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Villela Zumaya AL, Mincheva R, Raquez JM, Hassouna F. Nanocluster-Based Drug Delivery and Theranostic Systems: Towards Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061188. [PMID: 35335518 PMCID: PMC8955999 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the global life expectancy of the population has increased, and so, consequently, has the risk of cancer development. Despite the improvement in cancer therapies (e.g., drug delivery systems (DDS) and theranostics), in many cases recurrence continues to be a challenging issue. In this matter, the development of nanotechnology has led to an array of possibilities for cancer treatment. One of the most promising therapies focuses on the assembly of hierarchical structures in the form of nanoclusters, as this approach involves preparing individual building blocks while avoiding handling toxic chemicals in the presence of biomolecules. This review aims at presenting an overview of the major advances made in developing nanoclusters based on polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) and/or inorganic NPs. The preparation methods and the features of the NPs used in the construction of the nanoclusters were described. Afterwards, the design, fabrication and properties of the two main classes of nanoclusters, namely noble-metal nanoclusters and hybrid (i.e., hetero) nanoclusters and their mode of action in cancer therapy, were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Lucia Villela Zumaya
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (J.-M.R.)
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (J.-M.R.)
| | - Fatima Hassouna
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-444-099
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2
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Chung S, Revia RA, Zhang M. Iron oxide nanoparticles for immune cell labeling and cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:696-717. [PMID: 34286791 PMCID: PMC8496976 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a novel approach to cancer treatment that leverages components of the immune system as opposed to chemotherapeutics or radiation. Cell migration is an integral process in a therapeutic immune response, and the ability to track and image the migration of immune cells in vivo allows for better characterization of the disease and monitoring of the therapeutic outcomes. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are promising candidates for use in immunotherapy as they are biocompatible, have flexible surface chemistry, and display magnetic properties that may be used in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, advances in application of IONPs in cell tracking and cancer immunotherapy are presented. Following a brief overview of the cancer immunity cycle, developments in labeling and tracking various immune cells using IONPs are highlighted. We also discuss factors that influence the effectiveness of IONPs as MRI contrast agents. Finally, we outline different approaches for cancer immunotherapy and highlight current efforts that utilize IONPs to stimulate immune cells to enhance their activity and response to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwan Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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3
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Deng Y, Xu A, Yu Y, Fu C, Liang G. Biomedical Applications of Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dual‐Modality Probes. Chembiochem 2018; 20:499-510. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Aifei Xu
- School of Tobacco Science and EngineeringZhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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Xiong F, Huang S, Gu N. Magnetic nanoparticles: recent developments in drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:697-706. [PMID: 29370711 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1421961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured functional materials have demonstrated their great potentials in medical applications, attracting increasing attention because of the opportunities in cancer therapy and the treatment of other ailments. This article reviews the problems and recent advances in the development of magnetic NPs for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Shengxin Huang
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Ning Gu
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
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5
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is that sphere of technology that involves the participation of biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering sciences. Nanoscale science defines the chemistry and physics of structures lying in the range of 1-100 nm. Among the nanosystems researched, magnetic nanosystems are highlighted due their unique ability, which enables their targeting to specific locations on application of an external magnetic field. The exhibited property of these magnetic nanosystems being super-paramagnetism, there is no retention of magnetic property on removal of the magnetic field, thus enabling a reversion of the targeting process. For effective utilization of these nanosystems, they should be reduced to nanosizes, layered with biocompatible entities, stabilized, and functionalized. In the chapter, synthesis and functionalization and stabilization are elucidated. The biomedical applications such as targeted delivery, MRI, magnetic hyperthermia, tissue engineering, gene delivery, magnetic immunotherapy, magnetic detoxification, and nanomagnetic actuation are discussed.
