the Imatinib and chronic myeloid leukemia biological processes. Consequently, the EBV pathogen appears to target critical pathways involved in cellular growth arrest/apoptosis. We make our case for BCR-ABL1 tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) for further clinical investigations in the inhibition of BCR-mediated EBV activation in carcinomas for better prognostic and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India.
| | - B S Sanjeev
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India.
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Sausen DG, Basith A, Muqeemuddin S. EBV and Lymphomagenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072133. [PMID: 37046794 PMCID: PMC10093459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) cannot be understated. Not only does it infect approximately 90% of the world’s population, but it is also associated with numerous pathologies. Diseases linked to this virus include hematologic malignancies such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, and NK/T-cell lymphoma, epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Graves’ disease, and lupus. While treatment for these disease states is ever evolving, much work remains to more fully elucidate the relationship between EBV, its associated disease states, and their treatments. This paper begins with an overview of EBV latency and latency-associated proteins. It will then review EBV’s contributions to select hematologic malignancies with a focus on the contribution of latent proteins as well as their associated management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ayeman Basith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Soldan SS, Messick TE, Lieberman PM. Therapeutic approaches to Epstein-Barr virus cancers. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101260. [PMID: 36174496 PMCID: PMC11058316 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong latent infection that can be a causal agent for a diverse spectrum of cancers and autoimmune disease. A complex and dynamic viral lifecycle evades eradication by the host immune system and confounds antiviral therapeutic strategies. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or therapies that selectively target EBV as the underlying cause of EBV-associated disease. Here, we review the challenges and recent advances in the development of EBV-specific therapeutics for treatment of EBV-associated cancers.
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Penzhorn IH, Schneider JW, Sher-Locketz C. The Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Plasma Cell Neoplasms is Higher in HIV-Positive Individuals. Int J Surg Pathol 2022:10668969221113490. [PMID: 35912479 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221113490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with many hematolymphoid malignancies. This laboratory-based study aimed to establish the prevalence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms in a large South African cohort and to determine whether there is any correlation between EBV-positivity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in patients with plasma cell neoplasms, including plasma cell myeloma and plasmacytoma (solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extraosseous plasmacytoma). METHODS This single-institution retrospective study included all patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasm between 2003 and 2020. EBV-expression in the plasma cell neoplasms was assessed by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) and correlated with HIV status. HIV status was determined by retrieving prior serologic results. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from HIV-unknown patients underwent HIV-1 p24 antibody testing. RESULTS Sixteen of 89 plasma cell neoplasms (18%) were EBV-positive. There was a significant correlation between EBV and HIV infection in plasma cell neoplasms, with 6/10 tumors from HIV positive patients showing EBV-positivity in tumor cells. The EBV-positive cohort was significantly younger than the EBV-negative group. CONCLUSION EBV-positivity in plasma cell neoplasms in this study is higher than previously reported. The significant occurrence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms from HIV-positive patients suggests a co-carcinogenic relationship between the two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H Penzhorn
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann W Schneider
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice Sher-Locketz
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Anatomical Pathology, 484973PathCare, Cape Town, South Africa
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Comprehensive Analyses of Intraviral Epstein-Barr Virus Protein-Protein Interactions Hint Central Role of BLRF2 in the Tegument Network. J Virol 2022; 96:e0051822. [PMID: 35862711 PMCID: PMC9327732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00518-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are crucial for various biological processes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins typically form complexes, regulating the replication and persistence of the viral genome in human cells. However, the role of EBV protein complexes under physiological conditions remains unclear. In this study, we performed comprehensive analyses of EBV PPIs in living cells using the NanoBiT system. We identified 195 PPIs, many of which have not previously been reported. Computational analyses of these PPIs revealed that BLRF2, which is only found in gammaherpesviruses, is a central protein in the structural network of EBV tegument proteins. To characterize the role of BLRF2, we generated two BLRF2 knockout EBV clones using CRISPR/Cas9. BLRF2 knockout significantly decreased the production of infectious virus particles, which was partially restored by exogenous BLRF2 expression. In addition, self-association of BLRF2 protein was found, and mutation of the residues crucial for the self-association affected stability of the protein. Our data imply that BLRF2 is a tegument network hub that plays important roles in progeny virion maturation. IMPORTANCE EBV remains a significant public health challenge, causing infectious mononucleosis and several cancer types. Therefore, the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EBV replication is of high clinical importance. As protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are major regulators of virus-associated pathogenesis, comprehensive analyses of PPIs are essential. Previous studies on PPIs in EBV or other herpesviruses have predominantly employed the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system, immunoprecipitation, and pulldown assays. Herein, using a novel luminescence-based method, we identified 195 PPIs, most of which have not previously been reported. Computational and functional analyses using knockout viruses revealed that BLRF2 plays a central role in the EBV life cycle, which makes it a valuable target for drug development.
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Song H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu W, Luo B. Activation of DNA methyltransferase 3a by Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 in gastric carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:973-983. [PMID: 34215536 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in all Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells. It interacts with a variety of cellular proteins and activates the transcription of other EBV latency genes, which plays an important role in the persistence of the EBV genome during latent infection. AIM Several studies have shown that EBV infection induces the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and causes extensive methylation of the whole genome in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). However, the specific mechanism by which EBV regulates DNMTs expression is still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS EBNA1 plasmid and siRNA were transfected to evaluate the effect of EBNA1 on DNMT3a expression. Molecular biology experiments were used to detect the biological function of DNMT3a and its effect on EBV latency in gastric carcinoma cells. We showed that EBNA1 upregulated DNMT3a expression through the E2F1 transcription factor (E2F1) in EBVaGC. DNMT3a knockdown restrained cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, promoted cell apoptosis and suppressed cell migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a new mechanism for EBV to regulate the expression of DNMT3a. Targeting the EBNA1/E2F1/DNMT3a axis may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of EBVaGC with high DNMT3a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, 54 Gongqingtuan Road, Zibo 255036, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Yanagi Y, Watanabe T, Hara Y, Sato Y, Kimura H, Murata T. EBV Exploits RNA m6A Modification to Promote Cell Survival and Progeny Virus Production During Lytic Cycle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870816. [PMID: 35783391 PMCID: PMC9240777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mediates various biological processes by affecting RNA stability, splicing, and translational efficiency. The roles of m6A modification in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the lytic phase are unclear. Here, knockout of the m6A methyltransferase, N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), or inhibition of methylation by DAA or UZH1a decreased the expression of viral lytic proteins and reduced progeny virion production. Interestingly, cell growth and viability were decreased by induction of the lytic cycle in METTL3-knockout or inhibitor-treated cells. Apoptosis was induced in those conditions possibly because of a decreased level of the anti-apoptotic viral protein, BHRF1. Therefore, m6A shows potential as a target of lytic induction therapy for EBV-associated cancers, including Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuya Hara
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takayuki Murata
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Replication Compartments-The Great Survival Strategy for Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050896. [PMID: 35630341 PMCID: PMC9144946 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication, viral DNA synthesis is carried out in viral replication factories called replication compartments (RCs), which are located at discrete sites in the nucleus. Viral proteins constituting the viral replication machinery are accumulated in the RCs to amplify viral genomes. Newly synthesized viral DNA is stored in a subdomain of the RC termed the BMRF1-core, matured by host factors, and finally packed into assembled viral capsids. Late (L) genes are transcribed from DNA stored in the BMRF1-core through a process that is mainly dependent on the viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC). RC formation is a well-regulated system and strongly advantageous for EBV survival because of the following aspects: (1) RCs enable the spatial separation of newly synthesized viral DNA from the cellular chromosome for protection and maturation of viral DNA; (2) EBV-coded proteins and their interaction partners are recruited to RCs, which enhances the interactions among viral proteins, cellular proteins, and viral DNA; (3) the formation of RCs benefits continuous replication, leading to L gene transcription; and (4) DNA storage and maturation leads to efficient progeny viral production. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this important viral structure and discuss its roles in EBV survival.
