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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. An exciting twenty-year journey exploring porphyrinoid-based photo- and electro-active systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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2
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Trusova EA, Klimenko IV, Afzal AM, Shchegolikhin AN, Jurina LV. Comparison of oxygen-free graphene sheets obtained in DMF and DMF-aqua media. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In pure DMF, the graphene layering is mainly limited to 5 layers; in the aqua presence, partial association of the lightest graphene sheets with the highest surface energy occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Trusova
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of RAS
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | - Inna V. Klimenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | - Asya M. Afzal
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of RAS
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | | | - Lyubov V. Jurina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
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3
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Mehdipour H, Smith BA, Rezakhani AT, Tafreshi SS, de Leeuw NH, Prezhdo OV, Moshfegh AZ, Akimov AV. Dependence of electron transfer dynamics on the number of graphene layers in π-stacked 2D materials: insights from ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23198-23208. [PMID: 31612886 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent time-resolved transient absorption studies demonstrated that the rate of photoinduced interfacial charge transfer (CT) from Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to single-layer graphene (SLG) is faster than to double-layer graphene (DLG), in contrast to the expectation from Fermi's golden rule. We present the first time-domain non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) study of the electron injection process from photoexcited ZnPc molecules into SLG and DLG substrates. Our calculations suggest that CT occurs faster in the ZnPc/SLG system than in the ZnPc/DLG system, with 580 fs and 810 fs being the fastest components of the observed CT timescales, respectively. The computed timescales are in close agreement with those reported in the experiment. The computed CT timescales are determined largely by the magnitudes of the non-adiabatic couplings (NAC), which we find to be 4 meV and 2 meV, for the ZnPc/SLG and ZnPc/DLG systems, respectively. The transitions are driven mainly by the ZnPc out-of-plane bending mode at 1100 cm-1 and an overtone of fundamental modes in graphene at 2450 cm-1. We find that dephasing occurs on the timescale of 20 fs and is similar in both systems, so decoherence does not notably change the qualitative trends in the CT timescales. We highlight the importance of proper energy level alignment for capturing the qualitative trends in the CT dynamics observed in experiment. In addition, we illustrate several methodological points that are important for accurately modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in the ZnPc/FLG systems, such as the choice of surface hopping methodology, the use of phase corrections, NAC scaling, and the inclusion of Hubbard terms in the density functional and molecular dynamics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mehdipour
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Volland M, Lennert A, Roth A, Ince M, Torres T, Guldi DM. Azulenocyanines immobilized on graphene; on the way to panchromatic absorption and efficient DSSC blocking layers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10709-10715. [PMID: 31140533 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel electron donor-acceptor hybrid consisting of a NIR absorbing azulenocyanine as an electron donor and few-layer graphene as an electron acceptor was prepared. The extended aromatic core of azulenocyanine (1) assists in the exfoliation of graphite and allows the formation of a very high-quality few-layer graphene azulenocyanine hybrid system (2). The formation of a stable azulenocyanine/graphene hybrid was verified by means of an arsenal of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Notable is the fact that the absorption spectrum recorded for 1 and likewise that for 2 covers large portions of the solar spectrum, that is, from the UV through the visible to the NIR region. In light of the latter, we incorporated 1 as well as 2 as a photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and probed their light harvesting. Besides an increase in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency we focused on the stability of DSSCs by preventing charge recombination between FTO and the liquid electrolyte. We used 2 as a blocking layer and in comparison with a TiCl4 pretreated blocking layer a superior conversion efficiency was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Volland M, Zhou P, Wibmer L, Häner R, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Guldi DM. Nanographene favors electronic interactions with an electron acceptor rather than an electron donor in a planar fused push-pull conjugate. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1437-1441. [PMID: 30608494 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A combination of a preexfoliated nanographene (NG) dispersion and fused electron donor-acceptor tetrathiafulvalene-perylenediimide (TTF-PDI) results in a noncovalent functionalization of NG. Such novel types of nanohybrids were characterized by complementary spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The design strategy of the chromophoric and electroactive molecular conjugate renders a large and planar π-extended system with a distinct localization of electron-rich and electron-poor parts at either end of the molecular conjugate. Within the in situ formed nanohybrid, the conjugate was found to couple electronically with NG preferentially through the electron accepting PDI rather than the electron donating TTF and to form the one-electron reduced form of PDI, which corresponds to p-doping of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Belviso S, Santoro E, Lelj F, Casarini D, Villani C, Franzini R, Superchi S. Stereochemical Stability and Absolute Configuration of Atropisomeric Alkylthioporphyrazines by Dynamic NMR and HPLC Studies and Computational Analysis of HPLC-ECD Recorded Spectra. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Belviso