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6
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Pansare VJ, Faenza WJ, Lu H, Adamson DH, Prud’homme RK. Formulation of long-wavelength indocyanine green nanocarriers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-11. [PMID: 28925107 PMCID: PMC5605487 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.096007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved fluorophore with excitation and emission wavelengths inside the "optical imaging window," has been incorporated into nanocarriers (NCs) to achieve enhanced circulation time, targeting, and real-time tracking in vivo. While previous studies transferred ICG exogenously into NCs, here, a one-step rapid precipitation process [flash nanoprecipitation (FNP)] creates ICG-loaded NCs with tunable, narrow size distributions from 30 to 180 nm. A hydrophobic ion pair of ICG-tetraoctylammonium or tetradodecylammonium chloride is formed either in situ during FNP or preformed then introduced into the FNP feed stream. The NCs are formulated with cores comprising either vitamin E (VE) or polystyrene (PS). ICG core loadings of 30 wt. % for VE and 10 wt. % for PS are achieved. However, due to a combination of molecular aggregation and Förster quenching, maximum fluorescence (FL) occurs at 10 wt. % core loading. The FL-per-particle scales with core diameter to the third power, showing that FNP enables uniform volume encapsulation. By varying the ICG counter-ion ratio, encapsulation efficiencies above 80% are achieved even in the absence of ion pairing, which rises to 100% with 1∶1 ion pairing. Finally, while ICG ion pairs are shown to be stable in buffer, they partition out of NC cores in under 30 min in the presence of physiological albumin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram J. Pansare
- Princeton University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Hoang Lu
- Princeton University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- University of Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Robert K. Prud’homme
- Princeton University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
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7
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Bohara RA, Thorat ND, Pawar SH. Role of functionalization: strategies to explore potential nano-bio applications of magnetic nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to bridge the gap between magnetic nanoparticles for their nano bio applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivaji H. Pawar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research
- D. Y. Patil University
- Kolhapur
- India
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8
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Seth A, Oh DB, Lim YT. Nanomaterials for enhanced immunity as an innovative paradigm in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:959-75. [PMID: 25867860 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of nanoparticle technology, novel and versatile properties of nanomaterials have been introduced, which has constantly expanded their applications in therapeutics. Introduction of nanomaterials for immunomodulation has opened up new avenues with tremendous potential. Interesting properties of nanoparticles, such as adjuvanticity, capability to enhance cross-presentation, polyvalent presentation, siRNA delivery for silencing of immunesuppressive gene, targeting and imaging of immune cells have been known to have immense utility in vaccination and immunotherapy. A thorough understanding of the merits associated with nanomaterials is crucial for designing of modular and versatile nanovaccines, for improved immune response. With the emerging prerequisites of vaccination, nanomaterial-based immune stimulation, seems to be capable of taking the field of immunization to a next higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Seth
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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Teston E, Lalatonne Y, Elgrabli D, Autret G, Motte L, Gazeau F, Scherman D, Clément O, Richard C, Maldiney T. Design, Properties, and In Vivo Behavior of Super-paramagnetic Persistent Luminescence Nanohybrids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2696-704. [PMID: 25653090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the fast development of noninvasive diagnosis, the design of multimodal imaging probes has become a promising challenge. If many monofunctional nanocarriers have already proven their efficiency, only few multifunctional nanoprobes have been able to combine the advantages of diverse imaging modalities. An innovative nanoprobe called mesoporous persistent luminescence magnetic nanohybrids (MPNHs) is described that shows both optical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties intended for in vivo multimodal imaging in small animals. MPNHs are based on the assembly of chromium-doped zinc gallate oxide and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in a mesoporous silica shell. MPNHs combine the optical advantages of persistent luminescence, such as real time imaging with highly sensitive and photostable detection, and MRI negative contrast properties that ensure in vivo imaging with rather high spatial resolution. In addition to their imaging capabilities, these MPNHs can be motioned in vitro with a magnet, which opens multiple perspectives in magnetic vectorization and cell therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Teston
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75270, cedex, France
- Chimie Paristech, Paris, F-75231, cedex, France
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures, Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), UMR 7244 CNRS, Université Paris, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Dan Elgrabli