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15
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Shafiee A, Shamsi S, Kohandel Gargari O, Beiky M, Allahkarami MM, Miyanaji AB, Aghajanian S, Mozhgani SH. EBV associated T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: A comprehensive overview of clinical manifestations and novel therapeutic insights. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2328. [PMID: 35122349 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EBV is a ubiquitous virus that infects nearly all people around the world. Most infected people are asymptomatic and do not show serious sequelae, while others may develop Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive T and NK-cell lymphoproliferations characterised by EBV-infected T or NK cells. These disorders are more common in Asian and Latin American people, suggesting genetic predisposition as a contributing factor. The revised WHO classification classifies the lymphoproliferative diseases as: extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma nasal type (ENKTL), aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL), primary EBV-positive nodal T or NK cell lymphoma (NNKTL), systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood (STCLC), systemic chronic active EBV infection (sys CAEBV), hydroa-vacciniforme (HV) and severe mosquito bite allergy (SMBA). Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Due to the infrequency of the diseases and broad clinicopathological overlap, the diagnosis and classification are challenging for both clinicians and pathologists. In this article, we aim to review the recent pathological findings which can be helpful for designing new drugs, clinical presentations and differential diagnoses, and suggested therapeutic interventions to provide a better understanding of these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sahel Shamsi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Beiky
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Sepehr Aghajanian
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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16
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Yanagi Y, Hara Y, Mabuchi S, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Kimura H, Murata T. PD-L1 upregulation by lytic induction of Epstein-Barr Virus. Virology 2022; 568:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Molecular Basis of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Establishment and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122344. [PMID: 34960613 PMCID: PMC8706188 DOI: 10.3390/v13122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer. Like other herpesviruses, it establishes an asymptomatic, life-long latent infection, with occasional reactivation and shedding of progeny viruses. During latency, EBV expresses a small number of viral genes, and exists as an episome in the host–cell nucleus. Expression patterns of latency genes are dependent on the cell type, time after infection, and milieu of the cell (e.g., germinal center or peripheral blood). Upon lytic induction, expression of the viral immediate-early genes, BZLF1 and BRLF1, are induced, followed by early gene expression, viral DNA replication, late gene expression, and maturation and egress of progeny virions. Furthermore, EBV reactivation involves more than just progeny production. The EBV life cycle is regulated by signal transduction, transcription factors, promoter sequences, epigenetics, and the 3D structure of the genome. In this article, the molecular basis of EBV latency establishment and reactivation is summarized.
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18
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Venturini C, Houldcroft CJ, Lazareva A, Wegner F, Morfopoulou S, Amrolia PJ, Golwala Z, Rao A, Marks SD, Simmonds J, Yoshikawa T, Farrell PJ, Cohen JI, Worth AJ, Breuer J. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) deletions as biomarkers of response to treatment of chronic active EBV. Br J Haematol 2021; 195:249-255. [PMID: 34431085 PMCID: PMC8589012 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) disease is a rare condition characterised by persistent EBV infection in previously healthy individuals. Defective EBV genomes were found in East Asian patients with CAEBV. In the present study, we sequenced 14 blood EBV samples from three UK patients with CAEBV, comparing the results with saliva CAEBV samples and other conditions. We observed EBV deletions in blood, some of which may disrupt viral replication, but not saliva in CAEBV. Deletions were lost overtime after successful treatment. These findings are compatible with CAEBV being associated with the evolution and persistence of EBV+ haematological clones that are lost on successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arina Lazareva
- Bone Marrow Transplantation DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Fanny Wegner
- Applied Microbiology ResearchDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselSwitzerland
- Clinical Bacteriology and MycologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Persis J. Amrolia
- Bone Marrow Transplantation DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Zainab Golwala
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Anupama Rao
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Stephen D. Marks
- Department of Paediatric NephrologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Jacob Simmonds
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of PediatricsFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeJapan
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Section of VirologyDepartment of Infectious DiseaseImperial College Faculty of MedicineLondonUK
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious DiseaseNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Austen J. Worth
- Department of ImmunologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustUK
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19
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Kimura H, Okuno Y, Sato Y, Watanabe T, Murata T. Deletion of Viral microRNAs in the Oncogenesis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667968. [PMID: 34305835 PMCID: PMC8297563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which encodes >80 genes and nearly 50 non-coding RNAs, is a double-stranded DNA virus. EBV is associated with various types of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders not only of B-cell but also T/NK-cell origin. However, the oncogenic mechanism remains poorly understood, including the EBV receptors expressed on T/NK cells, relationship of EBV with host genes, and epigenetic regulation of EBV and host genes. The roles of host and viral non-coding RNAs during tumorigenesis have been elucidated. EBV encodes at least 49 mature microRNAs (miRNAs), of which 44 are located in BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) region, and the remaining five are located in BamHI-H rightward fragment 1. BART miRNAs modulate cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle, and they are considered positive regulators of oncogenesis. We and others have recently reported that EBV-positive lymphomas frequently possess large deletions in BART miRNA clusters, suggesting that some viral miRNAs have suppressive effects on oncogenesis, and that deletion of these miRNAs may aid lymphoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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20
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Chen DB, Liu XY, Kong FZ, Jiang Q, Shen DH. Risk factors evaluation of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with comparison between paediatric and adult. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:697-703. [PMID: 34011618 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To describe the clincopathological features and evaluate risk factors of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplants (allo-HSCT), with comparison between paediatric and adult .Clinicopathological features of 81 cases of PTLD after allo-HSCT were analysed by histopatholgy, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisatioin.The cases included 58 males and 23 females with a median age of 26.7 years (range 6-55 years) and the PTLDs developed 1-60 months post-transplant (mean 5.9 months). The histological types indicated 10 cases of non-destructive PTLD, including 4 of plasmacytic hyperplasia, 5 of infectious mononucleosis and 1 of florid follicular hyperplasia. Fifty-six cases were polymorphic PTLD, and 15 were monomorphic PTLD, including thirteen of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, 1 of extranodal nasal type natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma and 1 of plasmablastic lymphoma. Foci and sheets of necrosis were observed in 31 cases. The infected ratio of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was 91.4%. Some cases were treated by reduction of immunosuppression, antiviral therapy, donor lymphocyte infusion or anti-CD20 monoclonal rituximab. Thirty-three cases died. Compared with that of adult, overall survival of paediatric recipient may be better.The first half year after allo-HSCT is very important for the development of PTLD. Type of PTLD, EBV infection and graft-versus-host disease are risk factors. The prognosis of PTLD is poor, and PTLD after allo-HSCT exhibits some features different from that after solid organ transplantation and some differences existing between adult and paediatric recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Bao Chen
- Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang Liu
- Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou Kong
- Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Hua Shen
- Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Kanno-Okada H, Takahashi K, Katano H, Shimizu A, Takakuwa E, Miyamoto S, Abiko S, Yamamoto K, Shimoda T, Mitsuhashi T, Hasegawa H, Matsuno Y. A case of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the colon. Pathol Int 2021; 71:420-426. [PMID: 33792098 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma is a poorly differentiated carcinoma with prominent lymphoid infiltration occurring in various organs but is exceedingly rare in the colorectal region. This malignancy is frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here we report a case of EBV-associated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the cecum in an 84-year-old male who presented with occult blood. In situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER) in an endoscopic submucosal dissection specimen showed that the tumor consisted of EBER-negative well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and EBER-positive lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. Real-time PCR detected 7.16 copies of the EBV genome per cell in a sample microdissected from the latter component. Genotyping analysis demonstrated EBV genotype 1, and viral protein/transcript expression in the tumor showed EBV latency I. Expression of Ephrin receptor A2, a recently reported receptor for EBV, was demonstrated in the tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma in the colorectal region showing a definite association with EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kanno-Okada
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Shimizu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Emi Takakuwa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abiko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Mitsuhashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsuno
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
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22
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Kim JH, Kim WS, Park C. Sildenafil prevents HDACi-induced Epstein-Barr virus reactivation through the PKG pathway in NK/T cell lymphoma; potential implications for HDACi-mediated fatal complications. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105063. [PMID: 33741394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Romidepsin, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma. However the use of romidepsin reportedly causes potent EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) reactivation leading to severe adverse events in patients with natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL). As inhibition of EBV lytic cycle reactivation may help prevent romidepsin-induced adverse events in NKTL, we herein set out to identify a safe and effective drug for inhibiting EBV reactivation and examine its mechanism of inhibition. EBV reactivation was evaluated by qRT-PCR of BZLF1 and BRLF1 mRNA expression, qPCR of EBV DNA, and immunoblotting of viral EA-D protein. High-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs was performed to identify safe and effective molecules and test their effect on romidepsin-induced EBV reactivation in the EBV-positive NKTL cell lines, SNK6 and NK92MI. We found that phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil (Viagra; Pfizer), appeared to be nontoxic and effective inhibitors of romidepsin-induced EBV reactivation. Clinical relevance was investigated by qPCR of EBV in two primary effusion samples of NKTL patients. We also investigated the molecular consequences downstream of sildenafil-induced PDE5 inhibition in NKTL cells. A negative correlation was established between the cGMP/PKG pathway and EBV reactivation in NKTL cells. On a molecular level, PDE5 inhibition downregulates BZLF1 and BRLF1 through cGMP/PKG signaling-induced ZNF overexpression. Co-treatment with romidepsin and sildenafil (inhibiting HDAC and PDE5, respectively) showed a synergistic inhibitory effect on NKTL cells, highlighting PDE5 as an attractive target for future therapy in NKTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Won Seog Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
| | - Chaehwa Park
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
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23
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Yanagi Y, Okuno Y, Narita Y, Masud HMAA, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Kanda T, Kimura H, Murata T. RNAseq analysis identifies involvement of EBNA2 in PD-L1 induction during Epstein-Barr virus infection of primary B cells. Virology 2021; 557:44-54. [PMID: 33639481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several types of malignancy. RNAseq of peripheral blood primary B cell samples infected with wild-type EBV revealed that expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is markedly induced by infection. This induction of PD-L1 was alleviated by knockout of the EBNA2 gene, but knockout of LMP1 had little effect. ChIPseq, ChIA-PET, and reporter assays further confirmed that EBNA2-binding sites in the promoter region and at 130 kb downstream of the PD-L1 gene played important roles in PD-L1 induction. Our results indicate that EBV mainly utilizes the EBNA2 gene for induction of PD-L1 and to evade host immunity on infection of primary B cells. Furthermore, pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in the cell cycle, metabolic processes, membrane morphogenesis, and vesicle regulation were induced by EBNA2, and that EBNA2 suppressed genes related to immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Narita
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H M Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teru Kanda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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24
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Role of Epstein-Barr Virus C Promoter Deletion in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030561. [PMID: 33535665 PMCID: PMC7867172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The C promoter of Epstein–Barr virus is assumed to be important for B cell growth and transformation. However, we present evidence that promoter activity is not only unneeded for transformation but also that absence of the promoter increased the transformation activity of the virus. We found that the C promoter was lost in some Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoma specimens. Therefore, deletion of the promoter could partially account for the tumorigenesis of Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphomas. Abstract The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of several malignancies, including diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We recently found that EBV genomes in EBV-positive cancer specimens have various deletions (Okuno et al. Nat Microbiol. 2019). Here, we focus on the deletion of C promoter (Cp), which transcribes EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) genes in type III latency. The Cp deletion found in a DLBCL patient (332 bp) was introduced into EBV-BAC of the B95-8 strain. Interestingly, the dCp virus transformed B cells more efficiently than WT and revertant strains. Deletion of Cp also promoted tumor formation and severe pathogenicity in a mouse xenograft model. RNA sequencing and qRT–PCR analyses revealed that Cp transcription was undetectable in the dCp cells. Instead, transcription from the W promoter (Wp), an alternative promoter for EBNA, was activated in the dCp mutant. We also found that the expression of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) was somehow induced in the dCp mutant. Double knockout of Cp and LMP2A indicated that LMP2A is crucial for B cell transformation, but the increased transformation induced by Cp deletion cannot be explained by LMP2A alone. We also tested the effect of an anti-apoptotic viral BCL2 homolog, BHRF1, because its expression was reportedly induced more efficiently by that of Wp. However, increased growth transformation via Cp deletion was not due to the BHRF1 gene. Taken together, the results indicated that deletion of a specific region in Cp increased in vitro transformation and the rate of progression of EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disorders in vivo. Our data suggest that genomic alteration not only of the host but also the virus promotes EBV-positive tumor generation and expansion, although the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. However, LMP2A and BHRF1 are not involved.
