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Swierczewski M, Maroni P, Chenneviere A, Dadras MM, Lee LT, Bürgi T. Deposition of Extended Ordered Ultrathin Films of Au 38 (SC 2 H 4 Ph) 24 Nanocluster using Langmuir-Blodgett Technique. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005954. [PMID: 33559304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Langmuir-Blodgett technique is utilized to deposit ultrathin films of Au38 (SC2 H4 Ph)24 nanocluster onto solid surfaces such as mica and silicon. The morphologies of the films transferred at various surface pressures within the mono/bi/trilayer regime are studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The time spent on the water surface before the deposition has a decisive effect on the final ordering of nanoclusters within the network and is studied by fast AFM, X-ray reflectivity, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Swierczewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Plinio Maroni
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Chenneviere
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91191, France
| | - Mohammad M Dadras
- CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Neuchâtel, 2002, Switzerland
| | - Lay-Theng Lee
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91191, France
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
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2
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Baghdasaryan A, Bürgi T. Copper nanoclusters: designed synthesis, structural diversity, and multiplatform applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6283-6340. [PMID: 33885518 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have gained tremendous research interest in recent years due to their extraordinary properties. The molecular-like properties that originate from the quantized electronic states provide novel opportunities for the construction of unique nanomaterials possessing rich molecular-like absorption, luminescence, and magnetic properties. The field of monolayer-protected metal nanoclusters, especially copper, with well-defined molecular structures and compositions, is relatively new, about two to three decades old. Nevertheless, the massive progress in the field illustrates the importance of such nanoobjects as promising materials for various applications. In this respect, nanocluster-based catalysts have become very popular, showing high efficiencies and activities for the catalytic conversion of chemical compounds. Biomedical applications of clusters are an active research field aimed at finding better fluorescent contrast agents, therapeutic pharmaceuticals for the treatment and prevention of diseases, the early diagnosis of cancers and other potent diseases, especially at early stages. A huge library of structures and the compositions of copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) with atomic precisions have already been discovered during last few decades; however, there are many concerns to be addressed and questions to be answered. Hopefully, in future, with the combined efforts of material scientists, inorganic chemists, and computational scientists, a thorough understanding of the unique molecular-like properties of metal nanoclusters will be achieved. This, on the other hand, will allow the interdisciplinary researchers to design novel catalysts, biosensors, or therapeutic agents using highly structured, atomically precise, and stable CuNCs. Thus, we hope this review will guide the reader through the field of CuNCs, while discussing the main achievements and improvements, along with challenges and drawbacks that one needs to face and overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Baghdasaryan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Hirai H, Ito S, Takano S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Ligand-protected gold/silver superatoms: current status and emerging trends. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12233-12248. [PMID: 34094434 PMCID: PMC8162828 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer-protected gold/silver clusters have attracted much interest as nano-scale building units for novel functional materials owing to their nonbulk-like structures and size-specific properties. They can be viewed as ligand-protected superatoms because their magic stabilities and fundamental properties are well explained in the framework of the jellium model. In the last decade, the number of ligand-protected superatoms with atomically-defined structures has been increasing rapidly thanks to the well-established synthesis and structural determination by X-ray crystallography. This perspective summarizes the current status and emerging trends in synthesis and characterization of superatoms. The topics related to synthesis include (1) development of targeted synthesis based on transformation, (2) enhancement of robustness and synthetic yield for practical applications, and (3) development of controlled fusion and assembly of well-defined superatoms to create new properties. New characterization approaches are also introduced such as (1) mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopies in the gas phase, (2) determination of static and dynamic structures, and (3) computational analysis by machine learning. Finally, future challenges and prospects are discussed for further promotion and development of materials science of superatoms. This perspective summarizes the current status and emerging trends in synthesis and characterization of ligand-protected gold/silver superatoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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4
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Howard-Fabretto L, Andersson GG. Metal Clusters on Semiconductor Surfaces and Application in Catalysis with a Focus on Au and Ru. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904122. [PMID: 31854037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters typically consist of two to a few hundred atoms and have unique properties that change with the type and number of atoms that form the cluster. Metal clusters can be generated with a precise number of atoms, and therefore have specific size, shape, and electronic structures. When metal clusters are deposited onto a substrate, their shape and electronic structure depend on the interaction with the substrate surface and thus depend on the properties of both the clusters and those of the substrate. Deposited metal clusters have discrete, individual electron energy levels that differ from the electron energy levels in the constituting individual atoms, isolated clusters, and the respective bulk material. The properties of clusters with a focus on Au and Ru, the methods to generate metal clusters, and the methods of deposition of clusters onto substrate surfaces are covered. The properties of cluster-modified surfaces are important for their application. The main application covered here is catalysis, and the methods for characterization of the cluster-modified surfaces are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Howard-Fabretto