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75205, cedex, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, EA 4062, Inserm U 970 ou 494, Equipe 2, PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Laurence Motte
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures, Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), UMR 7244 CNRS, Université Paris, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75205, cedex, France
| | - Daniel Scherman
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75270, cedex, France
- Chimie Paristech, Paris, F-75231, cedex, France
| | - Olivier Clément
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, EA 4062, Inserm U 970 ou 494, Equipe 2, PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Cyrille Richard
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75270, cedex, France
- Chimie Paristech, Paris, F-75231, cedex, France
| | - Thomas Maldiney
- Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75270, cedex, France
- Chimie Paristech, Paris, F-75231, cedex, France
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10
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Nandwana V, De M, Chu S, Jaiswal M, Rotz M, Meade TJ, Dravid VP. Theranostic Magnetic Nanostructures (MNS) for Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2015; 166:51-83. [PMID: 25895864 PMCID: PMC4494108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16555-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the complexities of cancer, remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic advances have been made during the past decade, which include improved genetic, molecular, and nanoscale understanding of the disease. Physical science and engineering, and nanotechnology in particular, have contributed to these developments through out-of-the-box ideas and initiatives from perspectives that are far removed from classical biological and medicinal aspects of cancer. Nanostructures, in particular, are being effectively utilized in sensing/diagnostics of cancer while nanoscale carriers are able to deliver therapeutic cargo for timed and controlled release at localized tumor sites. Magnetic nanostructures (MNS) have especially attracted considerable attention of researchers to address cancer diagnostics and therapy. A significant part of the promise of MNS lies in their potential for "theranostic" applications, wherein diagnostics makes use of the enhanced localized contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while therapy leverages the ability of MNS to heat under external radio frequency (RF) field for thermal therapy or use of thermal activation for release of therapy cargo. In this chapter, we report some of the key developments in recent years in regard to MNS as potential theranostic carriers. We describe that the r₂relaxivity of MNS can be maximized by allowing water (proton) diffusion in the vicinity of MNS by polyethylene glycol (PEG) anchoring, which also facilitates excellent fluidic stability in various media and extended in vivo circulation while maintaining high r₂values needed for T₂-weighted MRI contrast. Further, the specific absorption rate (SAR) required for thermal activation of MNS can be tailored by controlling composition and size of MNS. Together, emerging MNS show considerable promise to realize theranostic potential. We discuss that properly functionalized MNS can be designed to provide remarkable in vivo stability and accompanying pharmacokinetics exhibit organ localization that can be tailored for specific applications. In this context, even iron-based MNS show extended circulation as well as diverse organ accumulation beyond liver, which otherwise renders MNS potentially toxic to liver function. We believe that MNS, including those based on iron oxides, have entered a renaissance era where intelligent synthesis, functionalization, stabilization, and targeting provide ample evidence for applications in localized cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Nandwana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
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11
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Pansare VJ, Bruzek MJ, Adamson DH, Anthony J, Prud'homme RK. Composite fluorescent nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:180-8. [PMID: 24129739 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the rapidly expanding field of biomedical imaging, there is a need for nontoxic, photostable, and nonquenching fluorophores for fluorescent imaging. We have successfully encapsulated a new, extremely hydrophobic, pentacene-based fluorescent dye within polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) or nanocarriers (NCs) via the Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) process. PROCEDURES Nanoparticles and dye-loaded micelles were formulated by FNP and characterized by dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-VIS absorbance spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS These fluorescent particles were loaded from less than 1% to 78% by weight core loading and the fluorescence maximum was found to be at 2.3 wt.%. The particles were also stably formed at 2.3% core loading from 20 up to 250 nm in diameter with per-particle fluorescence scaling linearly with the NC core volume. The major absorption peaks are at 458, 575, and 625 nm, and the major emission peaks at 635 and 695 nm. In solution, the Et-TP5 dye displays a strong concentration-dependent ratio of the emission intensities of the first two emission peaks, whereas in the nanoparticle core the spectrum is independent of concentration over the entire concentration range. A model of the fluorescence quenching was consistent with Förster resonant energy transfer as the cause of the quenching observed for Et-TP5. The Förster radius calculated from the absorption and emission spectra of Et-TP5 is 4.1 nm, whereas the average dye spacing in the particles at the maximum fluorescence is 3.9 nm. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully encapsulated Et-TP5, a pentacene derivative dye previously only used in light-emitting diode applications, within NCs via the FNP process. The extreme hydrophobicity of the dye keeps it encapsulated in the NC core, its extended pentacene structure gives it relatively long wavelength emission at 695 nm, and the pentacene structure, without oxygen or nitrogen atoms in its core, makes it highly resistant to photobleaching. Its bulky side groups minimize self-quenching and localization within the nanoparticle core prevents interaction of the dye with biological surfaces, or molecules in diagnostic assays. Loading of dye in the NP core allows 25 times more dye to be delivered than if it were conjugated onto the nanocarrier surface. The utility of the dye for quantifying nanoparticle binding is demonstrated. Studies to extend the wavelength range of these pentacene dyes into the near infra-red are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram J Pansare
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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12
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Tomuleasa C, Braicu C, Irimie A, Craciun L, Berindan-Neagoe I. Nanopharmacology in translational hematology and oncology. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3465-79. [PMID: 25092977 PMCID: PMC4113407 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have displayed considerable promise for safely delivering therapeutic agents with miscellaneous therapeutic properties. Current progress in nanotechnology has put forward, in the last few years, several therapeutic strategies that could be integrated into clinical use by using constructs for molecular diagnosis, disease detection, cytostatic drug delivery, and nanoscale immunotherapy. In the hope of bringing the concept of nanopharmacology toward a viable and feasible clinical reality in a cancer center, the present report attempts to present the grounds for the use of cell-free nanoscale structures for molecular therapy in experimental hematology and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Cancer Center, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Irimie
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Craciun
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, the Oncological Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Smith BR, Ghosn EEB, Rallapalli H, Prescher JA, Larson T, Herzenberg LA, Gambhir SS. Selective uptake of single-walled carbon nanotubes by circulating monocytes for enhanced tumour delivery. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:481-7. [PMID: 24727688 PMCID: PMC4236538 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In cancer imaging, nanoparticle biodistribution is typically visualized in living subjects using 'bulk' imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and whole-body fluorescence. Accordingly, nanoparticle influx is observed only macroscopically, and the mechanisms by which they target cancer remain elusive. Nanoparticles are assumed to accumulate via several targeting mechanisms, particularly extravasation (leakage into tumour). Here, we show that, in addition to conventional nanoparticle-uptake mechanisms, single-walled carbon nanotubes are almost exclusively taken up by a single immune cell subset, Ly-6C(hi) monocytes (almost 100% uptake in Ly-6C(hi) monocytes, below 3% in all other circulating cells), and delivered to the tumour in mice. We also demonstrate that a targeting ligand (RGD) conjugated to nanotubes significantly enhances the number of single-walled carbon nanotube-loaded monocytes reaching the tumour (P < 0.001, day 7 post-injection). The remarkable selectivity of this tumour-targeting mechanism demonstrates an advanced immune-based delivery strategy for enhancing specific tumour delivery with substantial penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- 1] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, The James H Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Eliver Eid Bou Ghosn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Harikrishna Rallapalli
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, The James H Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- 1] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, The James H Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2]
| | - Timothy Larson
- 1] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, The James H Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Leonore A Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- 1] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, The James H Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] Department of Bioengineering and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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14
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Perica K, Tu A, Richter A, Bieler JG, Edidin M, Schneck JP. Magnetic field-induced T cell receptor clustering by nanoparticles enhances T cell activation and stimulates antitumor activity. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2252-60. [PMID: 24564881 PMCID: PMC4004316 DOI: 10.1021/nn405520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron-dextran nanoparticles functionalized with T cell activating proteins have been used to study T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. However, nanoparticle triggering of membrane receptors is poorly understood and may be sensitive to physiologically regulated changes in TCR clustering that occur after T cell activation. Nano-aAPC bound 2-fold more TCR on activated T cells, which have clustered TCR, than on naive T cells, resulting in a lower threshold for activation. To enhance T cell activation, a magnetic field was used to drive aggregation of paramagnetic nano-aAPC, resulting in a doubling of TCR cluster size and increased T cell expansion in vitro and after adoptive transfer in vivo. T cells activated by nano-aAPC in a magnetic field inhibited growth of B16 melanoma, showing that this novel approach, using magnetic field-enhanced nano-aAPC stimulation, can generate large numbers of activated antigen-specific T cells and has clinically relevant applications for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ang Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Joan Glick Bieler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Edidin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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15