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25
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Epstein-Barr Virus: How Its Lytic Phase Contributes to Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111824. [PMID: 33228078 PMCID: PMC7699388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) contributes to the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. While EBV’s latent phase is more commonly associated with EBV-associated malignancies, there is increasing evidence that EBV’s lytic phase plays a role in EBV-mediated oncogenesis. The lytic phase contributes to oncogenesis primarily in two ways: (1) the production of infectious particles to infect more cells, and (2) the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways, both cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously. The production of infectious particles requires the completion of the lytic phase. However, the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways can be mediated by an incomplete (abortive) lytic phase, in which early lytic gene products contribute substantially, whereas late lytic products are largely dispensable. In this review, we discuss the evidence of EBV’s lytic phase contributing to oncogenesis and the role it plays in tumor formation and progression, as well as summarize known mechanisms by which EBV lytic products regulate oncogenic pathways. Understanding the contribution of EBV’s lytic phase to oncogenesis will help design ways to target it to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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26
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He HP, Luo M, Cao YL, Lin YX, Zhang H, Zhang X, Ou JY, Yu B, Chen X, Xu M, Feng L, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Gao S. Structure of Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein complex BBRF2-BSRF1 reveals its potential role in viral envelopment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5405. [PMID: 33106493 PMCID: PMC7588443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus associated with the occurrence of several human malignancies. BBRF2 and BSRF1 are two EBV tegument proteins that have been suggested to form a hetero-complex and mediate viral envelopment, but the molecular basis of their interaction and the functional mechanism of this complex remains unknown. Here, we present crystal structures of BBRF2 alone and in complex with BSRF1. BBRF2 has a compact globular architecture featuring a central β-sheet that is surrounded by 10 helices, it represents a novel fold distinct from other known protein structures. The central portion of BSRF1 folds into two tightly associated antiparallel α-helices, forming a composite four-helix bundle with two α-helices from BBRF2 via a massive hydrophobic network. In vitro, a BSRF1-derived peptide binds to BBRF2 and reduces the number of viral genome copies in EBV-positive cells. Exogenous BBRF2 and BSRF1 co-localize at the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, BBRF2 binds capsid and capsid-associated proteins, whereas BSRF1 associates with glycoproteins. These findings indicate that the BBRF2-BSRF1 complex tethers EBV nucleocapsids to the glycoprotein-enriched Golgi membrane, facilitating secondary envelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ying Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510530, Guangzhou, China.
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Nakamura H, Shimizu T, Kawakami A. Role of Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren's Syndrome: Different Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus and HTLV-1. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051459. [PMID: 32414149 PMCID: PMC7290771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are possible pathogenic agents in several autoimmune diseases. Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), which involves exocrine dysfunction and the appearance of autoantibodies, shows salivary gland- and lacrimal gland-oriented clinical features. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most investigated pathogen as a candidate that directly induces the phenotype found in SS. The reactivation of the virus with various stimuli induced a dysregulated form of EBV that has the potential to infect SS-specific B cells and plasma cells that are closely associated with the function of an ectopic lymphoid structure that contains a germinal center (GC) in the salivary glands of individuals with SS. The involvement of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in SS has been epidemiologically established, but the disease concept of HTLV-1-associated SS remains unexplained due to limited evidence from basic research. Unlike the cell-to-cell contact between lymphocytes, biofilm-like structures are candidates as the mode of HTLV-1 infection of salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs). HTLV-1 can infect SGECs with enhanced levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are secreted from SGECs. Regardless of the different targets that viruses have with respect to affinitive lymphocytes, viruses are involved in the formation of pathological alterations with immunological modifications in SS.
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Fujimoto A, Suzuki R. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020328. [PMID: 32024048 PMCID: PMC7072403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus belonging to the human γ-herpes virus subfamily. After primary infection, EBV maintains a life-long latent infection. A major concern is that EBV can cause a diverse range of neoplasms and autoimmune diseases. In addition, patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation can experience post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) due to dysfunction or suppression of host’s immune system, or uncontrolled proliferation of EBV-infected cells. In recent years, the number of EBV-associated PTLD cases has increased. This review focuses on the current understandings of EBV-associated PTLD pathogenesis, as well as the risk factors and clinical outcomes for patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritsuro Suzuki
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2517; Fax: +81-853-20-2525
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29
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Watanabe T, Sato Y, Masud HMAA, Takayama M, Matsuda H, Hara Y, Yanagi Y, Yoshida M, Goshima F, Murata T, Kimura H. Antitumor activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor alsterpaullone in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer Sci 2019; 111:279-287. [PMID: 31743514 PMCID: PMC6942432 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is a well‐established tumor virus that has been implicated in a wide range of immunodeficiency‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). Although rituximab, a CD20 mAb, has proven effective against EBV‐associated LPDs, prolonged use of this drug could lead to resistance due to the selective expansion of CD20− cells. We have previously shown that cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are able to specifically suppress the expression of viral late genes, particularly those encoding structural proteins; however, the therapeutic effect of CDK inhibitors against EBV‐associated LPDs is not clear. In this study, we examined whether CDK inhibitors confer a therapeutic effect against LPDs in vivo. Treatment with alsterpaullone, an inhibitor of the CDK2 complex, resulted in a survival benefit and suppressed tumor invasion in a mouse model of LPDs. Inhibition of CDK efficiently induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in EBV‐positive B cells. These results suggest that alsterpaullone suppresses cell cycle progression, resulting in the antitumor effect observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H M Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuya Hara
