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Yang L. From isolation to revival: trade recovery amid global health crises. Global Health 2024; 20:38. [PMID: 38711086 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-024-01048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of designing effective trade recovery measures in response to global health events (GHEs). This study combines international trade risk management theory and multi-case comparative analysis of past GHEs to present a theoretical framework for designing national trade recovery measures for future events. RESULTS The research finds that during GHEs, trade risks shift to fundamental uncertainty, requiring spatial-temporal-subject dimension recovery measures. The study suggests changing the focus of trade recovery policy design from emergency-oriented and single-dimension measures to reserve-oriented and enduring-effect measures of comprehensive dimensions at micro- and macroeconomic levels. CONCLUSION The study contributes to the debate on managing trade risks in times of crisis, where there is a need to develop effective trade recovery measures that account for the complexities of global trade and the unique challenges of GHEs. The findings provide practical guidance for trade officials and policymakers to design measures in response to GHEs to improve a country's overall trade recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yang
- School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Antiviral effects of azithromycin: A narrative review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112682. [PMID: 35131658 PMCID: PMC8813546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have a great impact on human health. The urgent need to find a cure against different viruses led us to investigations in a vast range of drugs. Azithromycin (AZT), classified as a macrolide, showed various effects on different known viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika, Ebola, Enterovirus (EVs) and Rhinoviruses (RVs), and Influenza A previously; namely, these viruses, which caused global concerns, are considered as targets for AZT different actions. Due to AZT background in the treatment of known viral infections mentioned above (which is described in this study), in the early stages of COVID-19 (a new zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) development, AZT drew attention to itself due to its antiviral and immunomodulatory effects as a valuable candidate for COVID-19 treatment. AZT usage instructions for treating different viral infections have always been under observation, and COVID-19 is no exception. There are still debates about the use of AZT in COVID-19 treatment. However, eventually, novel researches convinced WHO to announce the discontinuation of AZT use (alone or in combination with hydroxychloroquine) in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This research aims to study the structure of all of the viruses mentioned above and the molecular and clinical effects of AZT against the virus.
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Sharma AR, Lee YH, Nath S, Lee SS. Recent developments and strategies of Ebola virus vaccines. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:46-53. [PMID: 34329960 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Filovirus family member, Ebola virus (EBOV), is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV has a fatality rate in the range 50%-90% in primates. The lethal viral hemorrhagic attack in 2014 by EBOV has forced the human race to look for rapid countermeasures. Fortunately, owing to continuous efforts and several vaccine platforms, few potential vaccine candidates are emerging, such as replicative and non-replicative vectored vaccines, polyepitopic or monovalent vaccines, and DNA vaccines. This article reviewed various kinds of EBOV vaccines in different clinical trial phases and their approval status. Updated knowledge of vaccine development progress might stimulate the researchers to look for more potent and effective vaccine candidates against EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon-Hee Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudarshini Nath
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Under a traditional paradigm, only those with the expected background knowledge consume academic literature. The lay press, as well as government and non-government agencies, play a complementary role of extracting findings of high interest or importance and translating them for general viewing. The need for accurate reporting and public advising is paramount when attempting to tackle epidemic outbreaks through behavior change. Yet, public trust in media outlets is at a historic low. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model for media reporting on public health emergencies was established in 2005 and has subsequently been used to analyze media reporting on outbreaks of influenza and measles as well as smoking habits and medication compliance. However, no media analysis had yet been performed on the 2013–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. This study compared the EVD information relayed by lay press sources with general review articles in the academic literature through a mixed-methods analysis. These findings suggest that comprehensive review articles could not serve as a source to clarify and contextualize the uncertainties around the EVD outbreak, perhaps due to adherence to technical accuracy at the expense of clarity within the context of outbreak conditions. This finding does not imply inferiority of the academic literature, nor does it draw direct causation between confusion in review articles and public misunderstanding. Given the erosion of the barriers siloing academia, combined with the demands of today’s fast-paced media environment, contemporary researchers should realize that no study is outside the public forum and to therefore consider shifting the paradigm to take personal responsibility in the process of accurately translating their scientific words into public policy actions to best serve as a source of clarity.