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Clemente-Casares X, Santamaria P. Nanomedicine in autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:167-74. [PMID: 24406504 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases is already a reality and is causing a real revolution in how we design new therapies and vaccines. In this review we focus on the applications of nanotechnology in the field of autoimmunity. First, we review scenarios in which iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, mostly through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both in animal models and patients. Second, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles as an immunotherapeutic platform for autoimmune diseases, for now exclusively in pre-clinical models. Finally, we discuss the potential of this field to generate the 'perfect drug' with the capacity to report on its therapeutic efficacy in real time, that is, the birth of theranostics in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Debroye E, Parac-Vogt TN. Towards polymetallic lanthanide complexes as dual contrast agents for magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:8178-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the spotlight: polymetallic complexes permitting efficient sensitization of lanthanide luminescence and exhibiting favorable relaxometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Debroye
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Mahon E, Salvati A, Baldelli Bombelli F, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Designing the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface for "targeting and therapeutic delivery". J Control Release 2012; 161:164-74. [PMID: 22516097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous transport mechanisms which occur in living organisms have evolved to allow selective transport and processing operate on a scale of tens of nanometers. This presents the possibility of unprecedented access for engineered nanoscale materials to organs and sub-cellular locations, materials which may in principle be targeted to precise locations for diagnostic or therapeutic gain. For this reason, nano-architectures could represent a truly radical departure as delivery agents for drugs, genes and therapies to treat a host of diseases. Thus, for active targeting, unlike the case of small molecular drugs where molecular structure has evolved to promote higher physiochemical affinity to specific sites, one aims to exploit these energy dependant endogenous processes. Many active targeting strategies have been developed, but despite this truly remarkable potential, in applications they have met with mixed success to date. This situation may have more to do with our current understanding and integration of knowledge across disciplines, than any intrinsic limitation on the vision itself. In this review article we suggest that much more fundamental and detailed control of the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface is required for sustained and general success in this field. In the simplest manifestation, pristine nanoparticles in biological fluids act as a scaffold for biomolecules, which adsorb rapidly to the nanoparticles' surface, conferring a new biological identity to the nanoparticles. It is this nanoparticle-biomolecule interface that is 'read' and acted upon by the cellular machinery. Moreover, where targeting moieties are grafted onto nanoparticles, they may not retain their function as a result of poor orientation, and structural or conformational disruption. Further surface adsorption of biomolecules from the surrounding environment i.e. the formation of a biomolecule corona may also obscure specific surface recognition. To transfer the remarkable possibilities of nanoscale interactions in biology into therapeutics one may need a more focused and dedicated approach to the understanding of the in situ (in vivo) interface between engineered nanomaedicines and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mahon
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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18
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Clavijo-Jordan V, Kodibagkar VD, Beeman SC, Hann BD, Bennett KM. Principles and emerging applications of nanomagnetic materials in medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:345-65. [PMID: 22488879 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanometer-scale magnetic materials for biomedical applications spans the interface between the physical sciences and biology. Applications of these materials are rapidly becoming important in medicine and enable targeted therapies and diagnostics. At the same time, specific applications add focus to the development of novel magnetic materials and facilitate a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms behind their function. This review presents a broad, nontechnical overview of the basis of magnetism in materials at the nanometer scale and describes how these materials are created, characterized, and used. Specific emerging applications in medical diagnostics and therapies are discussed, including cancer cell targeting for thermal ablation, tissue engineering, and three-dimensional noninvasive molecular imaging. Challenges in these fields are discussed, including the toxicity and delivery of magnetic nanomaterials and the sensitivity of imaging and therapeutic techniques. The development of novel nanomagnetic nanomaterials should continue to accelerate as new applications are identified and researchers uncover new mechanisms to increase and modulate magnetism at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Clavijo-Jordan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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19