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Identification of ARKL1 as a Negative Regulator of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00989-19. [PMID: 31341047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00989-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) maintains a life-long infection due to the ability to alternate between latent and lytic modes of replication. Lytic reactivation starts with derepression of the Zp promoter controlling BZLF1 gene expression, which binds and is activated by the c-Jun transcriptional activator. Here, we identified the cellular Arkadia-like 1 (ARKL1) protein as a negative regulator of Zp and EBV reactivation. Silencing of ARKL1 in the context of EBV-positive gastric carcinoma (AGS) cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC43) cells, and B (M81) cells led to increased lytic protein expression, whereas overexpression inhibited BZLF1 expression. Similar effects of ARKL1 modulation were seen on BZLF1 transcripts as well as on Zp activity in Zp reporter assays, showing that ARKL1 repressed Zp. Proteomic profiling of ARKL1-host interactions identified c-Jun as an ARKL1 interactor, and reporter assays for Jun transcriptional activity showed that ARKL1 inhibited Jun activity. The ARKL1-Jun interaction required ARKL1 sequences that we previously showed mediated binding to the CK2 kinase regulatory subunit CK2β, suggesting that CK2β might mediate the ARKL1-Jun interaction. This model was supported by the findings that silencing of CK2β, but not the CK2α catalytic subunit, abrogated the ARKL1-Jun interaction and phenocopied ARKL1 silencing in promoting EBV reactivation. Additionally, ARKL1 was associated with Zp in reporter assays and this was increased by additional CK2β. Together, the data indicate that ARKL1 is a negative regulator of Zp and EBV reactivation that acts by inhibiting Jun activity through a CK2β-mediated interaction.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) maintains a life-long infection due to the ability to alternate between latent and lytic modes of replication and is associated with several types of cancer. We have identified a cellular protein (ARKL1) that acts to repress the reactivation of EBV from the latent to the lytic cycle. We show that ARKL1 acts to repress transcription of the EBV lytic switch protein by inhibiting the activity of the cellular transcription factor c-Jun. This not only provides a new mechanism of regulating EBV reactivation but also identifies a novel cellular function of ARKL1 as an inhibitor of Jun-mediated transcription.
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31
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BZLF1 transcript variants in Epstein-Barr virus-positive epithelial cell lines. Virus Genes 2019; 55:779-785. [PMID: 31552622 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely prevalent pathogen currently infecting over 90% of the human population and is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas. Lytic replication of EBV is regulated by the expression of the immediate-early genes BZLF1 and BRLF1. In B lymphocytes, BZLF1 transcripts have been shown to be processed to a fully spliced form, as well as zDelta, a spliced variant containing only the first and third exons. While splice variants have been reported in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies, alternative splicing of BZLF1 in EBV-positive epithelial cell lines has not yet been characterized. In this study, we identified the consistent expression of three distinct BZLF1 transcripts in the EBV-positive epithelial cell lines D98/HR1, AGS-BDneo, and AGS-BX1. These BZLF1 transcripts consisted of not only the normally spliced variant but also a completely unspliced and a spliced variant containing exons one and three only. In contrast, we detected only the normally spliced version of the BZLF1 transcript in B-cell lines (B95-8, IM-9, Raji and Daudi). Previous work has also demonstrated that inhibition of the mTOR pathway, via rapamycin, altered total levels of BZLF1 transcripts. We examined the production of specific transcript variants under rapamycin treatment and found that rapamycin alters the production of transcripts in a cell-type, as well as transcripts in variant-type, manners. The expression of these transcript variants may play a role in modulating the replication cycle of EBV within epithelial cells.
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32
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Farahmand M, Monavari SH, Shoja Z, Ghaffari H, Tavakoli M, Tavakoli A. Epstein-Barr virus and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2019; 15:2873-2885. [PMID: 31342783 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous publications regarding the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast cancer development, the topic has still remained controversial. The aim of the meta-analysis was to estimate the overall prevalence of EBV in the breast cancer population, and to investigate the association between EBV and breast cancer risk. The overall prevalence of EBV was calculated 26.37% (95% CI: 22-31%) from the 44 included studies. Meta-analysis of 30 case-control studies showed that the pooled association between EBV and risk of breast cancer is odds ratio 4.74 (95% CI: 2.92-7.69; Z = 6.30; p < 0.0001). Our analyses indicate a strong statistical relationship between EBV infection and risk of breast cancer, suggesting a potential role of EBV infection in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ghaffari
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavakoli
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Guo X, Li T, Li F, Xu Y, Wang H, Cheng W, Tang J, Zhou G, Chen H, Ng M, Ji M, Ge S, Xia N. Intermittent abortive reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus during the progression of nasopharyngeal cancer as indicated by elevated antibody levels. Oral Oncol 2019; 93:85-90. [PMID: 31109701 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a common cancer in Southeastern Asia, is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection; however, the aetiological role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis remains enigmatic. The life cycle of EBV in NPC patients is defined as latency II, while the antibodies specific to lytic phase proteins, as well as lytic genes, were highly expressed in NPC patients. The correlation between antibody levels and the progression of NPC has been reported in some studies; however, most of these studies focused on IgA antibodies, and the results in different articles were not consistent. In this study, we concurrently determined the levels of IgA and IgG antibodies specific to six purified recombinant EBV antigens associated with different replication statuses of EBV: EBNA1 associated with latency II; the non-structural antigens Zta, TK, EA-D and EA-R associated with immediate-early and early lytic phases; and the EBV matrix protein VCA p18, which is involved in late lytic phase. Levels of antibodies specific to immediate-early and early antigens were correlated with the tumour progression, especially tumour size. The levels of antibodies specific to some lytic phase antigens were also correlated with lymph node inclusion and metastasis. However, the antibody specific to the latency II antigen EBNA1 was not correlated with either tumour size or metastasis. Consistent with previous transcriptome studies, the results suggested both the expression of lytic phase genes at the protein level and the intermittent reactivation of EBV in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Fugui Li
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, PR China
| | - Yarui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Weimin Cheng
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, PR China
| | - Jiabao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Guoliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Munhon Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Mingfang Ji
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, PR China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
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Initial Characterization of the Epstein⁻Barr Virus BSRF1 Gene Product. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030285. [PMID: 30901892 PMCID: PMC6466199 DOI: 10.3390/v11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein⁻Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer, such as Burkitt lymphoma, T/NK-cell lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. As a herpesvirus, it encodes more than 80 genes, many of which have not been characterized. EBV BamHI S rightward reading frame 1 (BSRF1) encodes a tegument protein that, unlike its homologs herpes simplex virus unique long 51 (UL51) and human cytomegalovirus UL71, has not been extensively investigated. To examine the role of BSRF1, we prepared knockout and revertant strains using the bacterial artificial chromosome system. Unexpectedly, the disruption of the gene had little or no effect on EBV lytic replication and the transformation of primary B cells. However, the knockdown of BSRF1 in B95-8 cells decreased progeny production. An immunofluorescence assay revealed that BSRF1 localized to the Golgi apparatus in the cytoplasm, as did its homologs. BSRF1 also associated with BamHI G leftward reading frame 3.5 (BGLF3.5), BamHI B rightward reading frame 2 (BBRF2), and BamHI A leftward reading frame 1 (BALF1), and BALF1 was incorporated into the tegument fraction with BSRF1. Taken together, our results indicate that BSRF1 plays a role in secondary envelopment or virion egress in the cytoplasm, as do its homolog genes.