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Pleet ML, Mathiesen A, DeMarino C, Akpamagbo YA, Barclay RA, Schwab A, Iordanskiy S, Sampey GC, Lepene B, Nekhai S, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1765. [PMID: 27872619 PMCID: PMC5098130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, ssRNA virus from the family Filoviridae capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 80–90% mortality rates. The most recent outbreak of EBOV in West Africa starting in 2014 resulted in over 11,300 deaths; however, long-lasting persistence and recurrence in survivors has been documented, potentially leading to further transmission of the virus. We have previously shown that exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1, HTLV-1 and Rift Valley Fever virus are able to transfer viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to naïve recipient cells, resulting in an altered cellular activity. In the current manuscript, we examined the effect of Ebola structural proteins VP40, GP, NP and VLPs on recipient immune cells, as well as the effect of exosomes containing these proteins on naïve immune cells. We found that VP40-transfected cells packaged VP40 into exosomes, and that these exosomes were capable of inducing apoptosis in recipient immune cells. Additionally, we show that presence of VP40 within parental cells or in exosomes delivered to naïve cells could result in the regulation of RNAi machinery including Dicer, Drosha, and Ago 1, which may play a role in the induction of cell death in recipient immune cells. Exosome biogenesis was regulated by VP40 in transfected cells by increasing levels of ESCRT-II proteins EAP20 and EAP45, and exosomal marker proteins CD63 and Alix. VP40 was phosphorylated by Cdk2/Cyclin complexes at Serine 233 which could be reversed with r-Roscovitine treatment. The level of VP40-containing exosomes could also be regulated by treated cells with FDA-approved Oxytetracycline. Additionally, we utilized novel nanoparticles to safely capture VP40 and other viral proteins from Ebola VLPs spiked into human samples using SDS/reducing agents, thus minimizing the need for BSL-4 conditions for most downstream assays. Collectively, our data indicates that VP40 packaged into exosomes may be responsible for the deregulation and eventual destruction of the T-cell and myeloid arms of the immune system (bystander lymphocyte apoptosis), allowing the virus to replicate to high titers in the immunocompromised host. Moreover, our results suggest that the use of drugs such as Oxytetracycline to modulate the levels of exosomes exiting EBOV-infected cells may be able to prevent the devastation of the adaptive immune system and allow for an improved rate of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Allison Mathiesen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk VA, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Yao A Akpamagbo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gavin C Sampey
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | | | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - M J Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg MD, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
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Mammas IN, Greenough A, Theodoridou M, Kramvis A, Christaki I, Koutsaftiki C, Koutsaki M, Portaliou DM, Kostagianni G, Panagopoulou P, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:6-14. [PMID: 26889211 PMCID: PMC4726865 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric Virology is a bold new scientific field, which combines Paediatrics with Virology, Epidemiology, Molecular Medicine, Evidence-based Medicine, Clinical Governance, Quality Improvement, Pharmacology and Immunology. The Workshop on Paediatric Virology, which took place on Saturday October 10, 2015 in Athens, Greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. It was included in the official programme of the 20th World Congress on Advances in Oncology and the 18th International Symposium on Molecular Medicine, which attracted over 500 delegates from the five continents. During the Workshop, the topics covered included the challenges of vaccine implementation against human papillomaviruses in countries under financial crisis, strategies for eradicating poliomyelitis and its 60th vaccine anniversary, as well as the debate on the association between autism and vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella. Among the non-vaccine related topics, emphasis was given to viral infections in prematurely born infants and their long-term outcomes, new paediatric intensive care management options for bronchiolitis related to respiratory syncytial virus, the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus genotyping, the Ebola virus threat and preparedness in Paediatric Emergency Departments, oral, oropharynx, laryngeal, nasal and ocular viral infections and Merkel cell polyomavirus as a novel emerging virus of infancy and childhood. In this review, we provide selected presentations and reports discussed at the Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Mammas
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Anne Greenough
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- First Department of Paediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Iliana Christaki
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chryssie Koutsaftiki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 'Penteli' Children's Hospital, Penteli 15236, Greece
| | - Maria Koutsaki
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitra M Portaliou
- Institute of Vision and Optics (BEMMO-IVO), University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Georgia Kostagianni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 'Thriassio' General Hospital, Elefsina 19200, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Panagopoulou
- 4th Department of Paediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 'Papageorgiou' General Hospital, Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - George Sourvinos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Elshabrawy HA, Erickson TB, Prabhakar BS. Ebola virus outbreak, updates on current therapeutic strategies. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:241-53. [PMID: 25962887 PMCID: PMC7169053 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses are enveloped negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses, which include Ebola and Marburg viruses, known to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans with a case fatality of up to 90%. There have been several Ebola virus outbreaks since the first outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976 of which, the recent 2013–2015 epidemic in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone is the largest in recorded history. Within a few months of the start of the outbreak in December 2013, thousands of infected cases were reported with a significant number of deaths. As of March 2015, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there have been nearly 25 000 suspected cases, with 15 000 confirmed by laboratory testing, and over 10 000 deaths. The large number of cases and the high mortality rate, combined with the lack of effective Food and Drug Administration‐approved treatments, necessitate the development of potent and safe therapeutic measures to combat the current and future outbreaks. Since the beginning of the outbreak, there have been considerable efforts to develop and characterize protective measures including vaccines and antiviral small molecules, and some have proven effective in vitro and in animal models. Most recently, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies has been shown to be highly effective in protecting non‐human primates from Ebola virus infection. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the nature of the virus, phylogenetic classification, genomic organization and replication, disease transmission, and viral entry and highlight the current approaches and efforts, in the development of therapeutics, to control the outbreak. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy B Erickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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