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Zhang Q, Luan L, Feng S, Yan H, Liu K. Using a bifunctional polymer for the functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Yu MK, Park J, Jon S. Targeting strategies for multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy. Theranostics 2012; 2:3-44. [PMID: 22272217 PMCID: PMC3263514 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer new opportunities for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Multifunctional nanoparticles harboring various functions including targeting, imaging, therapy, and etc have been intensively studied aiming to overcome limitations associated with conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy. Of various nanoparticles, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with superparamagnetic property have shown potential as multifunctional nanoparticles for clinical translation because they have been used asmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constrast agents in clinic and their features could be easily tailored by including targeting moieties, fluorescence dyes, or therapeutic agents. This review summarizes targeting strategies for construction of multifunctional nanoparticles including magnetic nanoparticles-based theranostic systems, and the various surface engineering strategies of nanoparticles for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangyong Jon
- Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Chemdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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21
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Kievit FM, Zhang M. Cancer nanotheranostics: improving imaging and therapy by targeted delivery across biological barriers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H217-47. [PMID: 21842473 PMCID: PMC3397249 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer nanotheranostics aims to combine imaging and therapy of cancer through use of nanotechnology. The ability to engineer nanomaterials to interact with cancer cells at the molecular level can significantly improve the effectiveness and specificity of therapy to cancers that are currently difficult to treat. In particular, metastatic cancers, drug-resistant cancers, and cancer stem cells impose the greatest therapeutic challenge for targeted therapy. Targeted therapy can be achieved with appropriately designed drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles, adult stem cells, or T cells in immunotherapy. In this article, we first review the different types of nanotheranostic particles and their use in imaging, followed by the biological barriers they must bypass to reach the target cancer cells, including the blood, liver, kidneys, spleen, and particularly the blood-brain barrier. We then review how nanotheranostics can be used to improve targeted delivery and treatment of cancer cells. Finally, we discuss development of nanoparticles to overcome current limitations in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest M Kievit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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22
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Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Ellenbogen RG, Zhang M. Cancer cell invasion: treatment and monitoring opportunities in nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:582-96. [PMID: 21295093 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell invasion is an intrinsic cellular pathway whereby cells respond to extracellular stimuli to migrate through and modulate the structure of their extracellular matrix (ECM) in order to develop, repair, and protect the body's tissues. In cancer cells this process can become aberrantly regulated and lead to cancer metastasis. This cellular pathway contributes to the vast majority of cancer related fatalities, and therefore has been identified as a critical therapeutic target. Researchers have identified numerous potential molecular therapeutic targets of cancer cell invasion, yet delivery of therapies remains a major hurdle. Nanomedicine is a rapidly emerging technology which may offer a potential solution for tackling cancer metastasis by improving the specificity and potency of therapeutics delivered to invasive cancer cells. In this review we examine the biology of cancer cell invasion, its role in cancer progression and metastasis, molecular targets of cell invasion, and therapeutic inhibitors of cell invasion. We then discuss how the field of nanomedicine can be applied to monitor and treat cancer cell invasion. We aim to provide a perspective on how the advances in cancer biology and the field of nanomedicine can be combined to offer new solutions for treating cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
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23
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Xia X, Yang M, Oetjen LK, Zhang Y, Li Q, Chen J, Xia Y. An enzyme-sensitive probe for photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence detection of protease activity. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:950-953. [PMID: 21225037 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A gold nanocage and dye conjugate has been demonstrated for use with photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence detection of protease activity. The detection sensitivity could be maximized by using gold nanocages with a localized surface plasmon resonance peak away from the emission peak of the dye. These hybrids can be potentially used as multimodal contrast agents for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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25