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Mapekula L, Ramorola BR, Goolam Hoosen T, Mowla S. The interplay between viruses & host microRNAs in cancer - An emerging role for HIV in oncogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 137:108-114. [PMID: 31014506 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancers attributed to viral infections represent a growing proportion of the global cancer burden, with these types of cancers being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions. The concept that viruses play a causal role in human cancers is not new, but the mechanism thereof, while well described for some viruses, still remains elusive and complex for others, especially in the case of HIV-associated B-cell derived cancers. In the last decade, compelling evidence has demonstrated that cellular microRNAs are deregulated in cancers, with an increasing number of studies identifying microRNAs as potential biomarkers for human cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets or tools. Recent research demonstrates that viruses and viral components manipulate host microRNA expressions to their advantage, and the emerging picture suggests that the virus/microRNA pathway interaction is defined by a plethora of complex mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on virus/microRNA pathway interactions in the context of cancer and provide new insights on HIV as an oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mapekula
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B R Ramorola
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Goolam Hoosen
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Mowla
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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36
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Masud HMAA, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Goshima F, Kimura H, Murata T. The BOLF1 gene is necessary for effective Epstein-Barr viral infectivity. Virology 2019; 531:114-125. [PMID: 30856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies. Here, we focused on an EBV lytic protein, BOLF1, which is conserved throughout the herpesvirus family and is reported to be a virion tegument protein. We first constructed BOLF1-deficient viruses using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Although the loss of BOLF1 had almost no effect on viral protein expression, DNA synthesis, or extracellular progeny release, EBV infectivity was significantly reduced. Further analysis showed that nuclear transportation of the incoming virus was decreased by the disruption of BOLF1. Our results indicate that BOLF1enhances the infectious potential of progeny virions, at least partly by increasing nuclear transportation of incoming nucleocapsids. We also found that BOLF1 interacted with BKRF4, and the BOLF1 and BKRF4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and perinuclear area, during the viral lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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37
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BGLF2 Increases Infectivity of Epstein-Barr Virus by Activating AP-1 upon De Novo Infection. mSphere 2018; 3:3/2/e00138-18. [PMID: 29695622 PMCID: PMC5917423 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00138-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies, such as endemic Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Herpesviruses carry genes that can modify cell functions, including transcription and ubiquitination, thereby facilitating viral growth and survival in infected cells. Using a reporter screening system, we revealed the involvement of several EBV gene products in such processes. Of these, BGLF2 activated the AP-1 signaling pathway through phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Knockout of the BGLF2 gene did not affect viral gene expression and viral genome DNA replication, but resulted in marked reduction of progeny titer. We also found that the BGLF2 disruption resulted in significant loss of infectivity upon de novo infection. Interestingly, expression of a binding partner, BKRF4, repressed the activation of AP-1 by BGLF2. These results shed light on the physiological role of the tegument protein BGLF2.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus, carries ~80 genes. While several genes have been investigated extensively, most lytic genes remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we cloned 71 EBV lytic genes into an expression vector and used reporter assays to screen for factors that activate signal transduction pathways, viral and cellular promoters. BGLF2 activated the AP-1 signaling pathway, likely by interacting with p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and increased infectivity of the virus. We also revealed that BKRF4 can negatively regulate AP-1 activity. Therefore, it is suggested that EBV exploits and modifies the AP-1 signaling pathway for its replication and survival.
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38
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Pandey S, Jha HC, Shukla SK, Shirley MK, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Suppressors by Helicobacter pylori Enhances EBV-Induced Proliferation of Gastric Epithelial Cells. mBio 2018; 9:e00649-18. [PMID: 29691341 PMCID: PMC5915740 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00649-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are two well-known contributors to cancer and can establish lifelong persistent infection in the host. This leads to chronic inflammation, which also contributes to development of cancer. Association with H. pylori increases the risk of gastric carcinoma, and coexistence with EBV enhances proliferation of infected cells. Further, H. pylori-EBV coinfection causes chronic inflammation in pediatric patients. We have established an H. pylori-EBV coinfection model system using human gastric epithelial cells. We showed that H. pylori infection can increase the oncogenic phenotype of EBV-infected cells and that the cytotoxin-associated gene (CagA) protein encoded by H. pylori stimulated EBV-mediated cell proliferation in this coinfection model system. This led to increased expression of DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs), which reprogrammed cellular transcriptional profiles, including those of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), through hypermethylation. These findings provide new insights into a molecular mechanism whereby cooperativity between two oncogenic agents leads to enhanced oncogenic activity of gastric cancer cells.IMPORTANCE We have studied the cooperativity between H. pylori and EBV, two known oncogenic agents. This led to an enhanced oncogenic phenotype in gastric epithelial cells. We now demonstrate that EBV-driven epigenetic modifications are enhanced in the presence of H. pylori, more specifically, in the presence of its CagA secretory antigen. This results in increased proliferation of the infected gastric cells. Our findings now elucidate a molecular mechanism whereby expression of cellular DNA methyl transferases is induced influencing infection by EBV. Hypermethylation of the regulatory genomic regions of tumor suppressor genes results in their silencing. This drastically affects the expression of cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair genes, which dysregulates their associated processes, and promotion of the oncogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan K Shirley
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Saburi M, Ogata M, Yoshida N, Nashimoto Y, Moroga Y, Takano K, Kohno K, Daa T, Shirao K. Other Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency-associated Lymphoproliferative Disorder, Hodgkin Type, following Epstein-Barr Viral Hepatitis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Intern Med 2018; 57:1145-1149. [PMID: 29279493 PMCID: PMC5938508 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9599-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old man with an 18-year history of rheumatoid arthritis who had been treated with steroids, methotrexate, and infliximab presented with a high-grade fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis was diagnosed based on the liver histology and EBV antibody titer. The symptoms improved temporarily, but five months later, the fever, skin rash, jaundice, and thrombocytopenia relapsed. Bone marrow and liver biopsies demonstrated infiltration with Reed-Sternberg cells. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (OIIA-LPD), Hodgkin lymphoma type. This case followed a rare clinical course, in that acute hepatitis preceded the diagnosis of OIIA-LPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuho Saburi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Oita Kouseiren Tsurumi Hospital, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yoshida
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuko Nashimoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yui Moroga
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kuniko Takano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kohno
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Oita Kouseiren Tsurumi Hospital, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Daa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Shirao