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
- CR-INSTM Unità della Basilicata; LASCAMM; 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Ernesto Santoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Francesco Lelj
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
- CR-INSTM Unità della Basilicata; LASCAMM; 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Daniele Casarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
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7
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Iglesias D, Atienzar P, Vázquez E, Herrero MA, García H. Carbon Nanohorns Modified with Conjugated Terthienyl/Terthiophene Structures: Additives to Enhance the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E294. [PMID: 28946677 PMCID: PMC5666459 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbon nanohorns (CNHs) constituted by the aggregation of about 2000 individual conical graphene tubes (diameters from 2 nm to 5 nm and a length of 40-50 nm) that have been modified with dyes of two, three, or four terthienyl groups has been prepared by adsorbing the corresponding dye on the CNH. Persistent inks in o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) of these dye-CNH conjugates were obtained by laser irradiation of o-DCB suspensions of the dye-CNH solids. These inks were used in combination or not with N719 dye for the preparation of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) of TiO₂. It was measured that the terthienyl dye with the largest conjugation deposited on the CNH additively increased the performance of an analogous TiO₂ cell from an efficiency of 4.07% to 6.24%. This result shows the potential of dye-modified CNHs as additives in the construction of more efficient DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pedro Atienzar
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - María Antonia Herrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
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Eredia M, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Graphene via Molecule-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliation: A Supramolecular Approach. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material holding unique optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The combination of these exceptional characteristics makes graphene an ideal model system for fundamental physical and chemical studies as well as technologically ground breaking material for a large range of applications. Graphene can be produced either following a bottom-up or top-down method. The former is based on the formation of covalent networks suitably engineered molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction. The latter takes place through the exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Among them, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an appealing method, being very versatile and applicable to different environments and on various substrate types. In this chapter, we describe the recently reported methods to produce graphene via molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite, aiming at the generation of high-quality graphene. In particular, we will focus on the supramolecular approach, which consists in the use of suitably designed organic molecules during the UILPE of graphite. These molecules act as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the exfoliation. This method relying on the joint effect of a solvent and ad hoc molecules to foster the exfoliation of graphite into graphene in liquid environment represents a promising and modular method toward the improvement of the process of UILPE in terms of the concentration and quality of the exfoliated material. Furthermore, exfoliations in aqueous and organic solutions are presented and discussed separately.
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Ciesielski A, Haar S, Aliprandi A, El Garah M, Tregnago G, Cotella GF, El Gemayel M, Richard F, Sun H, Cacialli F, Bonaccorso F, Samorì P. Modifying the Size of Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Graphene: From Nanosheets to Nanodots. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10768-10777. [PMID: 28024344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an established method to produce single- (SLG) and few-layer (FLG) graphene nanosheets starting from graphite as a precursor. In this paper we investigate the effect of the ultrasonication power in the UILPE process carried out in either N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB). Our experimental results reveal that while the SLGs/FLGs concentration of the NMP dispersions is independent of the power of the ultrasonic bath during the UILPE process, in o-DCB it decreases as the ultrasonication power increases. Moreover, the ultrasonication power has a strong influence on the lateral size of the exfoliated SLGs/FLGs nanosheets in o-DCB. In particular, when UILPE is carried out at ∼600 W, we obtain dispersions composed of graphene nanosheets with a lateral size of 180 nm, whereas at higher power (∼1000 W) we produce graphene nanodots (GNDs) with an average diameter of ∼17 nm. The latter nanostructures exhibit a strong and almost excitation-independent photoluminescence emission in the UV/deep-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum arising from the GNDs' intrinsic states and a less intense (and strongly excitation wavelength dependent) emission in the green/red region attributed to defect states. Notably, we also observe visible emission with near-infrared excitation at 850 and 900 nm, a fingerprint of the presence of up-conversion processes. Overall, our results highlight the crucial importance of the solvent choice for the UILPE process, which under controlled experimental conditions allows the fine-tuning of the morphological properties, such as lateral size and thickness, of the graphene nanosheets toward the realization of luminescent GNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Haar
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed El Garah
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Giulia Tregnago
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni F Cotella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella El Gemayel
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Richard
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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11