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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Walter M, Vogel M, Zamudio-Bayer V, Lindblad R, Reichenbach T, Hirsch K, Langenberg A, Rittmann J, Kulesza A, Mitrić R, Moseler M, Möller T, von Issendorff B, Lau JT. Experimental and theoretical 2p core-level spectra of size-selected gas-phase aluminum and silicon cluster cations: chemical shifts, geometric structure, and coordination-dependent screening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6651-6661. [PMID: 30855620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present 2p core-level spectra of size-selected aluminum and silicon cluster cations from soft X-ray photoionization efficiency curves and density functional theory. The experimental and theoretical results are in very good quantitative agreement and allow for geometric structure determination. New ground state geometries for Al12+, Si15+, Si16+, and Si19+ are proposed on this basis. The chemical shifts of the 2p electron binding energies reveal a substantial difference for aluminum and silicon clusters: while in aluminum the 2p electron binding energy decreases with increasing coordination number, no such correlation was observed for silicon. The 2p binding energy shifts in clusters of both elements differ strongly from those of the corresponding bulk matter. For aluminum clusters, the core-level shifts between outer shell atoms and the encapsulated atom are of opposite sign and one order of magnitude larger than the corresponding core-level shift between surface and bulk atoms in the solid. For silicon clusters, the core-level shifts are of the same order of magnitude in clusters and in bulk silicon but no obvious correlation of chemical shift and bond length, as present for reconstructed silicon surfaces, are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walter
- Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Vogel
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Reichenbach
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Langenberg
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Rittmann
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moseler
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie CentrumμTC, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany and Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Exploring the atomic structure of 1.8nm monolayer-protected gold clusters with aberration-corrected STEM. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 176:146-150. [PMID: 28342572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer-protected (MP) Au clusters present attractive quantum systems with a range of potential applications e.g. in catalysis. Knowledge of the atomic structure is needed to obtain a full understanding of their intriguing physical and chemical properties. Here we employed aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (ac-STEM), combined with multislice simulations, to make a round-robin investigation of the atomic structure of chemically synthesised clusters with nominal composition Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 provided by two different research groups. The MP Au clusters were "weighed" by the atom counting method, based on their integrated intensities in the high angle annular dark field (HAADF) regime and calibrated exponent of the Z dependence. For atomic structure analysis, we compared experimental images of hundreds of clusters, with atomic resolution, against a variety of structural models. Across the size range 123-151 atoms, only 3% of clusters matched the theoretically predicted Au144(SR)60 structure, while a large proportion of the clusters were amorphous (i.e. did not match any model structure). However, a distinct ring-dot feature, characteristic of local icosahedral symmetry, was observed in about 20% of the clusters.
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8
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9
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Al Qahtani HS, Kimoto K, Bennett T, Alvino JF, Andersson GG, Metha GF, Golovko VB, Sasaki T, Nakayama T. Atomically resolved structure of ligand-protected Au9 clusters on TiO2 nanosheets using aberration-corrected STEM. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:114703. [PMID: 27004889 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenylphosphine ligand-protected Au9 clusters deposited onto titania nanosheets show three different atomic configurations as observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The configurations observed are a 3-dimensional structure, corresponding to the previously proposed Au9 core of the clusters, and two pseudo-2-dimensional (pseudo-2D) structures, newly found by this work. With the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the observed pseudo-2D structures are attributed to the low energy, de-ligated structures formed through interaction with the substrate. The combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy with DFT calculations thus allows identifying whether or not the deposited Au9 clusters have been de-ligated in the deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Al Qahtani
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Koji Kimoto
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Trystan Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jason F Alvino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Gregory F Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vladimir B Golovko
- Department of Chemistry, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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10
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Niihori Y, Uchida C, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. High-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4251-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes our work on high-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, new findings obtained by those separation, and future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Chihiro Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
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11
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Al Qahtani HS, Higuchi R, Sasaki T, Alvino JF, Metha GF, Golovko VB, Adnan R, Andersson GG, Nakayama T. Grouping and aggregation of ligand protected Au9 clusters on TiO2 nanosheets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21419c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Au9 clusters forming groups of clusters on titania nanosheets at least partially consist of individual clusters both before and after annealing. Au9 clusters also can attach as individual clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S. Al Qahtani
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- Flinders University
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Rintaro Higuchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Jason F. Alvino
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Vladimir B. Golovko
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Rohul Adnan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- Flinders University