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Sato Y, Ochiai S, Murata T, Kanda T, Goshima F, Kimura H. Elimination of LMP1-expressing cells from a monolayer of gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39345-39355. [PMID: 28454117 PMCID: PMC5503617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latently infects malignant epithelial cells in approximately 10% of all gastric cancers. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an oncogenic protein, plays an important role in malignant transformation in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma; however, its expression has not been detected in EBV-associated gastric cancer. To address why LMP1 has not been detected in EBV-positive gastric tumors, we focused on the interactions between LMP1-positive and -negative cells and stably expressed LMP1 in the gastric cancer cell line AGS. We showed that the number of LMP1-positive cells decreased gradually with each cell passage when the cells were co-cultured with LMP1-negative cells. Time-lapse imaging showed that LMP1-positive cells were eliminated from a monolayer of LMP1-negative cells. Furthermore, LMP1-positive cells stimulated the proliferation of surrounding LMP1-negative cells, but not LMP1-positive cells, via exosome-mediated EGFR activation. Our data indicate that LMP1 expression drives cell competition between LMP1-positive and -negative cells, affecting the behavior of the cells within gastric tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Ochiai
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Teru Kanda
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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41
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Tu J, Wang X, Geng G, Xue X, Lin X, Zhu X, Sun L. The Possible Effect of B-Cell Epitopes of Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen, Membrane Antigen, Latent Membrane Protein-1, and -2A on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29497417 PMCID: PMC5819577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the role of B-cell epitopes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Early antigen protein D (EA), envelope glycoprotein GP340/membrane antigen (MA), latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, and LMP-2A in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B-cell epitopes were predicted by analyzing secondary structure, transmembrane domains, surface properties, and homological comparison. 60 female mice were randomized equally into 12 groups: 1-10 groups were immunized by epitope peptides (EPs) 1-10, respectively, while 11 and 12 groups were PBS and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control groups. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and autoantibody to nuclear antigen (ANA) concentrations in mice serum were determined at week 8. Indirect levels of EP1-10 were further detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in 119 SLE patients and 64 age- and gender-matched health controls (HCs). 10 probable EBV EA, MA, LMP-1, and LMP-2A B-cell epitopes related to SLE self-antigens were predicted and corresponding EP1-10 were synthesized. IgG concentrations at week 8 were increased in EP1-10 and KLH groups compared with PBS group in mice; while ANA levels were elevated in only EP1-4, EP6-7, and EP10 groups compared to KLH group by ELISA, and ANA-positive rates were increased in only EP1, EP2, EP4, EP6, and EP10 groups by indirect immunofluorescence assay. EP1-4, EP6, and EP10 indirect levels were increased in SLE patients than HCs, while EP1, EP3, EP6, and EP9 were correlated with SLE disease activity index score. In conclusion, EBV EA, MA, LMP-1, and LMP-2A B-cell EPs increased SLE-related autoantibodies in mice, and their indirect levels might be served as potential biomarkers for SLE diagnosis and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Tu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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42
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Lee S, Chung JY, Park JJ, Seo JH, Kim JY, Yeom JS, Park ES, Lim JY, Woo HO, Youn HS. Clinical features of Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Infectious Mononucleosis According to Age Group in Children. KOSIN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.7180/kmj.2018.33.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soram Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Je Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University Hospiratal, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Yeom
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ok Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
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43
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Yoshida M, Murata T, Ashio K, Narita Y, Watanabe T, Masud HMAA, Sato Y, Goshima F, Kimura H. Characterization of a Suppressive Cis-acting Element in the Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Promoter. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2302. [PMID: 29213259 PMCID: PMC5702780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a major oncogene encoded by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and is essential for immortalization of B cells by the virus. Previous studies suggested that several transcription factors, such as PU.1, RBP-Jκ, NFκB, EBF1, AP-2 and STAT, are involved in LMP1 induction; however, the means by which the oncogene is negatively regulated remains unclear. Here, we introduced short mutations into the proximal LMP1 promoter that includes recognition sites for the E-box and Ikaros transcription factors in the context of EBV-bacterial artificial chromosome. Upon infection, the mutant exhibited increased LMP1 expression and EBV-mediated immortalization of B cells. However, single mutations of either the E-box or Ikaros sites had limited effects on LMP1 expression and transformation. Our results suggest that this region contains a suppressive cis-regulatory element, but other transcriptional repressors (apart from the E-box and Ikaros transcription factors) may remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keiji Ashio
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Narita
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H M Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Epstein-Barr Virus BKRF4 Gene Product Is Required for Efficient Progeny Production. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00975-17. [PMID: 28904200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00975-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of human gammaherpesvirus, infects mainly B cells. EBV has two alternative life cycles, latent and lytic, and is reactivated occasionally from the latent stage to the lytic cycle. To combat EBV-associated disorders, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the EBV lytic replication cycle is also important. Here, we focused on an EBV lytic gene, BKRF4. Using our anti-BKRF4 antibody, we revealed that the BKRF4 gene product is expressed during the lytic cycle with late kinetics. To characterize the role of BKRF4, we constructed BKRF4-knockout mutants using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Although disruption of the BKRF4 gene had almost no effect on viral protein expression and DNA synthesis, it significantly decreased progeny virion levels in HEK293 and Akata cells. Furthermore, we show that BKRF4 is involved not only in production of progeny virions but also in increasing the infectivity of the virus particles. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that BKRF4 interacted with a virion protein, BGLF2. We showed that the C-terminal region of BKRF4 was critical for this interaction and for efficient progeny production. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that BKRF4 partially colocalized with BGLF2 in the nucleus and perinuclear region. Finally, we showed that BKRF4 is a phosphorylated, possible tegument protein and that the EBV protein kinase BGLF4 may be important for this phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that BKRF4 is involved in the production of infectious virions.IMPORTANCE Although the latent genes of EBV have been studied extensively, the lytic genes are less well characterized. This study focused on one such lytic gene, BKRF4, which is conserved only among gammaherpesviruses (ORF45 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or murine herpesvirus 68). After preparing the BKRF4 knockout virus using B95-8 EBV-BAC, we demonstrated that the BKRF4 gene was involved in infectious progeny particle production. Importantly, we successfully generated a BKRF4 knockout virus of Akata using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, confirming the phenotype in this separate strain. We further showed that BKRF4 interacted with another virion protein, BGLF2, and demonstrated the importance of this interaction in infectious virion production. These results shed light on the elusive process of EBV progeny maturation in the lytic cycle. Notably, this study describes a successful example of the generation and characterization of an EBV construct with a disrupted lytic gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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45
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A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081337. [PMID: 28805687 PMCID: PMC6152177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the centuries, infectious diseases caused by viruses have seriously threatened human health globally. Viruses are responsible not only for acute infections but also many chronic infectious diseases. To prevent diseases caused by viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral drugs, in addition to vaccine development, is important. Green tea catechins (GTCs) are polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Camelliasinensis. In recent decades, GTCs have been reported to provide various health benefits against numerous diseases. Studies have shown that GTCs, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have antiviral effects against diverse viruses. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments regarding the antiviral activities of GTCs, to discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects and to offer suggestions for future research directions and perspectives on the antiviral effects of EGCG.