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Bottari G, de la Escosura A, González-Rodríguez D, de la Torre G. Tomás Torres’ research in a nutshell. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review, dedicated to Professor Tomás Torres on the occasion of his 65th birthday, offers an overview of the main achievements in his research career. Having a strong background in organic chemistry, he and his group have constantly devoted much effort to the development of synthetic methods towards novel systems based on phthalocyanines and other porphyrinoid analogues. Not less important, the founding of solid collaborations with other prominent scientists has led to study the physicochemical properties of these [Formula: see text]-conjugated dyes, and to evaluate their potential application in multidisciplinary areas such as self-assembly, nanochemistry, optoelectronics and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Supramolecular Approaches to Graphene: From Self-Assembly to Molecule-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6030-51. [PMID: 26928750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a one-atom thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is at the core of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Two strategies are being pursued for the graphene production: the bottom-up and the top-down. The former relies on the use of covalent chemistry approaches on properly designed molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction to form 2D covalent networks. The latter occurs via exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Amongst the various types of exfoliations exploited so far, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an attractive strategy, being extremely versatile, up-scalable and applicable to a variety of environments. In this review, we highlight the recent developments that have led to successful non-covalent functionalization of graphene and how the latter can be exploited to promote the process of molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite. The functionalization of graphene with non-covalently interacting molecules, both in dispersions as well as in dry films, represents a promising and modular approach to tune various physical and chemical properties of graphene, eventually conferring to such a 2D system a multifunctional nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Enhancing the Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene in Organic Solvents upon Addition of n-Octylbenzene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16684. [PMID: 26573383 PMCID: PMC4648096 DOI: 10.1038/srep16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a unique combination of electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical stiffness, strength and elasticity, graphene became a rising star on the horizon of materials science. This two-dimensional material has found applications in many areas of science ranging from electronics to composites. Making use of different approaches, unfunctionalized and non-oxidized graphene sheets can be produced; among them an inexpensive and scalable method based on liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite (LPE) holds potential for applications in opto-electronics and nanocomposites. Here we have used n-octylbenzene molecules as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the graphite LPE process. We have demonstrated that by tuning the ratio between organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone or ortho-dichlorobenzene, and n-octylbenzene molecules, the concentration of exfoliated graphene can be enhanced by 230% as a result of the high affinity of the latter molecules for the basal plane of graphene. The LPE processed graphene dispersions were further deposited onto solid substrates by exploiting a new deposition technique called spin-controlled drop casting, which was shown to produce uniform highly conductive and transparent graphene films.
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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Torres T. Phthalocyanine-nanocarbon ensembles: from discrete molecular and supramolecular systems to hybrid nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:900-10. [PMID: 25837299 DOI: 10.1021/ar5004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are macrocyclic and aromatic compounds that present unique electronic features such as high molar absorption coefficients, rich redox chemistry, and photoinduced energy/electron transfer abilities that can be modulated as a function of the electronic character of their counterparts in donor-acceptor (D-A) ensembles. In this context, carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and, more recently, graphene are among the most suitable Pc "companions". Pc-C60 ensembles have been for a long time the main actors in this field, due to the commercial availability of C60 and the well-established synthetic methods for its functionalization. As a result, many Pc-C60 architectures have been prepared, featuring different connectivities (covalent or supramolecular), intermolecular interactions (self-organized or molecularly dispersed species), and Pc HOMO/LUMO levels. All these elements provide a versatile toolbox for tuning the photophysical properties in terms of the type of process (photoinduced energy/electron transfer), the nature of the interactions between the electroactive units (through bond or space), and the kinetics of the formation/decay of the photogenerated species. Some recent trends in this field include the preparation of stimuli-responsive multicomponent systems with tunable photophysical properties and highly ordered nanoarchitectures and surface-supported systems showing high charge mobilities. A breakthrough in the Pc-nanocarbon field was the appearance of CNTs and graphene, which opened a new avenue for the preparation of intriguing photoresponsive hybrid ensembles showing light-stimulated charge separation. The scarce solubility of these 1-D and 2-D nanocarbons, together with their lower reactivity with respect to C60 stemming from their less strained sp(2) carbon networks, has not meant an unsurmountable limitation for the preparation of variety of Pc-based hybrids. These systems, which show improved solubility and dispersibility features, bring together the unique electronic transport properties of CNTs and graphene with the excellent light-harvesting and tunable redox properties of Pcs. A singular and distinctive feature of these Pc-CNT/graphene (single- or few-layers) hybrid materials is the control of the direction of the photoinduced charge transfer as a result of the band-like electronic structure of these carbon nanoforms and the adjustable