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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Tian S, Li YZ, Li MB, Yuan J, Yang J, Wu Z, Jin R. Structural isomerism in gold nanoparticles revealed by X-ray crystallography. [Corrected]. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8667. [PMID: 26482704 PMCID: PMC4667693 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing structural isomerism in nanoparticles using single-crystal X-ray crystallography remains a largely unresolved task, although it has been theoretically predicted with some experimental clues. Here we report a pair of structural isomers, Au38T and Au38Q, as evidenced using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and indisputable single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The two isomers show different optical and catalytic properties, and differences in stability. In addition, the less stable Au38T can be irreversibly transformed to the more stable Au38Q at 50 °C in toluene. This work may represent an important advance in revealing structural isomerism at the nanoscale. Revealing structural isomerism in nanoparticles remains a largely unresolved task. Here, the authors use several techniques, including single-crystal X-ray crystallography, to characterize two structural isomers of Au38, and report their different optical and catalytic properties and differences in stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Jian N, Stapelfeldt C, Hu KJ, Fröba M, Palmer RE. Hybrid atomic structure of the Schmid cluster Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 resolved by aberration-corrected STEM. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:885-8. [PMID: 25463773 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the atomic structure of the Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 Schmid cluster by using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with multislice simulation of STEM images. Atom counting was employed, with size-selected clusters as mass standards, to "fractionate" the correct cluster size in the image analysis. Systematic structure analysis shows that a hybrid structure, predicted by density functional theory, best matches nearly half the clusters observed. Most other clusters are amorphous. We believe our conclusions are consistent with all the previous, apparently contradictory structural studies of the Schmid cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jian
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics And Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Hu KJ, Plant SR, Ellis PR, Brown CM, Bishop PT, Palmer RE. The effects of 1-pentyne hydrogenation on the atomic structures of size-selected AuNand PdN(N = 923 and 2057) nanoclusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26631-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Olmos-Asar JA, Ludueña M, Mariscal MM. Monolayer protected gold nanoparticles: the effect of the headgroup–Au interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15979-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Negishi Y. Toward the Creation of Functionalized Metal Nanoclusters and Highly Active Photocatalytic Materials Using Thiolate-Protected Magic Gold Clusters. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science
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18
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Qian H. Thiolate-protected Au38(SR)24 nanocluster: size-focusing synthesis, structure determination, intrinsic chirality, and beyond. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Thiolate-protected Au nanoclusters with core diameters smaller than 2 nm have captured considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse applications ranging from biological labeling to photovoltaics and catalysis. This new class of nanomaterials exhibits discrete electronic structure and molecular-like properties, such as HOMO-LUMO electronic transition, intrinsic magnetism, chiroptical properties, and enhanced catalytic properties. This review focuses on the research into thiolate-protected Au38(SR)24 – one of the most representative nanoclusters, including its identification, size-focusing synthesis, structure determination, and intrinsic chirality. The properties of two size-adjacent Au nanoclusters [Au40(SR)24 and Au36(SR)24] are also discussed. The experimental and theoretical methodologies developed in studies of the Au38(SR)24 model nanocluster open up new opportunities in the synthesis and properties investigation of other atomically precise Aun(SR)m nanoclusters.
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19
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Logsdail AJ, Li ZY, Johnston RL. Faceting preferences for AuN and PdN nanoclusters with high-symmetry motifs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8392-400. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Delannoy L, Chantry RL, Casale S, Li ZY, Borensztein Y, Louis C. HRTEM and STEM-HAADF characterisation of Au–TiO2 and Au–Al2O3 catalysts for a better understanding of the parameters influencing their properties in CO oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:3473-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp44157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Malola S, Lehtovaara L, Knoppe S, Hu KJ, Palmer RE, Bürgi T, Häkkinen H. Au40(SR)24 Cluster as a Chiral Dimer of 8-Electron Superatoms: Structure and Optical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19560-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309619n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Knoppe
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva
4, Switzerland
| | - Kuo-Juei Hu
- Nanoscale
Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Richard E. Palmer
- Nanoscale
Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva
4, Switzerland
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22
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Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Experimental evidence for fluctuating, chiral-type Au55 clusters by direct atomic imaging. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5510-4. [PMID: 23057610 DOI: 10.1021/nl303429z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the atomic-scale structures and fluctuating dynamical behavior of size-selected Au(55) clusters obtained by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with systematic STEM simulations. No high-symmetry structures (face-centered cubic polyhedron, icosahedron, or decahedron) were observed in our statistical investigation. We find Au(55) clusters that are characteristic of the theoretically predicted chiral structure and similar sister isomers (which together we define as the chiral structural zone). The chiral structural zone was found to arise repeatedly in the time-lapse sequences of images we measured, though other amorphous-like structures are also frequently observed. The approach demonstrated here can be applied to identify specific low-symmetry atomic structures in other small clusters and distinguish them unambiguously from high-symmetry isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Wang
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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23
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Tyo EC, Yin C, Di Vece M, Qian Q, Kwon G, Lee S, Lee B, DeBartolo JE, Seifert S, Winans RE, Si R, Ricks B, Goergen S, Rutter M, Zugic B, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Wang ZW, Palmer RE, Neurock M, Vajda S. Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane on Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) Nanoparticles: The Effect of Particle Size on Activity and Selectivity. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Tyo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Marcel Di Vece
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Si
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Brian Ricks
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Simone Goergen
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Matthew Rutter
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Branko Zugic
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby