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The Epstein-Barr Virus BRRF1 Gene Is Dispensable for Viral Replication in HEK293 cells and Transformation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6044. [PMID: 28729695 PMCID: PMC5519699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus associated with several malignancies. It establishes a latent infection in B lymphocytes and is occasionally reactivated to enter the lytic cycle. Here we examined the role of the EBV gene BRRF1, which is expressed in the lytic state. We first confirmed, using a DNA polymerase inhibitor, that the BRRF1 gene is expressed with early kinetics. A BRRF1-deficient recombinant virus was constructed using a bacterial artificial chromosome system. No obvious differences were observed between the wild-type, BRRF1-deficient mutant and the revertant virus in HEK293 cells in terms of viral lytic protein expression, viral DNA synthesis, progeny production, pre-latent abortive lytic gene expression and transformation of primary B cells. However, reporter assays indicated that BRRF1 may activate transcription in promoter- and cell type-dependent manners. Taken together, BRRF1 is dispensable for viral replication in HEK293 cells and transformation of B cells, but it may have effects on transcription.
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47
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Kaye S, Wang W, Miller C, McLuckie A, Beatty JA, Grant CK, VandeWoude S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Role of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Lymphomagenesis--Going Alone or Colluding? ILAR J 2017; 57:24-33. [PMID: 27034392 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic and nondomestic feline species. Infection in domestic cats leads to immune dysfunction via mechanisms similar to those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, as such, is a valuable natural animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. An association between FIV and an increased incidence of neoplasia has long been recognized, with frequencies of up to 20% in FIV-positive cats recorded in some studies. This is similar to the rate of neoplasia seen in HIV-positive individuals, and in both species neoplasia typically requires several years to arise. The most frequently reported type of neoplasia associated with FIV infection is lymphoma. Here we review the possible mechanisms involved in FIV lymphomagenesis, including the possible involvement of coinfections, notably those with gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaye
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig Miller
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Chris K Grant
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
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Worth AJJ, Houldcroft CJ, Booth C. Severe Epstein-Barr virus infection in primary immunodeficiency and the normal host. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:559-576. [PMID: 27748521 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is ubiquitous in humans, but the majority of infections have an asymptomatic or self-limiting clinical course. Rarely, individuals may develop a pathological EBV infection with a variety of life threatening complications (including haemophagocytosis and malignancy) and others develop asymptomatic chronic EBV viraemia. Although an impaired ability to control EBV infection has long been recognised as a hallmark of severe T-cell immunodeficiency, the advent of next generation sequencing has identified a series of Primary Immunodeficiencies in which EBV-related pathology is the dominant feature. Chronic active EBV infection is defined as chronic EBV viraemia associated with systemic lymphoproliferative disease, in the absence of immunodeficiency. Descriptions of larger cohorts of patients with chronic active EBV in recent years have significantly advanced our understanding of this clinical syndrome. In this review we summarise the current understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of these diseases and clinical syndromes, and discuss approaches to the investigation and treatment of severe or atypical EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen J J Worth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Piedade D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. The Role of microRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Herpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060156. [PMID: 27271654 PMCID: PMC4926176 DOI: 10.3390/v8060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs important in gene regulation. They are able to regulate mRNA translation through base-pair complementarity. Cellular miRNAs have been involved in the regulation of nearly all cellular pathways, and their deregulation has been associated with several diseases such as cancer. Given the importance of microRNAs to cell homeostasis, it is no surprise that viruses have evolved to take advantage of this cellular pathway. Viruses have been reported to be able to encode and express functional viral microRNAs that target both viral and cellular transcripts. Moreover, viral inhibition of key proteins from the microRNA pathway and important changes in cellular microRNA pool have been reported upon viral infection. In addition, viruses have developed multiple mechanisms to avoid being targeted by cellular microRNAs. This complex interaction between host and viruses to control the microRNA pathway usually favors viral infection and persistence by either reducing immune detection, avoiding apoptosis, promoting cell growth, or promoting lytic or latent infection. One of the best examples of this virus-host-microRNA interplay emanates from members of the Herperviridae family, namely the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). In this review, we will focus on the general functions of microRNAs and the interactions between herpesviruses, human hosts, and microRNAs and will delve into the related mechanisms that contribute to infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Piedade
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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50
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Wang Y, Sun LE. Knockdown of LMP1-induced miR-155 sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to radiotherapy in vitro. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3451-3456. [PMID: 27123134 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to confirm the promotion of microRNA (miR)-155 expression by latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and to recognize the oncogenic role of LMP1 and LMP1-promoted miR-155 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), particularly the influence of miR-155 knockdown on the radiosensitivity of CNE-2 cells. Following the regulation of the levels of LMP1 or miR-155 and/or subsequent to radiation treatment, the proliferation ability of CNE-2 cells was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. The results demonstrated that miR-155 was upregulated by overexpression of LMP1 in CNE-2 cells, and LMP1 overexpression and miR-155 mimic transfection increased CNE-2 cell proliferation, whereas miR-155 knockdown attenuated the promotion of CNE-2 cell growth induced by LMP1 overexpression. Furthermore, knockdown of miR-155 enhanced the radiosensitivity of CNE-2 cells. In conclusion, the present study confirmed the oncogenic role of miR-155 in NPC, and demonstrated that knockdown of miR-155 inhibited the growth of NPC cells and sensitized NPC cells to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - L E Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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