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Sun C, Du K, Fang C, Bhattarai N, Veiseh O, Kivit F, Stephen Z, Lee D, Ellenbogen RG, Ratner B, Zhang M. PEG-mediated synthesis of highly dispersive multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles: their physicochemical properties and function in vivo. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2402-10. [PMID: 20232826 PMCID: PMC2860962 DOI: 10.1021/nn100190v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been developed for a wide range of applications in nanomedicine, such as serving as tumor-targeted drug carriers and molecular imaging agents. To function in vivo, the development of these novel materials must overcome several challenging requirements including biocompatibility, stability in physiological solutions, nontoxicity, and the ability to traverse biological barriers. Here we report a PEG-mediated synthesis process to produce well-dispersed, ultrafine, and highly stable iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Utilizing a biocompatible PEG coating bearing amine functional groups, the produced nanoparticles serve as an effective platform with the ability to incorporate a variety of targeting, therapeutic, or imaging ligands. In this study, we demonstrated tumor-specific accumulation of these nanoparticles through both magnetic resonance and optical imaging after conjugation with chlorotoxin, a peptide with high affinity toward tumors of the neuroectodermal origin, and Cy5.5, a near-infrared fluorescent dye. Furthermore, we performed preliminary biodistribution and toxicity assessments of these nanoparticles in wild-type mice through histological analysis of clearance organs and hematology assay, and the results demonstrated the relative biocompatibility of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conroy Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kim Du
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Forrest Kivit
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Zachary Stephen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard G. Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Seattle Children's Hospital &Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Buddy Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Miqin Zhang, Ph.D, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 302L Roberts Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, Phone: (206) 616 9356, Fax: (206) 543 3100,
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26
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Veiseh O, Gunn JW, Zhang M. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:284-304. [PMID: 19909778 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1058] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a class of non-invasive imaging agents that have been developed for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. These MNPs have traditionally been used for disease imaging via passive targeting, but recent advances have opened the door to cellular-specific targeting, drug delivery, and multi-modal imaging by these nanoparticles. As more elaborate MNPs are envisioned, adherence to proper design criteria (e.g. size, coating, molecular functionalization) becomes even more essential. This review summarizes the design parameters that affect MNP performance in vivo, including the physicochemical properties and nanoparticle surface modifications, such as MNP coating and targeting ligand functionalizations that can enhance MNP management of biological barriers. A careful review of the chemistries used to modify the surfaces of MNPs is also given, with attention paid to optimizing the activity of bound ligands while maintaining favorable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
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27
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Ge Y, Zhang Y, He S, Nie F, Teng G, Gu N. Fluorescence Modified Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for High-Efficient Cellular Imaging. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:287-295. [PMID: 20596545 PMCID: PMC2893437 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Labeling of cells with nanoparticles for living detection is of interest to various biomedical applications. In this study, novel fluorescent/magnetic nanoparticles were prepared and used in high-efficient cellular imaging. The nanoparticles coated with the modified chitosan possessed a magnetic oxide core and a covalently attached fluorescent dye. We evaluated the feasibility and efficiency in labeling cancer cells (SMMC-7721) with the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles exhibited a high affinity to cells, which was demonstrated by flow cytometry and magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that cell-labeling efficiency of the nanoparticles was dependent on the incubation time and nanoparticles' concentration. The minimum detected number of labeled cells was around 10(4) by using a clinical 1.5-T MRI imager. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy instruments were used to monitor the localization patterns of the magnetic nanoparticles in cells. These new magneto-fluorescent nanoagents have demonstrated the potential for future medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ge
- Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying He
- Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Nie
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Gu
- Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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