Street, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zhi Wei Wang
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Richard E. Palmer
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Stefan Vajda
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Direct atomic imaging and dynamical fluctuations of the tetrahedral Au(20) cluster. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4947-4949. [PMID: 22743848 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report real-space, atomic-resolution images of Au(20) clusters obtained with the aberration-corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. The proposed tetrahedral (FCC segment) pyramid structure is confirmed. The clusters cycle between isomers under the electron beam in the time-lapse images acquired. Disordered variants on the high symmetry forms are commonly observed. We believe that the direct experimental identification of these kinds of atomic structure, and the fluctuations between them, is fundamental to our understanding of nanoparticle structures, as well as applications such as heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Wang
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Maity P, Xie S, Yamauchi M, Tsukuda T. Stabilized gold clusters: from isolation toward controlled synthesis. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4027-37. [PMID: 22717451 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bare metal clusters with fewer than ∼100 atoms exhibit intrinsically unique and size-specific properties, making them promising functional units or building blocks for novel materials. To utilize such clusters in functional materials, they need to be stabilized against coalescence by employing organic ligands, polymers, and solid materials. To realize rational development of cluster-based materials, it is essential to clarify how the stability and nature of clusters are modified by interactions with stabilizers by characterizing isolated clusters. The next stage is to design on-demand function by intentionally controlling the structural parameters of cluster-based materials; such parameters include the size, composition, and atomic arrangement of clusters and the interfacial structure between clusters and stabilizers. This review summarizes the current state of the art of isolation of gold clusters stabilized in various environments and surveys ongoing efforts to precisely control the structural parameters with atomic level accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Maity
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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26
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Harkness KM, Tang Y, Dass A, Pan J, Kothalawala N, Reddy VJ, Cliffel DE, Demeler B, Stellacci F, Bakr OM, McLean JA. Ag44(SR)30(4-): a silver-thiolate superatom complex. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4269-74. [PMID: 22706613 PMCID: PMC3518420 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Intensely and broadly absorbing nanoparticles (IBANs) of silver protected by arylthiolates were recently synthesized and showed unique optical properties, yet question of their dispersity and their molecular formulas remained. Here IBANs are identified as a superatom complex with a molecular formula of Ag(44)(SR)(30)(4-) and an electron count of 18. This molecular character is shared by IBANs protected by 4-fluorothiophenol or 2-naphthalenethiol. The molecular formula and purity is determined by mass spectrometry and confirmed by sedimentation velocity-analytical ultracentrifugation. The data also give preliminary indications of a unique structure and environment for Ag(44)(SR)(30)(4-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen M. Harkness
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
| | - Yun Tang
- Institute of Materials, EcolePolytechniqueFederale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jun Pan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photo-voltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuwan Kothalawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Vijay J. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photo-voltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
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27
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Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Intensity calibration and atomic imaging of size-selected Au and Pd clusters in aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/371/1/012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Xie S, Tsunoyama H, Kurashige W, Negishi Y, Tsukuda T. Enhancement in Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation Catalysis of Au25 Clusters by Single Pd Atom Doping. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300252g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Xie
- Catalysis Research
Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi10, Kita21,
Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan,
| | - Hironori Tsunoyama
- Catalysis Research
Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi10, Kita21,
Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan,
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied
Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan,
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied
Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan,
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Catalysis Research
Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi10, Kita21,
Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan,
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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29
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Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Determination of the ground-state atomic structures of size-selected au nanoclusters by electron-beam-induced transformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:245502. [PMID: 23004289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.245502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium ground state atomic structures of nanoparticles are critical to understanding the relationship between their structure and functionality, e.g., in catalysis, and are the standard output of first principles and semiempirical theoretical treatments. We demonstrate a method of obtaining a stable population of the structural isomers of supported Au clusters from a metastable initial array via electron beam irradiation. Statistical investigation of size-selected Au clusters containing 923±23 atoms via aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy shows that virtually all of the icosahedral (Ih) clusters undergo structural transformations into decahedral (Dh) (primarily) or fcc isomers while Dh and FCC clusters generally retain their atomic structures after electron irradiation of each cluster individually for up to 400 s at a dose of 2.4×10(4) e-/angstrom2/frame. Intermediate phases are often observed in the image series (videos) before the appearance of the new stable isomers, the relative structural populations of which can be controlled via the electron beam dose. The comprehensive results reported here should provide a valuable experimental reference for testing or refining potential models and for kinetic or dynamical treatments of the atomic configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Wang
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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