electronic levels of Pcs. Moreover, these conjugates present intensified light-harvesting capabilities resulting from the grafting of several chromophores on the same nanocarbon platform. In this Account, recent progress in the construction of covalent and supramolecular Pc-nanocarbon ensembles is summarized, with a particular emphasis on their photoinduced behavior. We believe that the high degree of control achieved in the preparation of Pc-carbon nanostructures, together with the increasing knowledge of the factors governing their photophysics, will allow for the design of next-generation light-fueled electroactive systems. Possible implementation of these Pc-nanocarbons in high performance devices is envisioned, finally turning into reality much of the expectations generated by these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Wibmer L, Lourenço LMO, Roth A, Katsukis G, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Tomé JPC, Torres T, Guldi DM. Decorating graphene nanosheets with electron accepting pyridyl-phthalocyanines. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5674-5682. [PMID: 25740090 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein the preparation of novel exfoliated graphene-phthalocyanine nanohybrids, and the investigation of their photophysical properties. Pyridyl-phthalocyanines (Pcs) are presented as novel electron accepting building blocks of variable strengths with great potential for the exfoliation of graphite via their immobilization onto the basal plane of graphene in dimethylformamide (DMF) affording single layered and turbostratic graphene based . were fully characterized (AFM, TEM, Raman, steady-state and pump probe transient absorption spectroscopy) and were studied in terms of electron donor-acceptor interactions in the ground and excited states. In this context, electron transfer upon photoexcitation from graphene to the electron accepting Pcs with dynamics, for example, in of <1 and 330 ± 50 ps for charge separation and charge recombination, respectively, was corroborated in a series of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Strauβ V, Gallego A, Torre GDL, Chamberlain TW, Khlobystov AN, Torres T, Guldi DM. Creating and testing carbon interfaces - integrating oligomeric phthalocyanines onto single walled carbon nanotubes. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:61-79. [PMID: 25426830 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two oligomers, that is, para-phenylenevinylene with either pendant Pd(ii)Pc or Zn(ii)Pc units, have been synthesized and their interactions with SWCNTs and peapods - C60@SWCNT - have been probed by complementary spectroscopy and microscopy. Spectroscopy assisted mainly in shedding light onto electronic interactions in the ground and excited state, while microscopy enabled insights into the degree of individualizing SWCNTs/C60@SWCNTs and their stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauβ
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Stergiou A, Pagona G, Tagmatarchis N. Donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1580-9. [PMID: 25247140 PMCID: PMC4168901 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene research and in particular the topic of chemical functionalization of graphene has exploded in the last decade. The main aim is to increase the solubility and thereby enhance the processability of the material, which is otherwise insoluble and inapplicable for technological applications when stacked in the form of graphite. To this end, initially, graphite was oxidized under harsh conditions to yield exfoliated graphene oxide sheets that are soluble in aqueous media and amenable to chemical modifications due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups at the edges of the lattice. However, it was obvious that the high-defect framework of graphene oxide cannot be readily utilized in applications that are governed by charge-transfer processes, for example, in solar cells. Alternatively, exfoliated graphene has been applied toward the realization of some donor-acceptor hybrid materials with photo- and/or electro-active components. The main body of research regarding obtaining donor-acceptor hybrid materials based on graphene to facilitate charge-transfer phenomena, which is reviewed here, concerns the incorporation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines onto graphene sheets. Through illustrative schemes, the preparation and most importantly the photophysical properties of such graphene-based ensembles will be described. Important parameters, such as the generation of the charge-separated state upon photoexcitation of the organic electron donor, the lifetimes of the charge-separation and charge-recombination as well as the incident-photon-to-current efficiency value for some donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrids, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Pagona
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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18
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Barrejón M, Vizuete M, Gómez-Escalonilla MJ, Fierro JLG, Berlanga I, Zamora F, Abellán G, Atienzar P, Nierengarten JF, García H, Langa F. A photoresponsive graphene oxide–C60conjugate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9053-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Grapheneviasonication assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:381-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60217f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 839] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Guldi DM, Costa RD. Nanocarbon Hybrids: The Paradigm of Nanoscale Self-Ordering/Self-Assembling by Means of Charge Transfer/Doping Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1489-1501. [PMID: 26282304 DOI: 10.1021/jz4001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this Perspective is to highlight the potential of nanoscale self-ordering/self-assembling nanocarbons-fullerenes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, and graphene-en route toward novel charge transfer hybrids that unify several functions such as light harvesting, charge separation, and, eventually, catalysis. All of the given examples are fully characterized by a broad range of spectroscopic as well as microscopic techniques and, as such, document the success in tuning the electronic structure of functional nanocarbons by means of charge transfer/doping interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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